Battle of Ahvenkoski explained

Conflict:Battle of Ahvenkoski
Partof:the Finnish Civil War and Eastern Front in World War I
Date:10 April – 5 May 1918
Place:Ahvenkoski, Finland
Territory:Surrender of Red Finland
Result:German-White victory
Combatant1:
Finnish Whites
Combatant2: Red Finland
Commander1: Otto von Brandenstein
Commander2: Oskar Vinte
Strength1:800
Strength2:800–900
Casualties1:at least 13 killed
Casualties2:at least 13 killed

The Battle of Ahvenkoski was fought during the Finnish Civil War between 10April and 5May 1918 at Ahvenkoski (Swedish: Abborfors;), Finland between the German Empire and the Red Guards of the Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic, more commonly known as Red Finland.[1] For most of the battle both sides occupied trenches along the Kymi river.[2] Ahvenkoski and the surrounding Kymi valley region were the last strongholds of the Reds. The battle ended with the surrender of the last of the Red Guards on 5 May, which ended the war with White Finland and Germany defeating Red Finland.[3]

German campaign begins

The German Empire supported White Finland, the precursor of the modern Finnish state, during the civil war against Red Finland and its paramilitary army, the Red Guards. Thus, Germany launched a military campaign in southeast Finland on 7April 1918 with the landing of Detachment Brandenstein in Loviisa. Their goal was to take the coastal town of Kotka situated 40km (30miles) east of Loviisa, then move north along the vital Saint Petersburg railway to the railway junction of Kouvola. The next morning, a 300-soldier reconnaissance unit reached the outskirts of Kotka, but was stopped in the Battle of Kyminlinna.

As the Germans waited for reinforcements, they tapped enemy telephone lines and mistakenly believed that the Red Guards had a reserve of 10,000–30,000 soldiers heading to Kotka from the northern Kymi valley region. In reality the Reds were strengthened by only 450 men.[4] The German unit retreated to Ahvenkoski, 20km (10miles) east of Kotka. As they were soon followed by the Reds, they moved 8km (05miles) further west, where they dug into defensive positions by the Taasianjoki river. The Reds did not advance past Ahvenkoski, where they occupied 18th-century fortifications by the Kymi river.[5] They were soon reinforced by units who had retreated from the Karelian front.[6]

Battle at Ahvenkoski

The next ten days were quiet, as the fighting was focused north of Loviisa in the Eastern Uusimaa region. On 22April the Germans moved up to Ahvenkoski and attacked the next morning. The battle lasted two days, but the Germans were not able to break through the Red lines. On25 April, the Reds left their positions on the western side of the Kymi river and retreated across it, destroying bridges behind them.[5] The Germans occupied the trenches on the western side of the Kymi river, and the battle paused for the next eight days.[2]

The Reds' front in Karelia collapsed after the Battle of Vyborg on 29April and they suffered a decisive loss at the Battle of Lahti. This meant that the Kymi valley region was now the last Red stronghold. A ceasefire was established on 3 May, and the parties started negotiations for a Red surrender.[5]

Red Finland surrenders

The Reds in Kymenlaakso started surrendering on 4 May, first in the village of Inkeroinen in Anjalankoski. The same evening the Whites entered Kotka, where 4,000 Reds surrendered with hardly any resistance. The last Reds left were now the 800–900 fighters in Ahvenkoski.[7] The negotiations in Ahvenkoski were mediated by foreign representatives based in Kotka. The Red delegation was led by Juho Kaven, a 24-year-old carpenter from Malmi, Helsinki. The Finnish Whites demanded an unconditional surrender, but according to the agreement concluded with the Germans, the individual soldiers were to be released and only the leaders made prisoners. The Reds were to surrender their weapons by 6p.m. on 5May at the latest.

The surrender became effective at midday of 5 May, as 800 Reds marched behind their commander Oskar Vinter towards the German lines on the western bank of the Kymi river. After crossing the Rajasilta ("border bridge"), they surrendered their weapons. Despite the agreement, the Red fighters were not released. After capturing the Reds, the Whites separated the staff members, platoon leaders and trade union activists from the crowd, and took them to the Svartholm fortress, where they were immediately shot. The rest were kept overnight in the Vähä-Ahvenkoski village, and then transported to various White prison camps in Southern Finland. The following week, the Whites executed nearly 300 Reds in Kymi valley.[8]

Aftermath

According to a list of Germans who were killed in action during the war, at least 13 Germans died during the attack of 22 and 23April.[9] According to a Finnish casualty database, at least 13 Reds died during the battle within the Pyhtää municipality.[10] Seven Germans were buried in Ahvenkoski Cemetery,[11] as well as an unknown number of Reds. A memorial on the Red mass grave was erected in 1946.[12] In September 2013, a memorial to the end of the Civil War was unveiled at the site where the last Reds surrendered.[13] The Battle of Ahvenkoski was the last action of the Civil War, but the White Army Commander-in-Chief C. G. E. Mannerheim did not declare the war over until 16May, when the Russians had left Fort Ino near Petrograd.

References

  1. Web site: Kyminlinnan taistelu 8.4.1918. Leivo, Teemu. Finnish Military History Society. 27 August 2011. 1 September 2017. fi. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105247/http://www.sshs.fi/binary/file/-/id/17/fid/352/. 24 September 2015. dmy-all.
  2. Book: Vainio, Seppo. 2008. Saksalaiset Suomen sisällissodassa 1918. Vantaa. Seppo Vainio. 108. 978-952-92425-5-9.
  3. Web site: Sodan lopputulos ratkeaa . University of Tampere . 1997 . 31 August 2017 . Hautamäki, Kirsi . fi . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160502004236/http://www15.uta.fi/yky/arkisto/suomi80/v18v19.htm . 2 May 2016 . dmy-all .
  4. Book: Vainio, Seppo. 2009. Saksalaiset kaatuneet sotilaat ja muistomerkit Suomessa 1918. Vantaa. Seppo Vainio. 65. 978-952-92651-7-6.
  5. Book: Vainio, Seppo. 2010. Poliittiset väkivaltaisuudet Itä-Uudellamaalla 1917–18. Vantaa. Seppo Vainio. 69. 978-952-92766-5-3.
  6. Book: Parikka, Raimo. 1993. Helsingin pitäjä 1994. Helsingin pitäjän punakaarti 1918. Vantaa. Helsingin pitäjän kotiseutuyhdistys & Vantaan kaupunginmuseo. 16. fi. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170901065413/http://docplayer.fi/320012-Helsingin-pitajan-punakaarti-1918.html. 1 September 2017. dmy-all.
  7. Web site: Valkoisten voitto varmistui lopullisesti. Järvelin, Antti. University of Tampere. 1997. 1 September 2017. fi. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160502003721/http://www15.uta.fi/yky/arkisto/suomi80/v18v18.htm. 2 May 2016. dmy-all.
  8. Book: Apunen, Osmo. 1991. Suomi 75. Itsenäisen Suomen historia 1. Kansalaissodan sotilaallinen ratkaisu. Helsinki. Welin+Göös. 257. 951-35515-7-1.
  9. Web site: Suomen sotatoimissa 1918 ja niiden yhteydessä surmansa saaneiksi tai kadonneiksi ilmoitetut saksalaissotilaat. Eerola. Jari. University of Helsinki. 2017-07-23. fi. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160313014649/http://www.helsinki.fi/~jjeerola/englskuol.htm. 13 March 2016. dmy-all.
  10. Web site: The registry of names of the war dead between 1914–1922. 2004-05-19. National Archives of Finland. 2017-07-23. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20171020110741/http://vesta.narc.fi/cgi-bin/db2www/sotasurmaetusivu/main?lang=en. 20 October 2017. dmy-all.
  11. Web site: Ruotsinpyhtää, Friedhof Ahvenkoski, Provinz Uusimaa, Finnland. Onlineprojekt Gefallenendenkmäler. 1 September 2017. de. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170901071112/http://www.denkmalprojekt.org/misc_laender/ruotsinpyhtaeae.htm. 1 September 2017. dmy-all.
  12. Web site: Punaisten muistomerkit Kymenlaaksossa. Perttilä, Tommi. Sekalaista propagandaa. 17 June 2013. 1 September 2017. fi. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170901073032/http://tpertt.blogspot.fi/2013/06/punaisten-muistomerkit-kymenlaaksossa.html. 1 September 2017. dmy-all.
  13. Web site: Muistakaa ja unohtakaa. Kosonen, Eija. Loviisan Sanomat. 10 September 2013. 1 September 2017. fi. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170802122513/http://www.loviisansanomat.net/lue.php?id=6522&vo=50. 2 August 2017. dmy-all.

Further reading

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