Battle of Sebastopolis explained

Conflict:	Battle of Sebastopolis
Partof:	the Arab–Byzantine Wars
Date:	692 AD
Place:	Sebastopolis
Result:	Umayyad victory
Combatant1:	Umayyad Caliphate
Combatant2:	Byzantine Empire
Commander1:	Muhammad ibn Marwan
Commander2:	Leontius Neboulos

The Battle of Sebastopolis was fought at Sebastopolis (mostly identified with Elaiussa Sebaste in Cilicia but also with modern Sulusaray) in 692 CE between the Byzantine Empire and the Umayyad Caliphate under Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan. The battle ended the peace that had existed between the two powers since 680.

The Umayyad army was led by Muhammad ibn Marwan. The Byzantines were led by Leontios and included a "special army" of 30,000 Bulgars under their leader, Neboulos. The Umayyads, incensed at the breaking of the treaty, used copies of its texts in the place of a flag.^[1] Though the battle seemed to be tilting to the Byzantine advantage, the defection of upwards of 20,000 Slavs ensured a Byzantine defeat.^{[2] [3] [4]} One source states that the Emperor Justinian II massacred the remaining Slavs, including women and children, at the Gulf of Nicomedia,^[3] but modern scholars do not consider it a reliable account.^[4]

Sources

• Book: Hendy, Michael F.. Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy C. 300-1450. Cambridge University Press. 2008.

Notes and References

1. Brooks, E.W., "The Successors of Heraclius to 717" in The Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 2(Cambridge University Press, 1957), 407.
2. Ostrogorsky, George, History of the Byzantine state,(Rutgers University Press, 1969), 131.
3. Hendy, Michael F., Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy C. 300-1450, (Cambridge University Press, 2008), 631.
4. Haldon, John F., Byzantium in the seventh century, (Cambridge University Press, 1997), 72.