Battle of the Nations (Medieval Tournament) explained

The Battle of the Nations is an international historical medieval battles world championship, first held in 2009, in Khotyn, Ukraine[1] and held in Europe, in April, every year until the cancelled 2022 tournament.

It is a full contact competition using metal weapons and a standardized list of rules.[2] [3] National teams compete in several standard events, with all being full contact - no stage reenactment battles are included.

Teams from up to 60 countries have entered the tournaments.[4]

Main provisions

National teams of different countries compete at “Battle of the Nations”. Under the rules of BN, a national team has to consist of at least 8 and a maximum of 50 fighters. Any representative of any of the historical medieval battles (HMB) clubs, as well as an individual fighter, provided they have gone through a selection process conventional for a country, can become a member of a national team.

Qualifying tournaments are competitions, where battles are held in accordance with the unified international rules for the historical medieval battle. National teams organize qualifying tournaments to find the best HMB fighters of a country. The unified international rules, according to which battles are held, have been written especially for "Battle of the Nations”. Before the unified rules were written, the countries had different HMB rules.[5]

The tradition for this combat/competition has largely come from Russia, where enthusiasts have held previous events where full contact "battles" of large numbers of armoured combatants, are held, often in historical sites. The emphasis is put on the combatants wearing historically accurate equipment and heraldry, and the use of appropriate weapons for the combat.

The heraldry, however, reflects the modern competition teams, rather than necessarily historically correct heraldic device that may have been worn by combatants in the medieval period. The first tournament was held at the Khotyn Fortress in Ukraine in 2010.[6] The combatants depict armoured fighters from the 12th - 15th century.[7] A number of different forms of combat take place, including some involving individuals, 5 a side or 21 on each side. Over 200 armoured men at arms take place in the competition, and in addition to melee/hand-to-hand weapons, archery is also featured.[8]

Team Quebec (also known at Ost du Quebec[9]) was the first non-European team to enter the tournament in Ukraine in 2011. Their captain put a team together of 9 fighters and 3 support staff who traveled from Montreal Quebec to take part in the tournament. They also held the first friendly tournament under the HMB rules in St-Eustache in February 2012 where participants from Ontario and USA took part.

US combatants entered a team for the first time in 2012, with a number of their members coming from the Society for Creative Anachronism.[10] The US team is a cross-group association of historic martial arts organizations.

"Battle of the Nations 2012" gathered participants from 12 countries.

By the following year, that number increased to 22 teams which participated in the "Battle of the Nations 2013", which was held in Aigues-Mortes in southern France. This was the first time the event was held outside east Europe.

"Battle of the Nations 2014" took place on 12 June in Trogir, Croatia. This was the year of the first female official nomination in the fencing "Triathlon[11] ". An innovation for the championship.

"Battle of the Nations 2015[12] " was held in Prague, Czech Republic, 7–10 May. The women's buhurt category: all vs all - was promoted to be the innovation for that year's championship.

List of participants (Sorted by first-year participation): 2010 — Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Poland2011 - Germany, Italy, Quebec2012 - Austria, United States, Israel, Denmark, The Baltic States- union of Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia2013 - Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Czech Republic & Slovakia, France, Japan,[13] Luxembourg, New Zealand, Spain, United KingdomFighters from Portugal also attended, and fought with the Luxembourg team.2014 - Chile, Netherlands, Finland, Switzerland, Mexico.

About 25,000 attend the event annually.[14]

List of host cities by year

Medals

BoN 2010 in Khotyn Fortress, in Chernivtsi Oblast, Ukraine standings

Male category “Triathlon Duel” 1vs1.

1. Sergey Ukolov, Russia

2. Mikhail Babynin, Russia

3. Franck de Gouil, France

Category “Group Battles” 5vs5.

1. Russia 1

2. Ukraine 1

3. France 1

Category “Mass Battles” 21vs21.

1. Russia

2. France

3. Belarus

[25]

BoN 2011 in Khotyn Fortress, in Chernivtsi Oblast, Ukraine standings

Male category “Triathlon Duel” 1vs1.

1. Sergey Ukolov, Russia

2. Ivan Vasilev, Russia

3. Aleksandr Nadezhdin, Russia

Category “Group Battles” 5vs5.

1. Russia 1

2. Russia 2

3. Russia 3

Category “Mass Battles” 21vs21.

1. Russia

2. Ukraine

3. Belarus

[26]

BoN 2012 in Khotyn Fortress, in Chernivtsi Oblast, Ukraine standings

Male category “Triathlon Duel” 1vs1.

1. Sergey Ukolov, Russia

2. Marcin Waszkielis, Poland

3. Alexey Petrik, Russia

Category “Group Battles” 5vs5.

1. Russia 1

2. France

3. Poland

Category “Mass Battles” 21vs21.

1. Russia

2. Ukraine

3. France

[27]

BoN 2013 in Warsaw, Poland standings

Full Standings of 2013

Male category “Duel” 1vs1.

1. Sergei Ukolov, Russia

2. Evgenii Lapik, Russia

3. Krzysztof Szatecki, Poland

Category “Group Battles” 5vs5.

1. Russia 1

2. Russia 2

3. Russia 3

Category “Mass Battles” 21vs21.

1. Russia

2. Ukraine

3. Belarus

[28]

BoN 2014 in Trogir, Croatia standings

Full Standings of 2014

Male category “Duel” 1vs1.

1. Sergey Ukolov, Russia

2. Alexeey Petrik, Russia

3. Evgenij Lapik, Russia

Female category “Duel” 1vs1.

1. Tatiana Guseva, Russia

2. Gulina Kokhvakko, Russia

3. Yana Zabolotnikova, Russia

Category “Group Battles” 5vs5.

1. Russia

2. Russia

3. France

Category “Mass Battles” 21vs21.

1. Russia

2. Ukraine

3. Belarus

[29]

BoN 2015 in Petrin Hill, in Prague, Czech Republic standings

Full Standings of 2015

Male category “Duel” 1vs1.

1. Yevgeny Lapik, Russia 3

2. Sergei Ukolov, Russia 1

3. Alexeey Petrik, 2

Female category “Duel” 1vs1.

1. Galina Kokhvakko, Russia 2

2. Christelle Carbeaud, France

3. Yana Zabolotnikova, Russia 3

Category Polearm “Duel” 1vs1.

1. Aleksei Naiderov, Russia

2. Mikhail Morgulis, Israel

3. Egor Tomassin, France

Category “Group Battles” 5vs5.

1. Russia 1

2. Ukraine 1

3. France 2

Category “Mass Battles” 21vs21.

1. Russia

2. Ukraine

3. France

[30]

BoN 2016 in Petrin Hill, in Prague, Czech Republic standings

Full Standings of 2016

Male category “Duel” 1vs1.

1. Aleksey Petrik, Russia, Fighter 2

2. Sergey Ukolov, Russia, Fighter 1

3. Aleksandr Nadezhdin, Russia, Fighter 3

Female category “Duel” 1vs1.

1. Galina Kohvakko, Russia, Fighter 1

2. Denise Brinkmann, Germany, Fighter 1

3. Marina Golovina, Russia, Fighter 3

Male Category Polearm “Duel” 1vs1.

1. Evgeniy Baranov, Belarus

2. Jeff Galli, USA

3. Aleksey Nayderov, Russia

Female Category Polearm “Duel” 1vs1.

1. Ekaterina Obade, Moldova

2. Olga Grabovskaya, Ukraine

3. Alina Abdullaeva, Russia

Female Category “Group Battles” 3vs3.

1. Ukraine

2. Russia

3. France

Category “Group Battles” 5vs5.

1. Russia 1

2. Ukraine 1

3. Russia 3

Category “Mass Battles” 21vs21.

1. Russia

2. Ukraine

3. Belarus

[31]

BoN 2017 in La Monumental, in Barcelona, Spain standings

Male category “Sword and Shield” 1vs1.

1. Alexey Petrik, Russia

2. Robert Szatecki, Poland

3. Lukas Kowal, UK

Female category “Sword and Shield” 1vs1.

1. Galina Kohvakko, Russia

2. Maya Olchak, Poland

3. Martina Ravarini, Italy

Male Category Polearm "Duel” 1vs1.

1. Evgeny Ageev, Russia

2. Jose Abuedo, Spain

3. Evgeny Baranov, Belarus

Male category “Sword and Buckler” 1vs1.

1. Ilya Ivanov, Russia

2. Krzysztof Szatecki, Poland

3. Konstantin Nataluha, Ukraine

Male category “Triathlon Duel” 1vs1.

1. Alexey Petrik, Russia

2. Sergey Ukolov, Russia

3. Ilya Ivanov, Russia

Female category “Triathlon Duel” 1vs1.

1. Galina Kohvakko, Russia

2 .Maria Davydova, Russia

3. Irina Ilnitskaya, Ukraine

Category “Group Battles” 5vs5.

1. Russia 1

2. Russia 2

3. Russia 3

Category “Mass Battles” 21vs21.

1. Ukraine

2. Russia

3. France

[32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39]

BoN 2018 in Santa Severa, in Rome, Italy standings

Male category “Sword and Shield” 1vs1.

1. Alexey Petrik, Russia

2. Marcin Waszkielis, Poland

3. Matthieu Bakto, France

Female category “Sword and Shield” 1vs1.

1. Galina Kohvakko, Russia

2. Agnieszka Lasota, Poland

3. Denise Töpfer, Germany

Male Category Polearm "Duel” 1vs1.

1. Evgeny Ageev, Russia

2. Evgeny Baranov, Belarus

3. Sergey Moroz, Ukraine

Female Category Polearm "Duel” 1vs1.

1. Olga Grabovskaya, Ukraine

2. Lisa Galli, USA

3. Alina Abdullaeva, Russia

Male category “Sword and Buckler” 1vs1.

1. Ilya Ivanov, Russia

2. Konstyantyn Natalukha, Ukraine

3. Robert Szatecki, Poland

Female category “Sword and Buckler” 1vs1.

1. Ksenia Vjunova, Russia

2. Irina Ilnitskaya, Ukraine

3. Esther Veldstra, Netherlands

Male category Longsword “Duel” 1vs1.

1. Sergey Ukolov, Russia

2. Krzysztof Szatecki, Poland

3. Alexandr Vasilinich, Ukraine

Female category Longsword “Duel” 1vs1.

1. Coline Marod, France

2. Olga Grabovskaya, Ukraine

3. Malgorzata Zeblinska, Poland

Male category “Triathlon Duel” 1vs1.

1. Alexey Petrik, Russia

2. Henri Depal, France

3. Ilya Ivanov, Russia

Female category “Triathlon Duel” 1vs1.

1. Galina Kokhvakko, Russia

2. Anastasia Mesheriakova, Russia

3. Coline Marod, France

Male category “PROFIGHTS” U75 1vs1.

1. Vyacheslav Levakov, Russia

2. Grigoriy Chaploutskiy, Ukraine

3. Marсin Janiszewski, Poland

Male category "PROFIGHTS” 75-85 1vs1.

1. Lukas Kowal, UK

2. Robert Szatecki, Poland

3 .Maxim Slavchenko, Russia

Male category “PROFIGHTS” 85-95 1vs1.

1. Ilya Dragan, Moldova

2. Franck de Gouil, France

3. Konstyantyn Natalukha, Ukraine

Male category “PROFIGHTS” O95 1vs1.

1. Alexey Petrik, Russia

2. Krzysztof Szatecki, Poland

3. Ivan Tyutyunnik, Ukraine

Male Category “Group Battles” 5vs5.

1. Russia 1

2. Russia 2

3. Russia 3

Female Category “Group Battles” 5vs5.

1. Russia

2. France

3. HMBIA 3

Category “Mass Battles” 21vs21.

1. Russia

2. Ukraine

3. France

[40] [41]

BoN 2019 in Smederevo Fortress, in Smederevo, Serbia standings

Male category “Sword and Shield” 1vs1.

1. Alexey Petrik, Russia

2. Marcin Waszkielis, Poland

3. Lukas Kowal, UK

Female category “Sword and Shield” 1vs1.

1. Alina Lappo, Russia

2. Agnieszka Lasota, Poland

3. Melanie Gras, Germany

Male Category Polearm "Duel” 1vs1.

1. Yaroslav Rusanov, Russia

2. Mihal Bednarski, Poland

3. Kang Lu, China

Female Category Polearm "Duel” 1vs1.

1. Olga Grabovskaya, Ukraine

2. Alina Abdullaeva, Russia

3. Maja Celińska, Poland

Male category “Sword and Buckler” 1vs1.

1. Ilya Ivanov, Russia

2. Grigoriy Chaploutskiy, Ukraine

3. Bohumil Masnicak, UK

Female category “Sword and Buckler” 1vs1.

1. Maria Davydova, Russia

2. Aleksandra Soloshenko, Kazakhstan

3. Aleksandra Sokolsky, Ukraine

Male category Longsword “Duel” 1vs1.

1. Sergey Ukolov, Russia

2. Alexander Vasilinich, Ukraine

3. Vladimirs Maksimenko, Latvia

Female category Longsword “Duel” 1vs1.

1. Anastasia Mesheriakova, Russia

2. Olga Grabovskaya, Ukraine

3. Sigrid Karlsson, Sweden

Male category “Triathlon Duel” 1vs1.

1. Alexey Petrik, Russia

2. Sergey Ukolov, Russia

3. Ilya Ivanov, Russia

Female category “Triathlon Duel” 1vs1.

1. Alina Lappo, Russia

2. Anastasia Mesheriakova, Russia

3. Maria Davydova, Russia

Male category “PROFIGHTS” U75 1vs1.

1. Vyacheslav Levakov, Russia

2. Mykola Shalimov, Ukraine

3. Anatolii Iushan, Moldova

Male category "PROFIGHTS” 75-85 1vs1.

1. Alexander Nadezhdin, Russia

2. Lukas Kowal, UK

3. Maksim Skorikau, Belarus

Male category “PROFIGHTS” 85-95 1vs1.

1. Ilya Dragan, Moldova

2. Sebastian Coors, Germany

3. Maksim Slavchenko, Russia

Male category “PROFIGHTS” O95 1vs1.

1. Alexey Petrik, Russia

2. Lukasz Wojciechowski, Poland

3. Artem Semenenko, Moldova

Male Category “Group Battles” 5vs5.

1. Russia 1

2. Russia 3

3. France 1

Female Category “Group Battles” 5vs5.

1. Russia

2. Finland

3. Ukraine

Category “Mass Battles” 12vs12.

1. Russia

2. U3. Belarus

Category “Mass Battles” 30vs30.

1. Russia

2. Ukraine

3. UK

[42]

History

The first meeting for the organization of the festival and the championship was held in Kharkiv in 2009. Its participants, captains of the first national teams, came to a consensus concerning how to hold the event. Since the rules could vary in different countries and even in different regions of one country, they also agreed of a set of unified international rules for the conduct of battles.

The first "Battle of the Nations" event was held in 2010 in Khotyn (Ukraine).[43] It was attended by the national teams of four countries: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Poland. Russia won most of the first places. The program included three categories: a duel (1 vs 1), group battles (5 vs 5) and mass battles (21 vs 21). For those who were not members of the national teams, but came to support the comrades, there were non-security buhurts.

The second event, in 2011, was also held at the Khotyn Fortress. seven national teams participated; the previous four and three novice teams: Italy, Germany, Quebec. Two more categories were added to the three classic ones, namely the “professional fight” and “all vs all”. The latter category allows participants who are not members of the national teams to fight for their countries. The first places were won by Russia. The festival was attended by about 30,000 spectators and a documentary about the life of the participants was shot.

The 2012 event was held in Warsaw, Poland, and included representatives of twelve countries. A feature of the festival were battles of mounted knights, that were included in the program of the traditionally foot world championship in HMB for the first time. The top four teams were Russia, Ukraine, Poland, and USA.

The 2013 event was held in Aigues-Mortes, France. Twenty-two teams from Europe, the Americas, and the Pacific Rim took part. With the increase of teams, there were no "pro rules" fights or mounted jousting in the main arena. The top four teams were Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and USA.

In 2014, due to the dissatisfaction of some of the members with HMBIA, the organisers of the Battle of the Nations, some member states went on to create the International Medieval Combat Federation.[44] [45] [46]

The 2014 event was the fifth event, and was held in Trogir, Croatia. Around 30 countries were expected.[47]

The 2015 event was the sixth event, and was held in Prague.

The 2016 even was the seventh event, and was held in Prague.[48] 35 countries were expected.[18]

The 2017 event was the eighth event, and was held in Barcelona, Spain and was the first year that the Chinese, Brazilian and Turkish team joined Battle of the Nations.[49]

The 2018 event was the ninth event, and was held in Rome, Italy

The 2019 event was the 10th event, and was held in Smederevo Fortress, in Smederevo, Serbia.

While the 2020 and 2021 editions were cancelled due to COVID-19, the 2022 was cancelled due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[50]

Valid battle categories

Valid battle categories of the competitions held among national teams on the HMB and a brief explanation of them:

For the 10th anniversary in 2019, the HMBIA announced the 150 vs 150 category, a unique mass-battle event where alliances of teams from the 30vs30 category fight in the largest mass battle category ever offered.

Old categories:

Valid non-battle categories

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Archived copy . www.cnbc.com . 14 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924115821/http://www.cnbc.com/id/49929063/Battle_of_the_Nations_World_Historical_Medieval_Battle_Championship . 24 September 2015 . dead.
  2. Web site: Historical Medieval Battles. What is it? | Middle Ages Today . middleagestoday.com . 14 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121204065806/http://middleagestoday.com/en/node/818 . 4 December 2012 . dead.
  3. Web site: Battle of the Nations. 24 December 2014. Vice.com.
  4. Web site: Battle of the Nations: World Historical Medieval Battle Championship | Reuters . . 2017-06-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140921205907/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/22/idUS108406+22-Nov-2012+PRN20121122 . 2014-09-21 . dead .
  5. Web site: Battle of the Nations - World Championship in Historical Medieval Battle 2017. Battleofthenations.ua.
  6. "Second International Festival on Historical Reenactment - World HMB Championship "Battle of the Nations" - Welcomes Guests and Participants" 19:11, UN-Ukrainian News Monday, April 18, 201
  7. Web site: Quand la guerre est un jeu. 7 February 2012. Lhebdodustmaurice.com. 15 January 2019.
  8. "Second International Festival on Historical Reenactment - World HMB Championship "Battle of the Nations" - Welcomes Guests and Participants" UN Ukrainian News, April 18, 201
  9. Web site: Accueil . 2012-09-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130615160031/http://ostduquebec.com/ . 2013-06-15 . dead .
  10. Browning, Tamara, "Area men to compete in Battle of the Nations in Poland" The State Journal-Register, 4:44, 2 April 2012 http://www.sj-r.com/
  11. Web site: Female Category. Finals. Day 3. "Battle of the Nations" - 2014. Croatia, Trogir. Battle of the Nations. 20 October 2014. YouTube.
  12. Web site: Battle of the Nations 2016 Prague World Championship . 2019-05-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170322023357/http://bitvanarodu.cz/ . 2017-03-22 . dead .
  13. Web site: Battle of the Nation: Team Japan. Facebook.com.
  14. "Second International Festival on Historical Reenactment - World HMB Championship "Battle of the Nations" - Welcomes Guests and Participants" 19:11, Monday, April 18, 201 UN Ukrainian News
  15. Web site: Castle of Santa Severa – the official location of the World Championship in HMB "Battle of the Nations"-2018 - Battle of the Nations. botn.info.
  16. Web site: "BATTLE OF THE NATIONS 2017. Host City Announcement" - Battle of the Nations. botn.info.
  17. Web site: "Battle of the Nations"-2017: the location - Battle of the Nations. botn.info.
  18. Web site: Battle of the Nations – 2016 - Battle of the Nations. botn.info. 2017-01-08. 2019-09-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20190913002717/http://botn.info/publication/en-botn-2016. dead.
  19. Web site: World Championship in HMB. "Battle of the Nations"-2015 in Prague. 7-10 May 2015 -. botn.info.
  20. Web site: "Battle of the Nations"- 2014. World Championship in Historical Medieval Battle - Battle of the Nations. botn.info. 2017-05-27. 2019-04-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20190416081133/http://botn.info/publication/en-battle-of-the-nations-2014-world-championship-in-historical-medieval-battle. dead.
  21. Web site: Battle of the Nations 2013 - France - Battle of the Nations. botn.info. 2017-05-27. 2019-04-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20190416081645/http://botn.info/event/en-france. dead.
  22. Web site: "Battle of the Nations"-2012. Poland - Battle of the Nations. botn.info. 2017-05-27. 2019-04-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20190416140422/http://botn.info/event/en-battle-of-the-nations-2012-poland. dead.
  23. Web site: "Battle of the Nations" - 2011. Ukraine - Battle of the Nations. botn.info. 2017-05-27. 2019-09-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20190913003055/http://botn.info/event/en-bitka-naroda-2011-ukrajina. dead.
  24. Web site: "Battle of the Nations" - 2010. Ukraine - Battle of the Nations. botn.info. 2017-05-27. 2018-07-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20180702011337/http://botn.info/event/en-battle-of-the-nations-2010-ukraine. dead.
  25. Web site: Battle of the Nations 2010 – Battle of the Nations. 2021-01-08.
  26. Web site: Battle of the Nations 2011 – Battle of the Nations. 2021-01-08.
  27. Web site: Battle of the Nations 2012 – Battle of the Nations. 2021-01-08.
  28. Web site: Log into Facebook. 2021-01-08. Facebook. en.
  29. Web site: Final results of a World Championship in Historical Medieval Battle "Battle of the Nations"-2014 . 2021-01-08. botn.info.
  30. Web site: "Battle of the Nations"- 2015. Final results . 2021-01-08. botn.info.
  31. Web site: Battle of the Nations 2016 ALL RESULTS . 2021-01-08. botn.info.
  32. Web site: "Battle of the Nations"-2017: results of men's "Sword and shield duel" 1×1 category 01.05.17. 2021-01-08. botn.info.
  33. Web site: "Battle of the Nations"-2017: results in women's "Shield and Sword" 1x1 category 01.05.17 . 2021-01-08. botn.info.
  34. Web site: "Battle of the Nations"-2017: results in the men's "Polearm duel" 1x1 category 01.05.17 . 2021-01-08. botn.info.
  35. Web site: "Battle of the Nations"-2017: results of the men's "Sword and buckler duel" category 29.04.17. 2021-01-08. botn.info.
  36. Web site: "Battle of the Nations"-2017: results in men's "Triathlon duel" 1x1 category 01.05.17 . 2021-01-08. botn.info.
  37. Web site: "Battle of the Nations"-2017: results of women's "Triathlon duel" 1x1 category 01.05.17 . 2021-01-08. botn.info.
  38. Web site: "Battle of the Nations"-2017: results in men's "Group Battles" 5x5 category . 2021-01-08. botn.info.
  39. Web site: "Battle of the Nations"-2017: results of men's "Mass Battles" 21x21 category . 2021-01-08. botn.info.
  40. Web site: Battle of the Nations 2018: detailed results . 2021-01-08. botn.info.
  41. Web site: Battle of the Nations 2018 – Battle of the Nations. 2021-01-08.
  42. Web site: Battle of the Nations 2019 – Battle of the Nations. 2021-01-08.
  43. https://www.buzzfeed.com/timchester/inside-the-violent-geeky-world-of-hardcore-international-med "Inside The Violent, Geeky World Of Hardcore International Medieval Combat"
  44. https://the-peak.ca/2024/02/the-large-and-entertaining-world-of-medieval-martial-arts/
  45. Web site: Battle of the Nations | World Championship in Historical Medieval Battle 2015 . Botn.info . 2016-01-09.
  46. Web site: IMCF - Battle Heritage . Battleheritage.co.uk . 2015-06-13 . 2016-01-09.
  47. http://time.com/3838579/battle-of-the-nations-documentary/ "Watch Fighters Literally Go Medieval on Each Other in This New Documentary"
  48. Web site: Battle of the Nations 2016 location has been announced! - Battle of the Nations. botn.info.
  49. Web site: China will take part in "Battle of the Nations"-2017 - Battle of the Nations. botn.info. 2017-05-27. 2018-02-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20180216084415/http://botn.info/publication/en-china-will-take-part-in-battle-of-the-nations-2017. dead.
  50. https://the-peak.ca/2024/02/the-large-and-entertaining-world-of-medieval-martial-arts/