Pointed space explained

In mathematics, a pointed space or based space is a topological space with a distinguished point, the basepoint. The distinguished point is just simply one particular point, picked out from the space, and given a name, such as

x0,

that remains unchanged during subsequent discussion, and is kept track of during all operations.

Maps of pointed spaces (based maps) are continuous maps preserving basepoints, i.e., a map

f

between a pointed space

X

with basepoint

x0

and a pointed space

Y

with basepoint

y0

is a based map if it is continuous with respect to the topologies of

X

and

Y

and if

f\left(x0\right)=y0.

This is usually denoted

f:\left(X,x0\right)\to\left(Y,y0\right).

Pointed spaces are important in algebraic topology, particularly in homotopy theory, where many constructions, such as the fundamental group, depend on a choice of basepoint.

The pointed set concept is less important; it is anyway the case of a pointed discrete space.

Pointed spaces are often taken as a special case of the relative topology, where the subset is a single point. Thus, much of homotopy theory is usually developed on pointed spaces, and then moved to relative topologies in algebraic topology.

Category of pointed spaces

The class of all pointed spaces forms a category Top

\bull

with basepoint preserving continuous maps as morphisms. Another way to think about this category is as the comma category, (

\{\bull\}\downarrow

Top) where

\{\bull\}

is any one point space and Top is the category of topological spaces. (This is also called a coslice category denoted

\{\bull\}/

Top.) Objects in this category are continuous maps

\{\bull\}\toX.

Such maps can be thought of as picking out a basepoint in

X.

Morphisms in (

\{\bull\}\downarrow

Top) are morphisms in Top for which the following diagram commutes:

It is easy to see that commutativity of the diagram is equivalent to the condition that

f

preserves basepoints.

As a pointed space,

\{\bull\}

is a zero object in Top

\{\bull\}

, while it is only a terminal object in Top.

There is a forgetful functor Top

\{\bull\}

\to

Top which "forgets" which point is the basepoint. This functor has a left adjoint which assigns to each topological space

X

the disjoint union of

X

and a one-point space

\{\bull\}

whose single element is taken to be the basepoint.

Operations on pointed spaces

X

is a topological subspace

A\subseteqX

which shares its basepoint with

X

so that the inclusion map is basepoint preserving.

X

under any equivalence relation. The basepoint of the quotient is the image of the basepoint in

X

under the quotient map.

\left(X,x0\right),

\left(Y,y0\right)

as the topological product

X x Y

with

\left(x0,y0\right)

serving as the basepoint.

\SigmaX

of a pointed space

X

is (up to a homeomorphism) the smash product of

X

and the pointed circle

S1.

\Omega

taking a pointed space

X

to its loop space

\OmegaX

.

References