Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences explained

Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel
Awarded For:Outstanding contributions in Economics or Social Sciences
Presenter:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Location:Stockholm, Sweden
Reward:11 million SEK (2023)[1]
Year:1969
Holder:Claudia Goldin (2023)
Sponsor:Sveriges Riksbank
Image Caption:Claudia Goldin, winner of the 2023 prize

The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, officially the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel[2] [3] [4] (Swedish: Sveriges riksbanks pris i ekonomisk vetenskap till Alfred Nobels minne), is an economics award funded by Sveriges Riksbank[5] and administered by the Nobel Foundation.

Although not one of the five Nobel Prizes established by Alfred Nobel's will in 1895,[6] it is commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Economics,[7] and is administered and referred to along with the Nobel Prizes by the Nobel Foundation.[8] Winners of the Prize in Economic Sciences are chosen in a similar manner as and announced alongside the Nobel Prize recipients, and receive the Prize in Economic Sciences at the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony.[9]

That the prize is not an original Nobel Prize has been a subject of controversy, with four of Nobel's relatives having formally distanced themselves from the Prize in Economic Sciences.[10] [11]

The award was established in 1968 by an endowment "in perpetuity" from Sweden's central bank, Sveriges Riksbank, to commemorate the bank's 300th anniversary.[12] [13] [14] [15] Laureates in the Prize in Economic Sciences are selected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.[16] It was first awarded in 1969 to Dutch economist Jan Tinbergen and Norwegian economist Ragnar Frisch "for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes".[17] [18]

Creation and funding

An endowment "in perpetuity" from Sveriges Riksbank pays the Nobel Foundation's administrative expenses associated with the award and funds the monetary component of the award.[19]

In 2022, the monetary portion of the Prize in Economic Sciences was 10 million Swedish kronor,[20] the same amount as the original Nobel Prizes.[21] [22] [23] Since 2006, Sveriges Riksbank has given the Nobel Foundation an annual grant of 6.5 million Swedish kronor (in January 2008, approx. US$1 million; €0.7 million) for its administrative expenses associated with the award as well as 1 million Swedish kronor (until the end of 2008) to include information about the award on the Nobel Foundation's web site.[24]

Relation to the Nobel Prizes

The Prize in Economic Sciences is not one of the Nobel Prizes endowed by Alfred Nobel in his will.[25] [26] However, the nomination process, selection criteria, and awards presentation of the Prize in Economic Sciences are performed in a manner similar to that of the original Nobel Prizes.[27]

Laureates are announced with the Nobel Prize laureates, and receive the award at the same ceremony. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the prize "in accordance with the rules governing the award of the Nobel Prizes instituted through his [Alfred Nobel's] will", which stipulate that the prize be awarded annually to "those who ... shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind".[28]

Award nomination and selection process

See main article: Committee for the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel.

According to its official website, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences "administers a researcher exchange with academies in other countries and publishes six scientific journals. Every year the Academy awards the Nobel Prizes in Physics and in Chemistry, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, the Crafoord Prize and a number of other large prizes".

Each September the Academy's Economics Prize Committee, which consists of five elected members, "sends invitations to thousands of scientists, members of academies and university professors in numerous countries, asking them to nominate candidates for the Prize in Economics for the coming year. Members of the Academy and former laureates are also authorised to nominate candidates."[29] All proposals and their supporting evidence must be received before February 1. The proposals are reviewed by the Prize Committee and specially appointed experts. Before the end of September, the committee chooses potential laureates. If there is a tie, the chairman of the committee casts the deciding vote.

Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences vote in mid-October to determine the next laureate or laureates of the Prize in Economics.[30] As with the Nobel Prizes, no more than three people can share the prize for a given year; they must still be living at the time of the Prize announcement in October; and information about Prize nominations cannot be disclosed publicly for 50 years.

Like the Nobel laureates in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, and literature, each laureate in Economics receives a diploma, gold medal, and monetary grant award document from the King of Sweden at the annual Nobel Prize Award Ceremony in Stockholm, on the anniversary of Nobel's death (December 10).[31]

Laureates

See main article: List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economic Sciences.

The first prize in economics was awarded in 1969 to Ragnar Frisch and Jan Tinbergen "for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes".[32] Three women have received the prize: Elinor Ostrom, who won in 2009, Esther Duflo, who won in 2019,[33] and Claudia Goldin, who won in 2023. Goldin was the first woman to win the award solo.[34]

Awards to non-economists

In February 1995, following acrimony within the selection committee pertaining to the awarding of the 1994 Prize in Economics to John Forbes Nash, the Prize in Economics was redefined as a prize in social sciences. This made it available to researchers in such topics as political science, psychology, and sociology.[35] [36]

Moreover, the composition of the Economics Prize Committee changed to include two non-economists. This has not been confirmed by the Economics Prize Committee. The members of the 2007 Economics Prize Committee are still dominated by economists, as the secretary and four of the five members are professors of economics.[37]

In 1978, Herbert A. Simon, whose PhD was in political science, became the first non-economist to win the prize,[38] for his work in the fields of economics and organizational decision making. Elinor Ostrom, also a political scientist, won the prize in 2009. Similarly, Daniel Kahneman, a professor of psychology and public affairs at Princeton University, won the prize for work in the field of behavioral economics.[39]

Controversies and criticisms

Misuse of the Nobel name

Some critics argue that the prestige of the Prize in Economic Sciences derives in part from its association with the Nobel Prizes, an association that has often been a source of controversy. Among them is the Swedish human rights lawyer Peter Nobel, a great-grandnephew of Alfred Nobel.[40]

Nobel accuses the awarding institution of misusing his family's name, and states that no member of the Nobel family has ever had the intention of establishing a prize in economics.[41] He explained that "Nobel despised people who cared more about profits than society's well-being", saying that "There is nothing to indicate that he would have wanted such a prize", and that the association with the Nobel prizes is "a PR coup by economists to improve their reputation".

Accusations of bias

Critics cite the apparent snub of Joan Robinson as evidence of the committee's bias towards mainstream economics,[42] [43] though heterodox economists like Friedrich Hayek (Austrian School) and Ronald Coase (associated with new institutional economics) have won.

Undue authority

In his speech at the 1974 Nobel Prize banquet, Friedrich Hayek stated that had he been consulted on the establishment of a Nobel Prize in economics, he would "have decidedly advised against it",[44] primarily because "The Nobel Prize confers on an individual an authority which in economics no man ought to possess. This does not matter in the natural sciences. Here the influence exercised by an individual is chiefly an influence on his fellow experts; and they will soon cut him down to size if he exceeds his competence. But the influence of the economist that mainly matters is an influence over laymen: politicians, journalists, civil servants and the public generally." Nevertheless, Hayek accepted the award.

Controversial prizewinners

Friedrich Hayek

According to Samuel Brittan of the Financial Times, both former Swedish minister of finance (Kjell-Olof Feldt) and Swedish former minister of commerce (Gunnar Myrdal) wanted the prize abolished, saying, "Myrdal rather less graciously wanted the prize abolished because it had been given to such reactionaries as Hayek (and afterwards Milton Friedman)." Relatedly, it has been noted that several members of the awarding committee have been affiliated with the Mont Pelerin Society.[45]

Milton Friedman

Milton Friedman was awarded the 1976 prize in part for his work on monetarism. Awarding the prize to Friedman caused international protests.[46] Friedman was accused of supporting the military dictatorship in Chile because of the relation of economists of the University of Chicago to Pinochet, and a controversial six-day trip[47] he took to Chile during March 1975 (less than two years after the coup that deposed President Salvador Allende). Friedman himself answered that he never was an adviser to the dictatorship, but only gave some lectures and seminars on inflation and met with officials, including Augusto Pinochet, in Chile.[48]

Four Nobel Prize laureatesGeorge Wald, Linus Pauling, David Baltimore and Salvador Luriawrote letters in October 1976 to The New York Times protesting Friedman's award.[49] [50]

Robert Aumann

The 2005 prize to Robert Aumann was criticized by the European press[51] for his alleged use of game theory to justify his stance against the dismantling of illegal Israeli settlements in occupied Palestine.

Paul Krugman

Paul Krugman's left wing commentary has attracted widespread praise and criticism.

Expansion of scope

The 1994 prize to John Forbes Nash caused controversy within the selection committee.[52] [53] This resulted in a change to the rules governing the committee during 1994: The prize's scope was redefined as one of social sciences, and Prize Committee members were limited to serve for three years.

Alternative names

The award's official Swedish name is Sveriges riksbanks pris i ekonomisk vetenskap till Alfred Nobels minne. The Nobel Foundation's translations of the Swedish name into English have varied since 1969:

YearsEnglish translations
1969–1970Prize in Economic Science dedicated to the memory of Alfred Nobel[54] [55]
1971Prize in Economic Science[56]
1972Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel[57]
1973–1975Prize in Economic Science in Memory of Alfred Nobel[58] [59]
1976–1977Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel[60] [61]
1978–1981Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences[62] [63]
1982Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science[64]
1983Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel[65]
1984–1990Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences[66] [67]
1991Sveriges Riksbank (Bank of Sweden) Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel[68]
1992–2005Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel[69] [70]
2006–presentThe Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel[71] [72]

See also

General references

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: The Nobel Prize amounts . Nobelprize.org . 2021-10-08 . 2018-07-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180720111123/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/amounts/ . live.
  2. Web site: Hart and Holmström awarded the Prize in Economic Sciences for 2017 . Sveriges Riksbank . 25 August 2018 . Stockholm . 10 October 2016 . 25 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180825180008/http://archive.riksbank.se/en/Web-archive/Published/Notices/2016/Hart-and-Holmstrom-awarded-the-Prize-in-Economic-Sciences-for-2016/index.html . live.
  3. Web site: Prize in Economic Sciences . The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . 25 August 2018 . Stockholm . 12 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163715/https://www.kva.se/en/priser/ekonomipriset . live.
  4. Web site: Beslut om titel på ekonomipriset [Resolution on the economics award's name] ]. Sveriges Riksbank . 20 August 2018 . Stockholm . sv . 6 July 2006 . 20 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180820234949/http://archive.riksbank.se/sv/Webbarkiv/Publicerat/Nyheter/2006/Beslut-om-titel-pa-ekonomipriset/index.html . live.
  5. Web site: Streams during Nobel Week 2023 . 2023-11-21 . NobelPrize.org . 3 November 2023 . en-US . 2023-11-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231121130024/https://www.nobelprize.org/streams-during-nobel-week-2023/ . live.
  6. Web site: Nomination and selection of economic sciences laureates . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200510012450/https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/economic-sciences/ . 10 May 2020 . 5 November 2021 . NobelPrize.org . 4 July 2018 . The Nobel Foundation . Not a Nobel Prize[:] The prize in economic sciences is not a Nobel Prize. In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden’s central bank) instituted 'The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel', and it has since been awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences according to the same principles as for the Nobel Prizes that have been awarded since 1901. . Stockholm.
  7. Book: Hird., John A. . Power, Knowledge, and Politics . 2005 . Georgetown University Press . 978-1-58901-048-2 . 33 . the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Science in Memory of Alfred Nobel, commonly referred to as the 'Nobel Prize in Economics' . 231997210 . American governance and public policy.
  8. Web site: Organization Structure: Spreading Information About the Nobel Prize . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170106040247/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_organizations/org_structure.html . 2017-01-06 . 2014-11-26 . The Nobel Foundation.
  9. Web site: Winners of the Nobel Prize for Economics . 2021-09-16 . Encyclopedia Britannica . en . 2019-05-15 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190515081012/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Winners-of-the-Nobel-Prize-for-Economics-1856936 . live.
  10. News: Alfred Nobels familie tar avstand fra økonomiprisen . Aftenposten . live . 2017-04-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170422132246/http://www.aftenposten.no/norge/Alfred-Nobels-familie-tar-avstand-fra-okonomiprisen-552817b.html . 2017-04-22.
  11. Web site: 2005-09-28 . Nobel descendant slams Economics prize - The Local . 2023-11-21 . 2015-06-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150624041122/http://www.thelocal.se/20050928/2173 . bot: unknown.
  12. Web site: Nobel Prize . . 2007 . 29 November 2018 . 29 April 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150429230820/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/416856/Nobel-Prize . live.
  13. Web site: The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. Sveriges Riksbank. 12 December 2012. Sveriges Riksbank's Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel was established with a donation to the Nobel Foundation in connection with the Riksbank's 300th anniversary in 1968. 5 March 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130305075529/http://www.riksbank.se/en/The-Riksbank/Economics-prize/. dead.
  14. Web site: The Nobel Prize . . https://web.archive.org/web/20060405023917/http://nobelprize.org/ . dead . 5 April 2006 . 7 November 2007 . In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank established The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, founder of the Nobel Prize.
  15. Web site: The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel . . https://web.archive.org/web/20060405023917/http://nobelprize.org/ . dead . 5 April 2006 . 7 November 2007 . In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden's central bank) established this Prize in memory of Alfred Nobel, founder of the Nobel Prize.
  16. http://www.kva.se/en/priser/ekonomipriset/ekonomipriset-nominering-och-utdelning "Nominating and awarding"
  17. https://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9380801 "Jan Tinbergen"
  18. https://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9364984 "Ragnar Frisch"
  19. Web site: Statutes for The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel approved by the Crown on the 19th day of December 1968 . . 16 November 2007 . In celebration of the Tercentenary of Sveriges Riksbank, the Bank has instituted a prize in economic sciences in memory of Alfred Nobel. ... The Prize shall be awarded annually to a person who has written a work on economic sciences of the eminent significance expressed in the will of Alfred Nobel drawn up on November 27, 1895. ... The Prize shall be awarded by the Royal Academy of Sciences in accordance with the rules governing the award of the Nobel Prizes instituted through his will. . https://web.archive.org/web/20060405023917/http://nobelprize.org/ . dead . 5 April 2006.
  20. Web site: The Prize in Economics Sciences 2022 . The Sveriges Riksbank in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel . Nobel Foundation . 12 September 2023 . 10 October 2022 . 12 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221012092548/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2022/press-release/ . live.
  21. Web site: The Nobel Prize Amounts . www.nobelprize.org . 2023-04-26 . 2018-07-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180720111123/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/amounts/ . live.
  22. [Assar Lindbeck]
  23. http://www.kva.se/en/pressrum/pressmeddelanden/ekonomipriset-2007 "The Prize in Economic Sciences 2007"
  24. Web site: Årsredovidning 2006 . . 29 March 2007 . PDF . 15 September 2013 . I posten ekonomipris ingår prissumman om 10 miljoner kronor samt administrationskostnader för detta pris om 6,5 miljoner kronor. Dessutom har bidrag givits till det interaktiva Internetmuseum som Nobelstiftelsen byggt upp. Bidraget avser täckande av kostnaden för information om ekonomipriset. Bidraget ska enligt avtal utbetalas årligen med 1 miljon kronor till och med 2008. . 13 March 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130313070844/http://www.riksbank.se/Upload/Dokument_riksbank/Kat_publicerat/Rapporter/2007/arsred_popvers_06_sve.pdf#page=68 . dead.
  25. News: Rampell . Catherine . 2 From U.S. Win Nobel in Economics . 3 November 2012 . New York Times . 15 October 2012 . 2 November 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121102201934/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/16/business/economy/alvin-roth-and-lloyd-shapley-win-nobel-in-economic-science.html . live.
  26. Web site: Nomination of the Laureates in Economics . . 14 October 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060405023917/http://nobelprize.org/ . dead . 5 April 2006.
  27. http://www.kva.se/en/priser/ekonomipriset "Prize in Economic Sciences"
  28. Web site: Excerpt from the Will of Alfred Nobel . . https://web.archive.org/web/20060405023917/http://nobelprize.org/ . dead . 5 April 2006 . 7 November 2007.
  29. Web site: Nomination and Selection of the Laureates in Economics . . 18 October 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060405023917/http://nobelprize.org/ . dead . 5 April 2006.
  30. Web site: Members . . 18 October 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080504225908/http://www.kva.se/KVA_Root/eng/about/members/index.asp?br=ns&ver=6up . May 4, 2008.
  31. Web site: The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies and Banquets . . 7 November 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060405023917/http://nobelprize.org/ . dead . 5 April 2006.
  32. Web site: The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1969 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060405023917/http://nobelprize.org/. dead . 5 April 2006 . Nobel Foundation . 28 October 2012.
  33. Web site: 3 economists who study poverty win Nobel Prize . Wiseman . Paul . Ljubojevic . Aleksandar . LeBlanc . Steve . 14 October 2019 . apnews.com . Associated Press . 3 November 2019 . 2 November 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191102193438/https://apnews.com/777efc95f30f41cc997ee47ce04c1c89 . live.
  34. News: Nobel economics prize goes to Claudia Goldin. Simon. Johnson. Johan. Ahlander. Reuters. October 9, 2023. www.reuters.com. 2023-10-09. 2023-10-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20231009153018/https://www.reuters.com/world/claudia-goldin-wins-2023-nobel-economics-prize-2023-10-09/. live.
  35. [#refNasarmind|Nasar, ''A Beautiful Mind'']
  36. News: Brittan . Samuel . Samuel Brittan . The not so noble Nobel Prize . . 19 December 2003 . 26 November 2009 . 30 June 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090630015308/http://www.samuelbrittan.co.uk/text172_p.html . live.
  37. Web site: The Economics Prize Committee . . https://web.archive.org/web/20060405023917/http://nobelprize.org/ . dead . 5 April 2006 . 8 January 2008.
  38. The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1978 . NobelPrize.org . 15 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230926020100/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1978/press-release/ . 26 September 2023 . live.
  39. Web site: The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2002 . NobelPrize.org . 15 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240410162121/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2002/press-release/ . 10 April 2024 . en . live.
  40. News: Nobel descendant slams Economics prize . 28 September 2005. thelocalsweden . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20071014012248/http://www.thelocal.se/2173/20050928/ . October 14, 2007 . 3 March 2016.
  41. News: Alfred Nobels familie tar avstand fra økonomiprisen . Aftenposten . 2017-04-21 . 2017-04-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170422132246/http://www.aftenposten.no/norge/Alfred-Nobels-familie-tar-avstand-fra-okonomiprisen-552817b.html . live.
  42. News: Sylvia . Nasar . The Sometimes Dismal Nobel Prize in Economics . . 13 October 2001 . 13 September 2011 . [Ms. Robinson] did not win the prize because [the committee] feared that she would either refuse it or, worse, use the Nobel limelight to attack mainstream economics. . 14 May 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130514101026/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/13/business/13PRIZ.html . live.
  43. News: Alex . Millmow . An IgNobel Scandal . Post-Autistic Economics Review . 2 May 2002 . 18 October 2007 . 14 April 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160414024732/http://www.paecon.net/PAEReview/wholeissues/issue13.htm . live.
  44. Web site: Friedrich . von Hayek . Friedrich von Hayek . Friedrich von Hayek: Banquet Speech . . 10 December 1974 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060405023917/http://nobelprize.org/ . dead . 5 April 2006 . 27 November 2009.
  45. Book: Offer . Avner . The Nobel Factor: The Prize in Economics, Social Democracy, and the Market Turn . Söderberg . Gabriel . 2016 . Princeton University Press . 1st . 104–105.
  46. Book: Feldman, Burton . The Nobel Prize: A History of Genius, Controversy, and Prestige. Chapter 9: The Economics Memorial Prize . . 2000 . New York . 350 . 1-55970-537-X . https://archive.org/details/nobelprizehistor00feld/page/350.
  47. News: General Augusto Pinochet . O'Shaughnessy, Hugh . 11 December 2006 . The Independent . 6 September 2017 . 15 May 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110515074418/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/general-augusto-pinochet-427998.html . live.
  48. Two Lucky People: One Week in Stockholm . Friedman . Milton . Friedman . Rose D. . Hoover Digest: Research and Opinion on Public Policy . 1998 . 4 . 2008-03-25 . 2008-03-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080314035202/http://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/3540561.html . dead.
  49. News: Wald . George . George Wald . Pauling . Linus . Linus Pauling . 24 October 1976 . Letters to the Editor: The Laureate . . 166.
  50. News: Baltimore . David . David Baltimore . Luria . S. E. . Salvador Luria . 24 October 1976 . Letters to the Editor: The Laureate . . 166.
  51. Web site: 11 December 2005 . EJP | News | Western Europe | Anti-Israel protests against Nobel prize award . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101215202811/http://www.ejpress.org/article/4556 . 15 December 2010 . 5 February 2010 . Ejpress.org.
  52. [#refNasarmind|Nasar, ''A Beautiful Mind'']
  53. Top 10 Nobel Prize Controversies: John Forbes Nash . October 7, 2011 . Time . October 12, 2015 . Phillips . Jak . October 12, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151012060115/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2096389_2096388_2096382,00.html . live.
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  55. Web site: Assar . Lindbeck . Assar Lindbeck . The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1970: Presentation Speech . . 10 December 1970 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060405023917/http://nobelprize.org/ . dead . 5 April 2006 . 17 October 2007.
  56. Web site: Bertil . Ohlin . Bertil Ohlin . The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1971: Presentation Speech . . 10 December 1971 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060405023917/http://nobelprize.org/ . dead . 5 April 2006 . 17 October 2007.
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  62. Web site: The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1978: Press Release . . 16 October 1978 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060405023917/http://nobelprize.org/ . dead . 5 April 2006 . 17 October 2007.
  63. Web site: The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1981: Press Release . . 13 October 1981 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060405023917/http://nobelprize.org/ . dead . 5 April 2006 . 17 October 2007.
  64. Web site: The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1982: Press Release . . 20 October 1982 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060405023917/http://nobelprize.org/ . dead . 5 April 2006 . 17 October 2007.
  65. Web site: The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1983: Press Release . . 17 October 1983 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060405023917/http://nobelprize.org/ . dead . 5 April 2006 . 17 October 2007.
  66. Web site: The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1984: Press Release . . 18 October 1984 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060405023917/http://nobelprize.org/ . dead . 5 April 2006 . 17 October 2007.
  67. Web site: The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1990: Press Release . . 16 October 1990 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060405023917/http://nobelprize.org/ . dead . 5 April 2006 . 17 October 2007.
  68. Web site: The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1991: Press Release . . 15 October 1991 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060405023917/http://nobelprize.org/ . dead . 5 April 2006 . 17 October 2007.
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