Battle of Sjenica (1941) explained

Conflict:Battle for Sjenica
Partof:World War II in Yugoslavia
Date:22 December 1941
Place:Sjenica, Italian governorate of Montenegro (modern-day Serbia)
Result:Axis victory
Combatants Header:Participants
Combatant1: Sandžak Muslim militia
Supported by:

Combatant2: Yugoslav Partisans
Units1: Sandžak Muslim militia:

Milicija (police) (Serbs and Muslims)

Units2: Yugoslav Partisans:
  • 2nd Takovo Company
  • Belgrade Company (part)
  • Serbian-Sandžak Company (part)
Strength1:800 — 900
Strength2:350
Casualties1:30 killed and 60 wounded
Casualties2:around 100
  • 52 killed
  • 25 wounded
  • 18[1] — 22[2] captured

The Battle of Sjenica took place between attacking forces of Yugoslav Partisans on one side and defending forces of the Sandžak Muslim militia and town's militsiya (Serbs and Muslims) in Sjenica, on the territory of the Italian governorate of Montenegro.

Background

At the beginning of the Second World War, the territory of Sandžak was a subject of territorial aspirations of all sides in the war. The Muslims wanted this region to be annexed to the Ustaše controlled Independent State of Croatia, which pursued a genocidal policy toward Serbs, Jews and Roma People. On the other hand, the Germans designated it to be a part of their occupation zone; Italians wanted to control all of Sandžak, while Albanians wanted it to be annexed to their Greater Albania. The Chetniks and Partisans struggled to keep Sandžak within Yugoslavia. Based on the agreement of July 1941, Sjenica was included in the Italian governorate of Montenegro.

Hasan Zvizdić was a wealthy Muslim whole-trader in Sjenica. He became a city governor, armed many local Muslims, and organized them as militia during the war.[3] In December 1941, Zvizdić refused to allow Partisans to capture Sjenica because he was afraid that Chetniks, German and Italian forces would attack Partisans in Sjenica and kill many of its population as well. He explained to Partisans that he had around 5,000 members of Muslim militia under his command and that he would use them against Partisans or Chetniks if they tried to capture Sjenica. According to historian Živković, Zvizdić was actually concerned that his lucrative contracts to supply Italian and German army with livestock would be cancelled if Partisans capture the city.

Armed forces

The Partisan military units that attacked the town belonged to the 2nd Takovo Company commanded by Tadija Andrić, part of the Belgrade Company and part of the Serbian-Sandžak Company commanded by Vladimir Knežević and Petar Stambolić. The staff of the Belgrade Company was against the attack on Sjenica, but was outvoted.[4]

On 23 November, the Partisans captured and executed several Chetnik commanders near Nova Varoš. This action compromised the Partisans in the eyes of many Serbs from Sjenica, who developed animosity toward them. As a result, many Serbs from Sjenica joined forces with the town's militsiya to defend the town from the Partisans.

Battle

The attack on Sjenica began on 22 December 1941 at 4:30 a.m. The temperature was -20C, and snowdrifts were about 1 meter. The Partisans attacked the town from three directions. Initially, the Belgrade company managed to penetrate the town and capture its center. The Partisans faced strong gunfire in the period between 8 and 10 a.m. and even hot water thrown at them from the windows of the houses.[4] The Belgrade company managed to retreat from the town only after 11 a.m. and reached Nova Varoš only on 23 December because they were carrying four heavily wounded Partisans.[5]

The remaining two groups failed to fulfill their tasks because they were easily repelled back to the town's periphery. On the same day, the forces of Muslim militia from Prijepolje, commanded by Pačariz, and from Sjenica, commanded by Zvizdić successfully repelled the attack of Partisans who tried to capture Sjenica. They were supported by one company from German-controlled Tutin, commanded by Džemail Koničanin, who joined them based on the invitation of Zvizdić.

Communist casualties included Andrija Tadić, the commander of the 2nd Takovo company.[6]

Aftermath

Josip Broz Tito criticized the Partisan attack on Sjenica, which, according to his position, was against the direct order of the supreme command and Communist Party.[7] Belgrade battalion lost a third of its manpower, and Priboj and Sjenica companies ceased to exist in the battle. Another defeat shock already low morale among Partisans in the area. Because of the attack on Sjenica in early 1942, Italians closed the border on relation Plav-Rožaje-Tutin and armed part of the local Muslim population in the area. Prisoners of war were captured in Sjenica until February 1942, when Zvizdić sent, on Italian orders, 23 of prisoners to Prijepolje. Pačariz and his men escorted them there. They were in light clothes, so a few of them lost limbs from freezing. Some of the prisoners were women who were tortured and raped. Four of the prisoners were exchanged with Partisans, two were bought by Pačariz, and other the 17 were executed by Italians in Prijepolje.

Sources

Notes and References

  1. Book: Kadenić. Rahmija. Petković. Radomir. Ratna sećanja iz NOB, 1941–1942. 1981. Vojnoizdavački zavod. 196. Napad nije uspeo, a pretrpljeni su teški gubici — 52 poginula, 25 ranjenih i 18 zarobljenih. --> .
  2. Book: Dokumenti centralnih organa KPJ NOR i revolucija (1941–1945): (16. septembar-31. decembar 1941). 1985. Izdavački centar Komunist. 492. U borbama za Sjenicu, 22. décembre 1941. godine. muslimanska faSLstifka millcija je zarobila 22 partizana. --> .
  3. Book: Djurašinović-Kostja, Vojin. Stazama proleterskim. 1961. Prosveta. 279. Тада је у Сјеници власт др- жао Хасан Звиздић, познат у томе крају као веле- трговац и човек са јаким утица јем на један део ста- новништва, што му је помогло да известан део му- слимана организује и наоружа као милицију. -->.
  4. Book: Pantelić, Ivan. RUKOVOđENJE narodnooslobodilačkom borbom i revolucijom u Srbiji 1941-1945: zbornik radova sa tematske rasprave održane 11. i 12. maja 1988. 1988. Vojnoizdavački i novinski centar. 659.
  5. Book: Pantelić, Ivan. RUKOVOđENJE narodnooslobodilačkom borbom i revolucijom u Srbiji 1941-1945: zbornik radova sa tematske rasprave održane 11. i 12. maja 1988. 1988. Vojnoizdavački i novinski centar. 660.
  6. Book: Lukić, Milisav. Grebići: Ratni dnevnik 1942–1944. 1972. Republički Odbor Saveza udruženja boraca narodnooslobodilačkog rata SR Srbije; "Četvrti jul"; Čačak, Zajednica kulture i SUBNOR opštine. 476. Помињем напад на Сјеницу, децембра 1941. године, у којем су херојски погинули Војимир Воја Пурић, из Врнчана, Тадија Андрић, из Белог Поља, Љубо Симић, из Горњег Миланов- ца, и многи други. -->.
  7. Book: Kadenić. Rahmija. Petković. Radomir. Ratna sećanja iz NOB, 1941–1942. 1981. Vojnoizdavački zavod. 196. Napad nije uspeo, a pretrpljeni su teški gubici — 52 poginula, 25 ranjenih i 18 zarobljenih. Vrhovni komandant, drug Tito, je oštro osudio taj napad na Sjenicu. U pismu Đilasu on ukazuje da je prekršeno naređenje Vrhovnog štaba i Partije i da ... -->.