Barrack buster explained

Mk-15 Barrack Buster
Origin:	Northern Ireland
Type:	Mortar
Is Ranged:	yes
Is Explosive:	yes
Is Artillery:	yes
Used By:	Provisional IRA
Wars:	The Troubles
Design Date:	1992
Manufacturer:	Homemade
Cartridge:	HE 196–220 pounds (80–100 kg)
Caliber:	320mm (12.75in)
Max Range:	275 yards (250 m)
Detonation:	Impact

Barrack buster is the colloquial name given to several improvised mortars, developed in the 1990s by the engineering unit of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA).

The improvised mortar properly called "barrack buster" - known to the British security forces as the Mark 15 mortar - fired a long metal propane cylinder with a diameter of, which contained around 75kg (165lb) of home-made explosives and had a range of 75to. The cylinder is an adaptation of a commercial gas cylinder produced by the Cobh company Kosangas for heating and cooking, and used in rural areas across Ireland.^[1]

The Mark 15 was first used in an attack on 7 December 1992 against an RUC/British Army base in Ballygawley, County Tyrone,^{[2] [3]} The projectile, fired from a tractor parked near the town's health center, was deflected by the branches of a tree besides the perimeter fence. A number of civilians had to be evacuated.^{[4] [5]} It took ten hours for the British Army technicians to defuse the device.^[6] A later IRA statement acknowledged that the mortar bomb had "failed to detonate properly".^[7] The following, more successful attack took place on 20 January 1993 in Clogher, also in County Tyrone, where the local RUC compound was heavily damaged,^[8] and several RUC constables wounded.^[9]

Provisional IRA's mortars

The barrack buster belongs to a series of home-made mortars developed since the 1970s. The first such mortar—Mark 1—was used in an attack in May 1972 and it was soon followed by the first of a series of improved or differentiated versions stretching into the 1990s:

• Mark 1 (1972): consisted of a 50 mm copper pipe filled with 10oz of plastic explosives. Propelled by a .303 (7.7 mm) and detonated by a .22 (5.6 mm) cartridge.^[10]
• Mark 2 (1972–73): an length 57 mm steel pipe filled with 2lb of explosive and detonated by a 12 gauge shotgun cartridge.^[10] This weapon resulted in the first fatality due to Provisional IRA mortars when a British soldier was killed trying to defuse a misfired projectile launched on Fort Monagh barracks at Turf Lodge, Belfast, on 10 December 1972.^[11]
• Mark 3 (1973–74): a 60 mm mortar barrel with a static firing pin on the plate and a range of 260yd. Propelled by a dried mixture of rags and sodium chlorate and detonated by a charge of ammonium nitrate. Used in attacks on Creggan Camp, Derry and Lisanelly Camp, Omagh, in 1973.^[12] During an attack on a police station, a mortar misfired and killed two IRA men operating the device.
• Mark 4 (1974): Basically a Mark 3 with a larger charge of propellant which extended its range to 400yd. The bomb was filled with 1lb of ammonium nitrate and aluminium powder. Used only in one known attack on a base in Strabane, County Tyrone, on 22 February 1974.^[12]
• Mark 5 (1974): Never used in any known attack, the security forces learned of it after the discovery of an IRA workshop at Cushendall, Antrim, in 1974.^[13]
• Mark 6 (1974–1994): A 60 mm conventional mortar with a bipod and base plate and a range of 1200yd. The shell was propelled by a charge of homemade gunpowder, ignited by a .22 cartridge. The warhead, made of of Semtex, was detonated by another .22 cartridge on impact. The bomb armed itself "by means of a wind-driven propeller, which is an integral part of the striker". A Mark 6 grenade was thrown by hand on the roof of an armored vehicle from the top of Divis Flats, Belfast, causing widespread damage and some casualties.^[14] It was used in March 1994 in three attacks on London Heathrow Airport in Britain. It is not known to have been used after these actions.^[15]
• Mark 7 (1976): Longer version of Mark 6.
• Mark 8 (1976): Longer version of Mark 6, it consisted of a 4feet steel tube, but the projectile was aerodynamically unstable. First used against the British Army base at Crossmaglen. Staff Sergeant Bruce was awarded the George Medal for clearing some unexploded ordnance after this incident.^[16]
• Mark 9 (1976–?): The device fired a shorter but wider mortar bomb, made of a cut-down gas cylinder. First used against Crossmaglen Army base on 23 October 1976.
• Mark 10 (1979–1994): A large-calibre mortar firing a projectile containing 44lb220lb of explosives. Its first use on 19 March 1979 caused the first deliberate victim—a British soldier—from an IRA mortar attack in Newtownhamilton, South Armagh. It was primarily designed to attack police stations and military bases, and was used in the 1985 Newry mortar attack which killed nine police officers. It was used in several attacks using configurations with multiple launching tubes, "often launched from the back of Transit type vans".^[17] Three such mortars using a mixture of ammonium nitrate and nitrobenzene—known as "Annie"—as warhead were used on 7 February 1991 in an IRA attack on 10 Downing Street in London against British Prime Minister John Major and his War Cabinet during the first Gulf War.^[18] It was superseded by the larger Mark 15.
• Mark 11 (1989–?) : Used for the first time on 13 May 1989 against a British Army observation post in Glassdrumman, South Armagh. The mortar had a range of 550yd.^[18]
• Improvised Projected Grenade (IPG) (1985–?): A shoulder-fired weapon used against armoured vehicles as well as RUC/Army bases. Launched a warhead made of 40oz of Semtex and TNT. After an IRA volunteer was killed in March 1986 additional safety features were incorporated, but firing still left a distinct bruise on operator's shoulder. Superseded by Projected Recoilless Improvised Grenade (PRIG) in 1991.^[19]
• Mark 12 (1985–?): Remotely-activated mortar fired horizontally against armoured vehicles. First used in March 1991^[20] against a mobile patrol of the Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR), destroying an armoured Land Rover vehicle and killing two soldiers in an ambush at Mullacreevie, Armagh City.^[21] (See:Anti-tank_mine#Off-route_mines)
• Mark 13 (1990–?): A spigot mortar, usually fired from the back of a heavy vehicle. Used for first and only time in a botched attack on a security forces base in Dungannon, County Tyrone, in May 1990.^[1]
• Mark 14 (1992–?): Made of two halves of 25lb gas cylinders welded together and capable of carrying a payload of 50lb of high explosive. First used on 31 May 1992 in an attack on Crossmaglen security base.^[22]
• Mark 15 (1992–?): First mortar known as "barrack buster". It was the "standard IRA large calibre [mortar] system" and described as having "the effect of a 'flying car bomb'". It has a calibre of 320 mm and fires a bomb of 196lb220lb of explosives, with a maximum range of 275yd. It has also been used in configurations with multiple launch tubes, with an attack using 12 tubes against a British military base in Kilkeel, County Down, on 9 October 1993 as being the "record".^{[17] [23]} The attack on Clogher RUC security base involved a 300lb device flying over a 4.5m (14.8feet) wall.^[24] Two British helicopters, an Army Lynx that was hovering over the helipad at a base under attack, and an RAF Puma taking off from another base, were brought down by this type of mortar between March and July 1994 in South Armagh. Author Toby Harnden describes the 1994 shooting down of the Lynx as the most successful attack on a helicopter by the IRA during the Troubles.^[25] The barrel was usually attached to a hydraulic hoist towed by a tractor to the launching site.^[26]
• Mark 16 (1991–?): A shoulder-fired weapon for use against armoured vehicles. First used in May 1991. Also described as Projected Recoilless Improvised Grenade. The projectile was a 1lb tin can filled with 600 grammes of Semtex formed into a shaped charge.^[27]
• Mark 17 (1994–?): Irish intelligence sources believed a new, even more powerful mortar dubbed the "Mark 17" was tested during the 1994-1996 ceasefire in the Carlingford Lough area of County Louth, just south of the border.^[28]

Strategic impact

The intensification of the IRA's mortar campaign in the late 1980s led the British government to increase the number of army troops in Northern Ireland from its lowest ebb of 9,000 in 1985 to 10,500 in 1992.^[29] Also in the 1980s, defense authorities undertook a huge and costly plan to fortify its security facilities across the region to tackle the threat.^[30] The IRA's use of mortars combined with heavy machine guns compelled the British Army to build their main checkpoints more than a mile away from the Irish border by 1992.^[31]

These mortars were also used against targets in England, such as the Downing Street attack on 7 February 1991, and the Heathrow mortar attacks in March 1994. Both attacks were intended by the IRA to put pressure on the British Government to negotiate with them.^{[32] [33]}

Use by other groups

In 1972 the Official IRA developed a type of mortar which was used in attacks against several British Army installations on 5 December that year.^[34] Provisional IRA-type mortars have been used by the Real IRA, who also developed their own fuzing system, in the 2000s.^[35] In early 2000 a new type of mortar was tested by the Real IRA in County Fermanagh. The weapon was classified as a "Mark-19" by the British Army.^[36] Furthermore, what appears to be a similar or identical mortar technology known in Colombia as "cilindros" (or "cylinders" in English) have been used since 1998 by the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). ETA in Spain was in 2001 rumoured to have built mortars "very similar" to the IRA's.^[37] The possible transfer of this mortar technology to the FARC was a central issue in the arrest in August 2001 and later trial of the so-called Colombia Three group of IRA members, who were found innocent of false claims by Colombian authorities and the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs that they “allegedly” trained FARC in the manufacture and use of this mortar technology even though there was no evidence presented at trial to prove the claim.^{[38] [39]}

In popular culture

A derived term in Belfast refers to a two or three-litre bottle of inexpensive white cider.^[40]

See also

• 1985 Newry mortar attack
• 1994 British Army Lynx shootdown
• Downing Street mortar attack
• Improvised artillery in the Syrian civil war
• Explosively formed penetrator
• Improvised explosive device
• Improvised tactical vehicles of the Provisional IRA
• List of weapons used by the Provisional Irish Republican Army

References

• Davies, Roger (2001), "Improvised mortar systems: an evolving political weapon", Jane's Intelligence Review (May 2001), 12–15.
• Geraghty, Tony (1998), The Irish War: the Hidden Conflict Between the IRA and British Intelligence, Johns Hopkins University Press.
• Book: Harnden, Toby . Toby Harnden . Bandit Country . . 2001 . 0-340-71736-X.
• Oppenheimer and English (2009).IRA, the bombs and the bullets: a history of deadly ingenuity. Irish Academic Press, p. 238.
• Ripley, Tim and Chappel, Mike (1993). Security forces in Northern Ireland (1969-92). Osprey.
• Ryder, Chris (2005). A Special Kind of Courage: 321 EOD Squadron - Battling the Bombers, Methuen.
• Smith, Steve (2006). 3-2-1 Bomb Gone: Fighting Terrorist Bombers in Northern Ireland, Sutton Publishing.

Notes and References

1. Geraghty 1998, p. 193
2. Geraghty 1998, p. 193
3. Ryder 2005, p. 256
4. "New IRA mortar threat", Sunday Tribune, 7 March 1993.
5. [The Irish Emigrant]
6. News: 8 December 1992 . 150lb bomb defused . 1 . Aberdeen Press and Journal.
7. Web site: 13 February 1993. Barrack Buster Bomb. 2021-03-19. ulib.iupuidigital.org. The Irish People. en.
8. Fortnight Magazine, Issues 319-23, p. 33 (1993)
9. Web site: RUC police officers injured in mortar attack. 2020-06-01. UPI. en.
10. Oppenheimer and English (2009), p. 229
11. http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/chron/1972.html CAIN database of deaths, 10 December 1972
12. Geraghty 1998, p. 189
13. Geraghty 1998, p. 190
14. Geraghty 1998, p. 191
15. Geraghty 1998; Smith 2006; Davies 2001, p. 13.
16. Reynolds, David (2001). Commando: The Illustrated History Of Britain's Green Berets. Haynes / Sutton Books, p. 163.
17. Davies 2001, p. 14.
18. Geraghty 1998, p. 192
19. Geraghty 1998, p. 195
20. Geraghty 1998, p. 196
21. Book: Potter, John . Testimony to Courage: The History of the Ulster Defence Regiment 1969–1992 . Pen and Sword . 2008 . 978-0850528190 . 350.
22. Book: Ryder, Chris. A Special Kind of Courage: 321 EOD Squadron -- Battling the Bombers. 2005. Methuen. 978-0-413-77223-7. 256.
23. The Daily Telegraph 10 October 1993
24. News: Brady . Tom . 27 February 1993 . Hammer blow to Provo bombs factory . 1 . Irish Independent.
25. Harnden 2001, p. 398
26. Oppenheimer and English (2009), p. 238
27. Geraghty 1998, pp. 196–197
28. Web site: Inside the Ira - Weapons & Technology | the Ira & Sinn Fein | FRONTLINE | PBS. PBS.
29. Ripley & Chappel 1993, p. 20
30. Book: Taylor, Steven. Air War Northern Ireland: Britain's Air Arms and the 'Bandit Country' of South Armagh, Operation Banner 1969–2007. 2018-06-30. Pen and Sword. 978-1-5267-2155-6. en.
31. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=O1ZaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=u0wNAAAAIBAJ&pg=6780,6577778&dq=checkpoint+northern-ireland&hl=en 'Official describes British-Irish border as 300-Mile Difficulty
32. Neumann . Peter R. . 1 January 2007 . Negotiating With Terrorists. Foreign Affairs . 86 . 1 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170226132715/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2007-01-01/negotiating-terrorists. 2017-02-26. live.
33. Book: O'Brien, Brendan . 1999 . The Long War: The IRA and Sinn Féin . Syracuse University Press . 0815605978 . 310.
34. Brian Hanley and Scott Millar, The Lost Revolution: The Story of the Official IRA and the Workers' Party. Penguin UK, 2009. Chapter 4: Defence and Retaliation.
35. Smith 2006; Davies 2001, p. 14.
36. Web site: Republican rebels gain strength. Henry McDonald. TheGuardian.com. 25 June 2000. 22 March 2021.
37. Davies 2001, p. 15.
38. Web site: Summary of Investigation of IRA Links to FARC Narco-Terrorists in Colombia . Committee on International Relations . US House of Congress . 2002-04-24 . 2007-06-16 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070613040115/http://www.foreignaffairs.house.gov/archives/107/findings.htm . 13 June 2007 . dead.
39. Web site: 2004-04-27 . Colombia clears IRA suspects . 2022-09-09 . the Guardian . en.
40. http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2004/03_march/01/pulling_moves_slang.shtml Belfast slang