Battle of Tabqa explained

Conflict:Battle of Tabqa
Partof:the American-led intervention in Syria, the International military intervention against ISIL, the Raqqa campaign (2016–17), the Syrian Civil War, and the Rojava–Islamist conflict
Date:22 March – 10 May 2017
Place:Al-Thawrah District, Raqqa Governorate, Syria
Coordinates:35.8367°N 38.5481°W
Territory:
  • The SDF gains a foothold south of the Euphrates
  • The SDF captures Tabqa Airbase, Tabqa city, Tabqa Dam, and more than 8 villages
Result:Major SDF victory
Combatant1: Syrian Democratic Forces
Asayish[1]
International Freedom Battalion
CJTF–OIR
Combatant2:
Commander1: Rojda Felat[3]
Qandil Manbij[4]
Unidentified YPJ commander
Commander2: Unidentified high-ranking ISIL commander
Abu Umar al-Almani[5]
Abu Zubeyir[6]
Units1: Syrian Democratic Forces

Asayish

  • SWAT Units (HAT)

International Freedom Battalion

United States Armed Forces

British Armed Forces

[10]

Units2:Military of ISIL
Strength1: SDF: 1,000–3,000 fighters
US: 500 Special Forces
Strength2:1,300–2,000
Casualties1:100 killed (U.S. claim),[12]
66+ killed (various claims),[13] 300+ wounded
370 killed and wounded (ISIL claim)[14]
Casualties2:133–340 killed (SDF claim)[15]
Casualties3:7,000+ civilians displaced[16]

The Battle of Tabqa was a Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) military operation against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) to capture and secure the Tabqa Dam, al-Thawrah (al-Tabqah), Tabqa Airbase, and the surrounding countryside during the 2016–2017 Raqqa campaign of the larger Rojava-Islamist conflict of the Syrian civil war.[17] [18] The SDF assault began on 22 March 2017, and resulted in the capture of Tabqa and the Tabqa Dam on 10 May 2017. The SDF was supported by the United States-led CJTF–OIR coalition during the battle.

Background

See also: Battle of Tabqa Airbase. The Syrian Democratic Forces, seeking to capture Raqqa city from the Islamic State, positioned themselves around the city as part of the second phase of their regional campaign. However, as part of this, they encountered ISIL forces dug in around the Tabqa Dam, west of Raqqa. Because of the dam's fragility and strategic importance, the SDF could not immediately advance on the dam, and there were concerns it could break and cause flooding.[19] [20] ISIL had previously threatened to open the floodgates if the dam was attacked, which would destroy many villages downstream.[21]

Initial assault

In late January 2017, it was reported that a number of ISIL militants were hiding inside the structure of the Tabqa Dam with senior militant leaders–who used to be "very important prisoners" wanted by the US and several other countries–in order to deter a possible CJTF–OIR coalition strike on these targets.

As part of a series of probing attacks in January 2017, US special forces crossed the Euphrates in amphibious raids, including a raid by a combined SDF-U.S. special forces contingent on the Tabqa Dam and the nearby city of al-Thawrah (al-Tabqah). Following the raids, ISIL counterattacked the SDF positions, but the counterattacks were largely repelled.

The offensive

Assault on Tabqa Dam and Tabqa Airbase

On 22 March, the SDF began an assault to capture the Tabqa Dam, al-Thawrah (al-Tabqah; Tabqa) city, and the Tabqa Airbase. Five hundred SDF fighters[22] and additional US soldiers of the CJTF–OIR were airlifted by US V-22 Osprey helicopters across the Euphrates river and Lake Assad and were dropped on the Shurfa Peninsula to the west of Tabqa city. US air support assets and artillery units from the United States Marines supported the assault.[23] [24] [25] [26] SDF and US forces also landed on the Jazirat al-'Ayd Island (or Peninsula) to the west of Tabqa Dam, capturing it as well.[27] The airlift of forces behind enemy lines was described by Pentagon spokesman Eric Pahon as a large high-priority offensive and announced that the advance had cut off the highway linking the Aleppo, Deir ez-Zor, and Raqqa Governorates. He added that around 75-80% of the attacking force consisted of Arab fighters, with the rest being Kurds in the YPG and the YPJ. Four towns were also seized as part of the landings and it was believed that the dam and general area were held by hundreds of ISIL fighters, many of them foreign fighters.[28] The SDF stated that the advance was also meant to block any advance on Raqqa by the Syrian Arab Army from the west.[29] [30]

On 24 March, SDF spokeswoman Jihan Sheikh Ahmed announced that they had reached the Tabqa Dam and were fighting ISIL at its entrance.[31] The assault on the dam was spearheaded by SDF fighters who were supported by US special forces personnel. It was also reported that the SDF had captured eight villages to the southwest of Tabqa city.[32] ISIL's Amaq News Agency outlet meanwhile claimed the SDF had withdrawn from the dam. Jabhat Thuwar al-Raqqa claimed online that the SDF had captured the Tabqa Airbase; however, Al-Masdar News stated that the SDF's open room had stated that the claim was completely fabricated.[33]

On 26 March, the SDF captured two villages to the east of Tabqa. It was also reported that ISIL was shelling the surroundings of Tabqa Dam with heavy weaponry.[34] [35] On the same day, ISIL claimed that Tabqa Dam was on the verge of collapse and that all the floodgates were closed. The dam was reported to have become inoperable, which ISIL claimed was due to US-led coalition bombing and artillery strikes, though the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR) stated that the actual reasons were unknown, adding that ISIL still held its main building and turbines.[36] [37] That day, US aircraft had dropped three 2,000 pound bombs against the towers attached to the dam, causing critical equipment to fail and the dam to stop functioning. One of the bombs failed to detonate. The dam almost failed as the floodgates were rendered inoperable, but an emergency ceasefire coordinated between the Islamic State, Syrian government, and the United States let engineers make emergency repairs before the dam collapsed, which could have potentially killed thousands of civilians.[38]

The SDF however denied that it had been hit, while the RBSS (Raqqa Is Being Slaughtered Silently) group stated that ISIL was informing fleeing civilians that the dam was safe.[39] Additionally, the coalition stated that the Tabqa Dam was structurally sound, and that the dam had not been targeted by any airstrikes. They also stated that the SDF controlled an emergency spillway at the northern part of the dam, which could be used in the event of an emergency.[40] On the same day, SDF spokesman Talal Silo announced that the SDF had stormed the Tabqa military airport, and had taken 60-70% of it.[41] They later announced that they had completely captured the Al-Tabqa Airbase, following a 24-hour battle.[42] [43] [44] ISIL fighters stationed at Tabqa Airbase were reported to have withdrawn northward to Tabqa city. Additionally, SDF forces captured two villages near the airbase during the advance.[45]

ISIL was reported to have reversed an earlier evacuation order in Raqqa, stating that the dam was safe and ordered civilians to remain in the city.[46] [47] A day later, however, the SDF announced they were temporarily pausing their offensive for the dam.[48] [49] [50] Later in the day, a spokeswoman of the SDF announced that engineers who had been permitted to check the dam and its operations did not find it was damaged or malfunctioning.[51] On 28 March, ISIL deployed an additional 900 fighters to the Tabqa District in an attempt to stop the SDF advances.[52]

Besieging Tabqa city

On 29 March, the SDF cut the road between al-Thawrah (al-Tabqah) city and Raqqa. The SDF stated that ISIL had shelled the Tabqa Dam during the day, causing repair work to be temporarily paused.[53] [54] On 31 March, SDF forces attacked the town of al-Safsafah, located east of Tabqa, nearly besieging the city.[55]

The SDF and some activists stated on 2 April that it had repelled a major ISIL counterattack to the northeast of Tabqa city, near the Tabqa Dam, and near the Tabqa airbase. They also continued to advance in villages to the east of Tabqa city.[56] On the same day, it was reported that the SDF had completely besieged Tabqah city, with Kurdish activists stating that two SDF units linked up to the east of the city.[57] [58] SOHR, however, stated that they were still trying to besiege the city.[59] SDF fighters continued battling for Safsafah and Ibad on the next day while attempting to fully encircle Tabqa.[60] [61] Meanwhile, on 3 April, it was reported that ISIL was possibly in the process of moving its capital from Raqqa city to Mayadin, in the Deir ez-Zor Governorate. This followed months of gradual relocation of resources and senior ISIL leaders from Raqqa to Mayadin.[62] The SDF entered and besieged Safsafah on 5 April, thus also besieging Tabqa city while claiming that it had also taken control of a major part of Safsafah.[63] The village was captured by the next day, resulting in the SDF completely encircling Tabqa city.[64] [65]

The SDF captured Ibad village, located east of Safsafah, on 9 April, further expanding their control in the eastern countryside of Tabqa, while more than 25 ISIL fighters were killed in the clashes.[66] [67] ISIL launched unsuccessful counterattacks on Safsafah,[68] while also attacking Tabqa airbase.[69] The SDF captured another village near Tabqa on the next day.[70]

On 11 April, the US-led coalition reported that the SDF had captured 60% of Tabqa Dam, and that they were "very close" to liberating it.[71] [72] On 13 April, the US military stated that CJTF-OIR had bombed an SDF fighting position near Tabqa as it was misidentified as belonging to ISIL. It added that the airstrikes resulted in the deaths of 18 SDF fighters.[73]

Battle for Tabqa city

On 15 April, the SDF advanced within "hundreds of metres" of Tabqa, and fighting reached two suburbs of the city. Later on the same day, the SDF entered the city from the east and the west, capturing the entire Alexandria suburb in the southern sector, bringing 15% of the city under SDF control.[74] [75] [76] On 17 April, the SDF advanced further, bringing 20% of Tabqa city under their control.[77] On the same day, it was announced that 200 fighters from the Manbij Military Council would participate in this part of the battle, resulting in a total of 350 personnel.[78] On 18 April, the SDF captured the ISIL radio station in the city.[79] In the following days, the SDF accelerated their operations in Tabqa and, by 22 April, managed to secure a quarter of the city.[80]

The SDF advanced in Tabqa city again on 30 April, claiming to have captured six more districts, while ISIL only controlled the northern part of the town near Tabqa dam.[81] SOHR stated that the SDF controlled at least 40% of the city by this time, including more than half of the Old City area.[82] Later on the same day, it was reported that the SDF had captured at least 60% of the city.[83] The next day the SDF stated that it had completely captured the Old City, leaving ISIL in control of only the newer areas of the town, alongside the dam. SOHR stated that the SDF controlled about 80% of the city.[84]

On 2 May, the SDF stated that it had captured about 90% of the city[85] amid reports of negotiations between Kurdish fighters and ISIL to allow the latter to withdraw from the remaining areas under its control.[86] By 3 May, the SDF had almost captured the entire city except for a small northern area and district near the dam.[87] [88] ISIL also carried out more counterattacks in and near Tabqa.[87] [89] It was later reported that a deal had been reached to allow remaining ISIL fighters to withdraw from the city as well as the dam.[88] [90] The SDF and its commanders however denied any deal had been reached, adding that clashes were still ongoing against ISIL in a village near Tabqa and the three northern districts of the town, including some militants who were hiding among civilians.[91] [92]

By 10 May, there were still two ISIL holdouts in the Tabqa area. On one side, 14 Chechen and French African ISIL fighters, members of an elite "ingimassayeen" unit, still held the control room, the floodgates, and a number of tunnels inside Tabqa Dam. Even though they were left without light or fresh air, as the SDF had shut down all electricity to the dam, and without means to communicate with their allies due to the coalition jamming their radio frequencies, these ISIL fighters had resisted attempts to clear them out for weeks. The second, bigger holdout was in northern Tabqa city, where around 50 ISIL militants still defended a number of highly fortified apartments. In the course of 10 May, however, this last resistance was finally broken, when the remaining ISIL defenders surrendered or fled. According to United States Central Command, the Islamists had acceded to the SDF's demand of dismantling the IEDs surrounding the dam. The coalition stated that it tracked those militants who fled and targeted those who could be killed without harming civilians.[93] At 16:00 on that day, SDF commander Rojda Felat stated that the Tabqa Dam had been completely captured by the SDF.[94] [95] [96] The SDF conducted clearance and de-mining operations after the capture and hunted for any remaining ISIL holdouts.[97] After the battle, thousands of the local Arab population joined the SDF.

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Raqqa: Qasioun Lens Inside Tabaqa City And Euphrates Dam 13-5-2017. Qasioun News Agency. 14 May 2017. 16 May 2017.
  2. http://www.defense.gouv.fr/operations/operations/points-de-situation/point-de-situation-des-operations-au-30-mars-2017 Point de situation des opérations au 30 mars 2017
  3. Web site: Raqqa will soon be encircled from four fronts: Rojda Felat. Hawar News Agency. 28 March 2017. 16 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171010024916/http://en.hawarnews.com/raqqa-will-soon-be-encircled-from-four-fronts-rojda-felat/. 10 October 2017. dead. dmy-all.
  4. Web site: IS jihadis stall push on Raqqa, Syria. Anthony Loyd. The Australian. 11 May 2017. 18 May 2017.
  5. Web site: Abu Omar al-Almany was killed. Hawar News Agency. 26 March 2017. 26 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170326225937/http://en.hawarnews.com/abu-omar-al-almany-was-killed/. 26 March 2017. dead. dmy-all.
  6. Web site: SDF kills ISIS commander near al-Tabqa town in northern Syria. Ahlul Bayt News Agency. 2 April 2017.
  7. Web site: 200 fighters from Manbij to join Raqqa operation, SDF gets closer to Tabqa centre. Wladimir van Wilgenburg. ARA News. 18 April 2017. 18 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170419101805/http://aranews.net/2017/04/200-fighters-manbij-join-raqqa-operation-sdf-gets-closer-tabqa-centre/. 19 April 2017. dead. dmy-all.
  8. Web site: MMC and SDF liberated 2 km2 of al-Tabqa. Hawar News Agency. 22 April 2017. 20 September 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171010025339/http://en.hawarnews.com/mmc-and-sdf-liberated-2-km2-of-al-tabqa/. 10 October 2017. dead.
  9. Web site: Britain admits elite troops involved in capture of Tabqa dam, airbase from ISIS. Al Masdar News. 4 April 2017. 28 September 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180928132106/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/britain-admits-elite-troops-involved-in-capture-of-tabqa-dam-airbase-from-isis/. dead.
  10. Web site: Did Kurdistan's Counter-Terrorist Group assault the Tabqa Dam in Syria? - SOFREP. 23 March 2017.
  11. Web site: Strategic significance of Tabqa. MAHİR YILMAZKAYA. ANF News. 27 March 2017. 7 June 2017.
  12. Web site: Mattis, Dunford Host News Conference on Defeating ISIS. United States Department of Defense. 19 May 2017. 23 May 2017.
  13. 5 killed (7 April),https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171009214902/http://komnews.org/five-kurdish-ypg-fighters-killed-clashes-islamic-state-tabqah/ 25 killed (11–13 April; clashes),http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=64762 1 killed (16 April),http://www.hawarnews.com/%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%81-%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-6-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1/ 18 killed (13 April; air-strike),http://www.straitstimes.com/world/united-states/us-led-coalition-air-strike-mistakenly-killed-18-syrian-rebels-pentagon 4 killed (18 April),http://www.hawarnews.com/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%AC-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B9-%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1%D9%87%D8%A7/ 7 killed (20 April),http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=65141 6 killed (22 April),http://www.syriahr.com/2017/04/23/قضوا-أمس-بينهم-26-من-عناصر-قوات-النظام-وا/ total of 66 reported killed
  14. Web site: Kurdish troops sustain 370 casualties amid Tabqa offensive: Amaq. Chris. Tomson. 22 April 2017. 21 April 2017. 18 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171018082243/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/kurdish-troops-sustain-370-casualties-amid-tabqa-offensive-amaq/. dead.
  15. 50+ killed (7 April),http://en.eldorar.com/node/5671 340 Killed https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171009214902/http://komnews.org/five-kurdish-ypg-fighters-killed-clashes-islamic-state-tabqah/ 30 killed (22 April),http://www.syriahr.com/2017/04/23/قضوا-أمس-بينهم-26-من-عناصر-قوات-النظام-وا/ &53 killed (3 May),https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/kurdish-troops-annihilate-53-jihadist-militants-isis-pocket-west-raqqa/ total of 133+ reported killed
  16. Web site: Thousands flee IS-held Tabqa, Syria. Australian News Channel Pty. Ltd. 4 April 2017. 19 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171019065517/http://www.skynews.com.au/news/world/mideast/2017/04/01/thousands-flee-is-held-tabqa--syria.html. dead.
  17. http://www.centcom.mil/MEDIA/PRESS-RELEASES/Press-Release-View/Article/1127027/syrian-democratic-forces-assault-isis-near-tabqah-dam/#.WNLM6Nrsd4w.twitter Syrian Democratic Forces assault ISIS near Tabqah Dam
  18. Web site: Syrian rebels take full control of IS-held airbase. 27 March 2017 .
  19. News: 2017-02-15 . U.N. warns of catastrophic dam failure in Syria battle . en . Reuters . 2023-05-10.
  20. Web site: US-backed forces begin offensive to take Tabqa Dam . 2023-05-10 . www.aa.com.tr.
  21. Web site: How Tabqa Dam collapse could snatch ISIS's defeat from jaws of victory. rudaw.net. 2018-02-27.
  22. News: Ignatius . Davis . As the Islamic State falls in Syria, one city offers a preview of the country's future . Washington Post.
  23. News: US joins first air assault 'behind enemy lines' against ISIS in Syria. Barbara Starr. Zachary Cohen. Ryan Browne. CNN. 22 March 2017. 22 March 2017.
  24. Web site: Coalition airdrops SDF and US forces into Tabqa for joint operation. Rudaw. 22 March 2017. 22 March 2017.
  25. Web site: Syria: Syrian Democratic Forces Cross Euphrates West Of Raqqa. STRATFOR. 22 March 2017. 22 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170323132449/https://www.stratfor.com/sample/situation-report/syria-syrian-democratic-forces-cross-euphrates-west-raqqa. 23 March 2017. dead. dmy-all.
  26. Web site: Escalation in Raqqa; Inside the Trump-Saudi meeting; Lockheed to move F-16 assembly line; What's wrong with the military personnel system?; and just a bit more... . Defense One. Atlantic Media. 22 March 2017. 22 March 2017.
  27. News: Special forces join airborne assault on Isis dam stronghold.
  28. Web site: Browne . Barbara Starr,Zachary Cohen,Ryan . 2017-03-22 . US joins first air assault 'behind enemy lines' against ISIS in Syria CNN Politics . 2023-05-10 . CNN . en.
  29. News: U.S.-led coalition airdrops forces in Raqqa province. Ellen Francis. Tom Perry. Reuters. 22 March 2017. 22 March 2017.
  30. Web site: Issa . Philip . Burns . Robert . March 22 . Associated Press Posted- . P.m . 2017 at 5:52 . US forces ferry Syrian-Kurdish fighters behind IS lines . 2023-05-10 . www.ksl.com . en.
  31. News: Syrian militia reaches Tabqa dam: SDF official. Reuters. 24 March 2017. 24 March 2017.
  32. Web site: SDF fighters enter the eastern neighborhoods of Raqqa. ANF. News. 26 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170326052830/http://www.anfenglish.com/news/sdf-fighters-enter-the-eastern-neighborhoods-of-raqqa. 26 March 2017. dead. dmy-all.
  33. News: Kurdish forces close in on ISIS controlled Tabqa Airbase amid blitz offensive in Raqqa. Al-Masdar News. 25 March 2017. 25 March 2017. 18 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171018083035/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/kurdish-forces-close-isis-controlled-tabqa-airbase-amid-blitz-offensive-raqqa/. dead.
  34. Web site: SDF fighters liberate two more villages east of Tabqa. ANF. News. 26 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170327075802/http://www.anfenglish.com/news/sdf-fighters-liberate-two-more-villages-east-of-tabqa. 27 March 2017. dead. dmy-all.
  35. Web site: Al-Acel al-Sharqi and al-Gharbi were liberated - ANHA. 26 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170326230223/http://en.hawarnews.com/al-acel-al-sharqi-and-al-gharbi-were-liberated/. 26 March 2017. dead. dmy-all.
  36. Web site: BREAKING: ISIS claims Tabqa Dam on verge of collapse. Paul. Antonopoulos. 26 March 2017. 26 March 2017. 30 November 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181130073133/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-isis-claims-tabqa-dam-on-verge-of-collapse/. dead.
  37. News: The strategic Euphrates Dam stops working and the "Islamic State" organization still controls its main buildings and turbines. SOHR. 26 March 2017. 26 March 2017.
  38. News: Philipps. Dave. Khan. Azmat. Schmitt. Eric. 2022-01-20. A Dam in Syria Was on a 'No-Strike' List. The U.S. Bombed It Anyway.. en-US. The New York Times. 2022-01-20. 0362-4331.
  39. News: IS conflict: Raqqa warning over 'risk to Tabqa dam'. BBC. 26 March 2017. 26 March 2017.
  40. Web site: The Latest: US claims Tabqa dam is not in danger of bursting. .
  41. News: U.S-backed forces storm IS-held Tabqa military airport in northern Syria: spokesman. Reuters. 26 March 2017. 26 March 2017.
  42. News: U.S.-backed forces capture IS-held airport near Euphrates dam. Reuters. 26 March 2017. 26 March 2017.
  43. News: BREAKING: Kurdish forces liberate Tabqa Airbase in Raqqa province. Chris Tomson. Al-Masdar News. 26 March 2017. 26 March 2017. 12 February 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190212161817/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-kurdish-forces-liberate-tabqa-airbase-raqqa-province/. dead.
  44. News: تحرير قرية تبعد عن مطار الطبقة كيلو متراً واحداً. Hawar News. 26 March 2017. 26 March 2017. ar. https://web.archive.org/web/20170823070702/http://www.hawarnews.com/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A9-%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1/. 23 August 2017. dead. dmy-all.
  45. News: Syrian militia captures Tabqa airbase from Islamic State. Andrew V. Pestano. United Press International. 27 March 2017. 27 March 2017.
  46. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-39399803 "IS conflict: Raqqa warning over 'risk to Tabqa dam'"
  47. News: ISIS orders Raqqa residents to flee, then stay. Euan . McKirdy. CNN.
  48. Web site: Tabqa Dam update: Kurdish-led forces to stop assault against ISIS to allow engineers to work. Paul. Antonopoulos. 27 March 2017. 27 March 2017. 26 September 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180926165156/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/tabqa-dam-update-kurdish-led-forces-stop-assault-isis-allow-engineers-work/. dead.
  49. News: U.S.-backed forces capture IS-held airport near Euphrates dam. Al-Jazeera. 27 March 2017. 27 March 2017.
  50. News: U.S.-backed Syrian militias say have paused military operations near Tabqa dam. Ellen Francis. Reuters. 27 March 2017. 27 March 2017.
  51. News: Syria dam not damaged: SDF Raqqa campaign spokeswoman. Angus McDowall. Reuters. 27 March 2017. 27 March 2017.
  52. News: Guns silent as engineers work to ease pressure on Syrian dam. Reuters. 28 March 2017. 28 March 2017. Rodi Said.
  53. News: Engineers repair Syria's Tabqa dam spillways after shelling. Rodi Said. Reuters. 29 March 2017. 29 March 2017.
  54. News: Clashes renewed in the vicinity of al-Tabaqa airbase and the Syria Democratic Forces monitor the road of eastern countryside of Aleppo – al-Tabaqa – Al-Raqqah. SOHR. 29 March 2017. 29 March 2017.
  55. Web site: Kurdish forces closing on ISIL bastion in west Al-Raqqa. Leith. Fadel. 31 March 2017. 31 March 2017. 26 September 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180926131953/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/kurdish-forces-closing-isil-bastion-west-al-raqqa/. dead.
  56. News: U.S.-backed forces repel Islamic State attack near Syrian dam. Suleiman Al-Khalidi. Reuters. 2 April 2017. 2 April 2017.
  57. Web site: Syrian Kurdish-Arab force 'surround' IS' last stronghold before Raqqa. The New. Arab. 2 April 2017 .
  58. Web site: BREAKING: Kurdish forces encircle Tabqa city as ISIS collapses on outskirts of Raqqa. Chris. Tomson. 2 April 2017. 3 April 2017. 26 December 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181226054530/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-kurdish-forces-encircle-tabqa-city-isis-collapses-ourskirts-raqqa/. dead.
  59. News: هجومات يومية مستمرة من قبل تنظيم "الدولة الإسلامية" على مطار الطبقة العسكري وقصف مدفعي على ريف دمشق الغربي. SOHR. 2 April 2017. 2 April 2017. ar.
  60. News: Flooding reported in Raqqa city as US-backed forces fight for Euphrates Dam. Syria Direct. 3 April 2017. 3 April 2017. 30 November 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181130202023/https://syriadirect.org/news/flooding-reported-in-raqqa-city-amidst-struggle-for-euphrates-dam/. dead.
  61. News: US-backed forces clash with ISIS outside Tabqa [Video + Photos]]. Zen Adra. Al-Masdar News. 3 April 2017. 3 April 2017. 30 November 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181130073215/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/us-backed-forces-clash-isis-outside-tabqa-video-photos/. dead.
  62. Web site: Is ISIS Moving its Capital from Raqqa to Mayadin in Deir ez-Zor?. Anne Speckhard. Ph.D. 15 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170823023922/http://moderndiplomacy.eu/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=2420:is-isis-moving-its-capital-from-raqqa-to-mayadin-in-deir-ez-zor&Itemid=154. 23 August 2017. dead.
  63. News: After 15 days of the airdrop missions west of it... the Syria Democratic Forces and U.S. Special Forces besiege al-Tabaqa city. SOHR. 5 April 2017. 5 April 2017.
  64. News: Islamic State fighters 'fully encircled' in Tabqa city, Euphrates Dam. Syria Direct. 6 April 2017. 6 April 2017. 4 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190404225102/https://syriadirect.org/news/islamic-state-fighters-%E2%80%98fully-encircled%E2%80%99-in-tabqa-city-euphrates-dam/. dead.
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  66. News: The Syria Democratic Forces and U.S. Special Forces control the second village in the eastern countryside of al-Tabaqa and kill more than 25 members of the "Islamic State" organization. SOHR. 9 April 2017. 10 April 2017.
  67. News: SDF liberate Ibad village east of Tabqa. ANF News. 9 April 2017. 10 April 2017.
  68. News: US-backed fighters foil ISIS attack east of Tabqa. Zen Adra. Al-Masdar News. 9 April 2017. 10 April 2017. 18 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171018085154/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/us-backed-fighters-foil-isis-attack-east-tabqa/. dead.
  69. News: The violent clashes renewed near al-Tabaqa airbase in a new offensive by the "Islamic State" organization. SOHR. 9 April 2017. 10 April 2017.
  70. News: Al-Raqqa's 'Ayed al-Kabeer village liberated. ANHA. 10 April 2017. 14 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170413182240/http://en.hawarnews.com/al-raqqas-ayed-al-kabeer-village-liberated/. 13 April 2017. dead. dmy-all.
  71. Web site: SDF close to liberating Tabqa dam, will move into Raqqa after, says coalition rep.
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  73. News: 18 Syrian Fighters Allied With U.S. Are Killed in Coalition Airstrike. The New York Times. 13 April 2017. 14 April 2017.
  74. Web site: Observatory: SDF on Doorstep of Syria's Tabqa. Asharq Al-Awsat. 15 April 2017. 15 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171009225944/https://english.aawsat.com/asharq-al-awsat-english/news-middle-east/observatory-sdf-doorstep-syrias-tabqa. 9 October 2017. dead. dmy-all.
  75. News: ISIS in big trouble as Kurdish troops seize entire neighborhood in Tabqa city. Tomson. Chris. 2017-04-15. AMN - Al-Masdar News المصدر نيوز. 2017-04-15. en-US. 7 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180707013306/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isis-big-trouble-kurdish-troops-seize-entire-neighborhood-tabqa-city/. dead.
  76. Web site: SDF forces enter Taqba city, 16 ISIS fighters killed - ARA News. 16 April 2017. 15 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170517053616/http://aranews.net/2017/04/sdf-forces-enter-taqba-city-16-isis-fighters-killed/. 17 May 2017. dead. dmy-all.
  77. Web site: VIDEO: Kurdish troops push through ISIS bastion west of Raqqa as reinforcements arrive. Chris. Tomson. 17 April 2017. 18 April 2017. 18 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171018090216/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/video-kurdish-troops-push-isis-bastion-west-raqqa-reinforcements-arrive/. dead.
  78. Web site: Shams al-Shamal fighters participating in Wrath of Euphrates - ANHA. en.hawarnews.com. 25 May 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170823023244/http://en.hawarnews.com/shams-al-shamal-fighters-participating-in-wrath-of-euphrates/. 23 August 2017. dead. dmy-all.
  79. Web site: US-backed SDF forces take over ISIS radio station in Tabqa. ARA News. Wladimir van Wilgenburg. 19 April 2017. 19 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170625213843/http://aranews.net/2017/04/us-backed-sdf-forces-take-isis-radio-station-tabqa/. 25 June 2017. dead.
  80. News: Kurdish forces go all in on liberating Tabqa city from Islamic State. Tomson. Chris. 2017-04-22. AMN - Al-Masdar News المصدر نيوز. 2017-04-22. en-US. 18 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171018090607/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/kurdish-forces-go-liberating-tabqa-city-islamic-state/. dead.
  81. Web site: U.S.-backed militias claim big advance against IS in Syria's Tabqa. 30 April 2017. Reuters. 30 April 2017. Angus McDowall.
  82. Web site: Kurdish-Arab force makes gains against ISIL in Tabqa. 30 April 2017. Al-Jazeera. 30 April 2017.
  83. Web site: ISIS defeat in western Raqqa inevitable as Kurdish troops seize over half of Tabqa city. Chris. Tomson. 30 April 2017. 4 May 2017. 18 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171018090910/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isis-defeat-western-raqqa-inevitable-kurdish-troops-seize-half-tabqa-city/. dead.
  84. Web site: U.S.-backed militias oust Islamic State from Syria's Tabqa old city. 1 May 2017. Lisa Barrington. Reuters. 1 May 2017.
  85. Web site: Kurdish forces 'take 90 percent' of Syria's Tabqa. 2 May 2017. Diana al-Rifai. Al-Jazeera. 2 May 2017.
  86. Web site: Kurdish fighters 'negotiating with IS' to withdraw from Tabqa. 2 May 2017. The New Arab. 2 May 2017.
  87. Web site: Humiliating defeat for ISIS as Kurdish troops impose full control over Tabqa city. 3 May 2017. Al-Masdar News. 4 May 2017. 4 October 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181004060028/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/humiliating-defeat-isis-kurdish-troops-impose-full-control-tabqa-city/. dead.
  88. Web site: 18 days after entering the city… the Syria Democratic Forces almost completely control al-Tabaqa and ISIS withdraw after negotiations. 3 May 2017. SOHR. 4 May 2017.
  89. Web site: Islamic State Launches Counter-Attacks on US-Backed Kurdish Forces in Syria. 3 May 2017. The Latin American Herald Tribune. 4 May 2017. 26 September 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180926120129/http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=2435686&CategoryId=12395. dead.
  90. Web site: Humiliating defeat for ISIS as Kurdish troops impose full control over Tabqa city. 4 May 2017. Al-Masdar News. 4 May 2017. 11 October 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181011043047/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isil-fully-withdraws-tabqa-euphrates-dam-following-deal-kurdish-forces/. dead.
  91. Web site: SDF denies deal to evacuate ISIS in Tabqa, reports intensive clashes. 4 May 2017. Rudaw. 4 May 2017.
  92. Web site: Syrian Democratic Forces deny evacuation deal with ISIS. 4 May 2017. ARA News. 5 May 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170601232235/http://aranews.net/2017/05/syrian-democratic-forces-deny-evacuation-deal-with-isis/. 1 June 2017. dead.
  93. Web site: Islamic State Defeated at Tabqa Dam. Carla Babb. 11 May 2017 . Voice of America.
  94. Web site: Syrian milita nears full capture of Tabqa city, dam.
  95. News: U.S.-backed Syria militias say Tabqa, dam captured from Islamic State. 10 May 2017. Reuters.
  96. Web site: AFP, Beirut . US-backed forces seize Syria's Tabqa, dam from ISIS . 10 May 2017 . Al Arabiya English . 2018-07-06.
  97. Web site: SDF hunt for Daesh holdouts in Tabqa. Daily Star (Lebanon). 12 May 2017.

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