| Conflict: | Battle of Santa Rosa Island |
| Partof: | the American Civil War |
| Place: | Santa Rosa Island (Florida) |
| Result: | Union victory |
| Combatant1: |  United States (Union) |
| Combatant2: | Confederacy |
| Commander1: | Harvey Brown |
| Commander2: | Richard H. Anderson |
| Strength1: | 600 |
| Strength2: | 1,200 |
| Casualties1: | 67 total 14 killed 29 wounded 24 captured or missing |
| Casualties2: | 87 total 30-40 killed |
The Battle of Santa Rosa Island (October 9, 1861) was an unsuccessful Confederate attempt to take Union-held Fort Pickens on Santa Rosa Island, Florida.
Santa Rosa Island is a 40-mile barrier island in the U.S. state of Florida, thirty miles from the Alabama state border. At the western end stands Fort Pickens, which in the first week of January 1861 had a garrison of only one company, Company G of the 1st Regiment, US Artillery. The fort was commanded by Major John H. Winder, a secessionist who would have likely turned the fort over to the rebel government. Instead, Winder and his senior lieutenant were absent from the fort and so the garrison was commanded by Lieutenant Adam J. Slemmer. Slemmer immediately began to collect armaments from the nearby military posts and prepared to hold out against the growing rebellion.
By the fall of 1861, it was reinforced by more men from the 1st, as well as the 2nd and 5th U. S. artillery, and the 3rd U.S. Infantry, under command of Col. Harvey Brown, of the 5th artillery. The 6th New York Volunteer Infantry, commanded by Col. William Wilson, was encamped outside the fort, a short distance east of it.
After midnight on October 9, Brig. Gen. Richard Anderson crossed from the mainland to Santa Rosa Island with 1,200 men in two small steamers to surprise the Union troops at Camp Brown and if possible capture Fort Pickens. He landed on the north beach about four miles east of Fort Pickens and divided his command into three columns. After proceeding about three miles, the Confederates surprised the 6th Regiment, New York Volunteers, in Camp Brown and routed the regiment. Gen. Anderson then adopted a defensive stance to entice the Federals to leave the fort and attack. Receiving reinforcements, Col. Harvey Brown sallied against the Confederates, who reembarked and returned to the mainland.
The Union loss was 14 killed, 29 wounded and 24 captured or missing. General Braxton Bragg and Lieutenant Hamel, commanding the Confederate forces at Pensacola, reported their loss as "30 or 40 killed and wounded," but an undocumented Confederate newspaper, found by Lieut. Seeley a few days after the occurrence, gave the total casualties as 175. This claim was likely an exaggeration. Maj. Israel Vogdes, of the 1st artillery, was captured, and on the Confederate side Gen. Anderson was severely wounded. The camp of the 6th N. Y., which was the main objective of the raid, was largely destroyed, meaning the raid could be deemed a success.
Fort Pickens and the battle site are preserved within the Gulf Islands National Seashore.[1]
Department of Florida: Col. Harvey Brown
Brig. Gen. Richard Heron Anderson
Detachment, 10th Mississippi Infantry
Detachment, 1st Alabama Infantry
3 Companies, 7th Alabama Infantry
2 Companies, 1st Louisiana Infantry (Regulars)
2 Companies, 1st Florida Infantry
Detachment, 5th Georgia Infantry
Detachment, Georgia Infantry Battalion
Homer’s Artillery Company - Lieutenant Hollonquist
CSS Neaffie