Bandidos Motorcycle Club Explained

Bandidos MC
Founded:[1]
Founder:Donald Chambers
Founding Location:San Leon, Texas, United States
Type:Outlaw motorcycle club
Headquarters:Houston, Texas, United States[2]
Region:Worldwide (303 chapters in 22 countries)[3]
Membership:2,000–2,500[4]
Website:www.bandidosmc.com

The Bandidos Motorcycle Club, also known as the Bandido Nation, is an outlaw motorcycle club with a worldwide membership.[5] [6] Formed in San Leon, Texas, in 1966, the Bandidos MC is estimated to have between 2,000 and 2,500 members[4] and 303 chapters located in 22 countries,[3] making it the second-largest motorcycle club in the world behind the Hells Angels.[7]

Numerous law enforcement and international intelligence agencies classify the Bandidos as an organized crime syndicate.[8] [9]

History

The Bandidos Motorcycle Club was founded by 36-year-old dockworker Donald Eugene Chambers on March 4, 1966, in San Leon, Texas.[10] Chambers named the club in honor of the Mexican bandits who lived by their own rules, and he recruited members from biker bars locally in Houston as well as in Corpus Christi, Galveston, and San Antonio. Like other outlaw motorcycle clubs, they call themselves "one percenters", a phrase coined by the former president of the American Motorcyclist Association who once stated that 99 percent of motorcyclists were law-abiding citizens and 1 percent "outlaws". By the early 1970s, the club had over one hundred members, including many Vietnam War veterans.

Ronald Jerome Hodge took over from Chambers as the Bandidos' president in 1972. Hodge was nicknamed "Mr. Prospect" because of the short amount of time in which he was awarded his club membership, and he later became known as "Step Mother" in deference to Chambers' moniker "Mother".[11] Under Hodge's leadership, the Bandidos became an international motorcycle club when the first foreign chapter was established in Sydney, Australia in 1983. The Australian branch was founded by Anthony Mark Spencer, who had previously encountered Bandidos members during a visit to the United States.[12] Hodge was sentenced to five years in prison in December 1988 for conspiring to bomb homes and automobiles belonging to members of a rival club, and he died of heart disease in 1992.[13]

In 1989, the club was established in Europe when a chapter was formed in Marseille, France.[14] Subsequent expansion into the Nordic countries in the 1990s led to a violent feud with the Hells Angels.[15] The third Bandidos international president, James Edward Lang, as well as his successor, Charles Craig Johnston, were each sentenced to ten years' imprisonment on drug charges in November 1998.[16] George Wegers, who served as international president between 1998 and 2005, was convicted of racketeering charges in October 2006.[17]

The Bandidos embarked on a failed endeavour to establish themselves in Canada after merging with the Montreal-based Rock Machine Motorcycle Club in 2000.[18] The Bandidos ceded Quebec to the Hells Angels at the conclusion of the province's deadliest biker war in 2003. In 2007, the Bandidos' Canadian chapters went defunct following the internal Shedden massacre.[19]

According to the club's website, the Bandidos' Western Hemisphere chapters became autonomous from the international chapters in Europe and Australia on July 17, 2007.[20] The American chapters began wearing a redesigned patch in 2011.[21]

Insignia

The Bandidos' insignia, known as the "Fat Mexican", consists of a caricature of a Mexican bandit wearing a sombrero and holding a sword in one hand and a pistol in the other.[22] The design is credited to the club's founder, Donald Chambers.[23] The "Fat Mexican" bears a resemblance to the Frito Bandito – a cartoon mascot of the Fritos corn chips brand – and according to Bandidos lore, Chambers took the club's name and logo from the mascot.[24] However, the Frito Bandito was not developed until 1967, the year after the Bandidos' foundation.[23] In addition to the "Fat Mexican" and diamond-shaped "1%er" emblems, club members also wear other patches on leather or denim vests – known as "colors". These patches consist of red lettering displayed on a gold background. The Bandidos' color scheme was inspired by that of the United States Marine Corps and chosen by Chambers, a Marine Corps veteran of the Vietnam War.[4] Patches denoting a member's rank and chapter are worn, as are various other patches which have specific meanings. Although the particular meaning of each patch is not publicly known, various law enforcement agencies have identified Bandidos patches which they believe are related to criminal activity.[25] For example, police have reported that the "Expect No Mercy" patch is awarded to those who have committed murder on behalf of the club, while the "TCB" ("Taking Care of Business") patch is worn by club officers and nomads. Similar to the "Expect No Mercy" patch, the "CDG" ("Coup de Grâce") patch reportedly signifies a member who has committed a significant act of violence.[26]

The Bandidos' mottos include "Cut one, we all bleed",[7] "God forgives, Bandidos don't", "Our colors don't run"[27] and "We are the people our parents warned us about".[28] Another, more generic, saying of the club is "Bandidos forever, forever Bandidos" ("BFFB").[29]

Membership

Bandidos members must be male[30] and own at least one Harley-Davidson motorcycle (although other American-made motorcycles can also be allowed).[31] Prospective members must undertake a three-stage process before being initiated, beginning as a "hangaround", before becoming a "prospect" and then "probation". The length of this process is decided by each chapter president, and ends when the chapter's members vote unanimously to allow the probationary member to enter the club. A screening process is carried out to prevent infiltration by law enforcement. Upon joining the Bandidos, each member must sign their motorcycle over to the club.[31]

Each club chapter follows a structured hierarchy, with a president, vice-president, sergeant-at-arms, road captain and secretary/treasurer. Members must abide by various by-laws, such as not wearing the club patch while riding in a car or truck, and are required to attend meetings (known as "Church") four times per month.[32] These rules also dictate that any member who fails to attend mandatory group motorcycle rides is fined and must forfeit the title of his motorcycle.[33] Another requirement is that Bandidos must follow the philosophy "All members are your brothers and your family", and must "not fear authority and have a general disdain for the rules of society". Any member who cooperates with law enforcement, for example, is susceptible to disciplinary action. All Bandidos regalia, including tattoos, is considered club property. Membership fees are required, and are used to cover club expenses, such as funeral costs, and contribute to a legal defense fund.[31] Club bylaws state that any member who commits suicide will not receive a Bandidos funeral.[34]

The Bandidos have an estimated membership of between 2,000 and 2,500 worldwide.[4] In the United States, the majority of the club consists of white and Hispanic males.

Organization

The Bandidos Motorcycle Club is organized by local chapters, with state and regional officers, as well as a national chapter made up of four regional vice-presidents and a national president. The leadership of the club consists of an international president, known as "El Presidente", who has authority over every club chapter.[32] The club also has Nomad chapters, made up of members not bound by geographical location, which are responsible for security, counterintelligence and internal discipline.[32] [35] The Bandidos' "mother chapter" is based in Houston, Texas.[2]

The club has 303 chapters worldwide, located in twenty-two countries in North America, Oceania, Europe and Asia.[3]

North America

The United States is home to 93 Bandidos chapters, located in sixteen states.[4] The club is concentrated in Texas[36] but extends into Louisiana, Missouri, Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas, New Mexico, Colorado, Montana, Wyoming, South Dakota, Utah, Idaho, Nevada, Washington and Oklahoma.[37] The Bandidos incorporated in Texas as a non-profit organization in 1978. The club has subsequently incorporated in other states, including Washington and Alabama.[38]

The Bandidos expanded into Canada following a merger with the Rock Machine Motorcycle Club in Quebec in 2000. After establishing further chapters in Ontario, Alberta and Manitoba, the club's operations in Canada ceased in November 2007 as a result of infighting, law enforcement efforts, and pulled status from the club's American leadership.[39]

In 2004, the Bandidos formed a chapter in Costa Rica.[40]

Oceania

The first Australian chapter was formed in 1983, in Sydney, by former members of the Comanchero Motorcycle Club.[41] The club has since expanded substantially in Australia and there are forty-five Bandidos chapters throughout the country.[42]

The Bandidos have a small but growing presence in New Zealand after a rocky start in 2012.[43] [44] They claim to have more than a dozen patched members and prospects in the Christchurch area.[45]

Europe

There are approximately ninety Bandidos chapters in Europe.[46] The first European chapter opened in Marseille in France in 1989.[47] This was followed by expansion into the Nordic countries, with branches being established in Denmark in 1993,[48] Sweden in 1994,[49] and Finland and Norway in 1995.[50] [51]

The German department of the Bandidos was chartered in 2000.[52] Chapters were then founded in Italy in 2001[53] and on the Channel Islands in 2003.[54]

The Bandidos formed its first chapter in the Netherlands in 2014. The club was prohibited in the country in 2017, however.[55]

In recent years the club has also expanded heavily into Spain, Belgium, Estonia, Greece, England and Ireland. Additionally, it is reportedly considering establishing a presence in Russia and Eastern Europe.[56] [57]

Asia

In 2001, the Bandidos were established in Thailand via a merger with the Diablos Motorcycle Club in Pattaya. The club further expanded to Malaysia and Singapore in 2006.[58]

The first chapter opened in Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates in 2016 and it is considered the first international motorcycle club to open in the Middle East.[59]

Support clubs

See main article: List of Bandidos MC support clubs. Like other major motorcycle clubs,[60] [61] [62] the Bandidos also have a number of "support" clubs.[63] [64] [65] [66] These groups usually wear reverse colors (gold border with red background rather than the Bandidos' red-border–and–gold background). They also commonly wear a unique patch (known as the "Heart Patch") consisting of a round patch in Bandidos colors on the front upper left of the colors (vest), as worn by the member. Most of these clubs are regional.[67] [68]

Criminal allegations and incidents

See main article: Bandidos MC criminal allegations and incidents. The United States Department of Justice, the Criminal Intelligence Service Canada, Europol and the Australian Federal Police consider the Bandidos to be a criminal organization.[69] [9] [70] [71] Law enforcement agencies in the United States also identify the Bandidos as one of the "big four" motorcycle gangs, along with the Hells Angels, the Outlaws and the Pagans, and contend that the club is responsible for organized crime activity such as drug dealing, arms trafficking, prostitution, extortion, money laundering and murder.[72] [8] In Australia, the Bandidos are included among the "big six", with the Hells Angels, the Comanchero, the Finks, the Mongols and the Rebels.[73] [74]

While individual chapters had previously been banned in Germany, the Netherlands became the first country to prohibit the club as a whole in December 2017 when a court in Utrecht outlawed both the Dutch department of the Bandidos and the international organization on the grounds that the club forms a threat to public order.[75]

See also

Books and newspaper articles

External links

Notes and References

  1. https://www.stgeorgeutah.com/news/archive/2013/08/27/mgk-law-agencies-prep-keep-watch-outlaw-biker-club-rides-holiday-weekend/#.WvMTG0xFzIU Law agencies prep, keep watch, as outlaw biker club rides in for holiday weekend
  2. Web site: Bandidos Motorcycle Club. November 21, 2020. May 24, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230524112827/https://www.bandidosmcunitedstates.com/. dead. bandidosmcunitedstates.com
  3. Web site: Number of Hells Angels charters and Bandidos chapters worldwide. November 21, 2020. February 4, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230204100245/https://www.statista.com/statistics/232377/hells-angels-and-bandidos-motorcycle-clubs-worldwide/. dead. Statista (May 24, 2012)
  4. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2015/05/19/bandidos-motorcycle-gang-waco-texas/27564601/ Bandidos: 5 things to know about second-most dangerous motorcycle gang
  5. Book: 2003 Annual Report Organized Crime in Canada . Crime Intelligence Service Canada . 2003 . 0-662-67479-0 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20081218175825/http://www.cisc.gc.ca/annual_reports/annual_report_2003/document/cisc_annual_report_2003.pdf . 2008-12-18 .
  6. News: FBI and DEA arrest top Bandidos Motorcycle Leaders in San Antonio, Houston . San Antonio Express-News . 2016-08-27 . 2016-10-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161013085314/http://m.mysanantonio.com/news/local/article/FBI-says-Bandidos-leaders-arrested-6740709.php . live .
  7. News: How the Bandidos became one of the world's most feared biker gangs. The Washington Post. 2020-11-21. 2022-04-14. https://web.archive.org/web/20220414165703/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/05/18/how-the-bandidos-became-americas-most-feared-biker-gang/. live. Michael E. Miller, The Washington Post (May 18, 2015)
  8. Web site: 2005 National Gang Threat Assessment. https://web.archive.org/web/20051222030209/http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/BJA/what/2005_threat_assesment.pdf. 2005-12-22. National Alliance of Gang Investigators Association (2005)
  9. Web site: Outlaw motorcycle gangs. 2020-11-21. 2020-11-19. https://web.archive.org/web/20201119063137/https://www.europol.europa.eu/crime-areas-and-trends/crime-areas/outlaw-motorcycle-gangs. live. Europol
  10. Web site: Texas Monthly: "The Gang's All Here" by Skip Hollansworth. 21 January 2013. 19 May 2015. 20 May 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150520051249/http://www.texasmonthly.com/story/gangs-all-here?fullpage=1. live. APRIL 2007
  11. Web site: History. 2020-11-21. 2020-07-25. https://web.archive.org/web/20200725210330/https://bandidosmc.eu/?page_id=584. live. BandidosMC.eu
  12. Web site: Milperra - the spark that started the bikie violence. https://web.archive.org/web/20121011163635/http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/indepth/milperra-the-spark-that-started-the-bikie-violence/story-fn2mt2ft-1225698016583. 2012-10-11. Paul Kent, The Daily Telegraph (11 April 2009)
  13. Web site: Explosives Incidents Report. 1988. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (1988)
  14. Web site: Rockerclubs in Berlin. 11 February 2008. Berliner Morgenpost (11 February 2008)
  15. Web site: Biker wars dredge up something rotten in the state of Denmark. Independent.co.uk. 11 May 1996. 21 November 2020. 29 June 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170629174725/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/biker-wars-dredge-up-something-rotten-in-the-state-of-denmark-1346874.html. live. Sarah Helm, The Independent (12 May 1996)
  16. Web site: Leader of bike gang gets 5 years. 2020-11-21. 2021-07-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20210711162557/http://www.rave.ca/sp/news_info/183597/all/. live. San Antonio Express-News (November 4, 1998)
  17. News: Johnson. Gene. Bandidos Leader Sentenced to 20 Months. 14 March 2016. FoxNews.com. Associated Press. 2006. 14 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160314105903/http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2006Oct07/0,4670,BikerGangBust,00.html. live.
  18. News: Bandidos abandon Canadian expansion. The Toronto Star. 18 October 2007. 21 November 2020. 25 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200725194622/https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2007/10/18/bandidos_abandon_canadian_expansion.html. live. Peter Edwards, Toronto Star (18 October 2007)
  19. https://nationalpost.com/hells-angels-in-canada Hells Angels under pressure as outlaw motorcycle clubs from across the globe expand into Canada
  20. News: USA Based Motorcycle Clubs kicking out or shutting down chapters overseas. Was it smart expanding into different countries in the first place?. Insane Throttle. 15 May 2018. 21 November 2020. 29 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201129122517/https://harleyliberty.com/2018/05/15/usa-based-motorcycle-clubs-kicking-out-or-shutting-down-chapters-overseas-was-it-smart-expanding-into-different-countries-in-the-first-place/. live. HarleyLiberty.com (May 15, 2018)
  21. News: Ex-Bandido says national president kicked predecessor out over TV interview. Mysa. 7 April 2018. Contreras. By Guillermo. 21 November 2020. 29 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201129125356/https://www.mysanantonio.com/news/local/article/Ex-Bandido-says-national-president-kicked-12813535.php. live. Guillermo Contreras, San Antonio Express-News (April 6, 2018)
  22. Bosmia . Anand N. . Quinn . James F. . Peterson . Todd B. . Griessenauer . Christoph J. . Tubbs . R. Shane . Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs: Aspects of the One-Percenter Culture for Emergency Department Personnel to Consider . Western Journal of Emergency Medicine . July 2014 . 15 . 4 . 523–528 . 10.5811/westjem.2014.2.17919 . 25035762 . 4100862 .
  23. Web site: Are the Bandidos Named After A Corn Chip Mascot?. 19 May 2015. 21 November 2020. 29 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201129123810/https://www.bustle.com/articles/84497-whats-the-meaning-behind-bandidos-motorcycle-clubs-name-it-may-have-a-lot-to-do-with. live. Amrita Khalid, Bustle (May 19, 2015)
  24. Web site: 12 facts about the biker gangs involved in the Twin Peaks shooting. 18 May 2015. 21 November 2020. 10 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200810220734/https://www.mysanantonio.com/news/local/crime/slideshow/12-facts-about-the-Bandidos-109980/photo-8000941.php. live. Joshua Fechter, San Antonio Express-News (May 18, 2015)
  25. Web site: Ein Bandido packt aus. 6 November 2009. 21 November 2020. 17 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200717172400/https://www.wr.de/wr-info/ein-bandido-packt-aus-id70090.html. live. Melanie Pothman, Westfälische Rundschau (6 November 2009)
  26. Web site: Polisen: Det betyder märkena på Bandidosvästarna. 17 June 2016. 21 November 2020. 11 July 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210711000042/https://www.gp.se/nyheter/sverige/polisen-det-betyder-m%C3%A4rkena-p%C3%A5-bandidosv%C3%A4starna-1.2853609. live. Sandra Divinyi, Göteborgs-Posten (17 June 2016)
  27. Web site: Who Are The Bandidos?. 2020-11-21. 2020-07-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20200717143825/https://toronto.citynews.ca/2006/06/16/who-are-the-bandidos/. live. CityNews (16 June 2006)
  28. News: 'We are the people our parents warned us about'. Houston Chronicle. 7 June 2015. Schiller. By Dane. 21 November 2020. 29 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201129191239/https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/We-are-the-people-our-parents-warned-us-about-6310301.php. live. Dane Schiller, Houston Chronicle (June 6, 2015)
  29. Web site: The Gang's All Here. 21 January 2013. 21 November 2020. 25 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201125174046/https://www.texasmonthly.com/articles/the-gangs-all-here/. live. Skip Hollandsworth, Texas Monthly (April 2007)
  30. Web site: Can Women Join Motorcycle Clubs?. 21 May 2015. 21 November 2020. 29 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201129125434/https://www.bustle.com/articles/84355-can-women-join-motorcycle-clubs-like-the-cossacks-or-bandidos-its-definitely-not-an-easy-ride. live. Abby Johnston, Bustle (May 21, 2015)
  31. Web site: 20 Rules The Bandidos Make Their Members Follow. 3 September 2019. 21 November 2020. 29 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201129110045/https://www.thethings.com/rules-the-bandidos-make-their-members-follow/. dead. Andre Nalin, TheThings.com (September 3, 2019)
  32. Web site: The Infamous 'One Percenters': A Review of the Criminality, Subculture, and Structure of Modern Biker Gangs. 2020-11-21. 2022-11-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20221129052246/http://www.cjcj.org/uploads/cjcj/documents/The_Infamous.pdf. dead. Danielle Shields (2012)
  33. News: Federal indictment details life, self-law of Bandidos. Houston Chronicle. 8 January 2016. Schiller. By Dane. 21 November 2020. 29 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201129080820/https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Federal-indictment-details-life-self-law-of-6744191.php. live. Dane Schiller, Houston Chronicle (January 7, 2016)
  34. Book: The Fat Mexican. 9781459624801. Caine. Alex. 2 August 2011. ReadHowYouWant.com. Alex Caine (2009)
  35. Web site: Into The Abyss: A Personal Journey into the World of Street Gangs. 2020-11-21. 2021-01-25. https://web.archive.org/web/20210125210840/https://people.missouristate.edu/michaelcarlie/Storage/bandidos.htm. dead. Mike Carlie, Missouri State University (2002)
  36. News: Waco biker shoot-out: Facts about the Bandidos and the Cossacks motorcycle gangs. BBC News. 18 May 2015. 21 November 2020. 23 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200723163238/http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/32780433/waco-biker-shoot-out-facts-about-the-bandidos-and-the-cossacks-motorcycle-gangs. live. Newsbeat (18 May 2015)
  37. Web site: Outlaw motorcycle gangs – USA overview. 2020-11-21. 2022-01-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20220123220851/https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/147691NCJRS.pdf. live. National Institute of Justice (1991)
  38. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JA9l0pOlUZQC&pg=PA185&lpg=PA185&dq=outlaws+ohio+april+2003&source=bl&ots=Z2OV5s9911&sig=ACfU3U39Tljg-AZfU4JHjwNyvcFhSpkmwg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj33tSW496HAxXYU0EAHeFqNhU4ChDoAXoECCAQAw#v=onepage&q=outlaws%20ohio%20april%202003&f=false Understanding Organized Crime
  39. News: Hells Angels under pressure as outlaw motorcycle clubs from across the globe expand into Canada. Nationalpost. Adrian Humphreys, National Post (6 June 2015)
  40. https://news.co.cr/outlaw-motorcycle-gangs-expand-throughout-costa-rica/30798/ Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs Expand Throughout Costa Rica
  41. Book: Dangerous to Know: An Australasian Crime Compendium. James Morton, Susanna Lobez. Melbourne University Publishing. 2010. 978-0-522-85681-1.
  42. Web site: Australian Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs & their Territories. 26 March 2019. 21 November 2020. 27 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190327111855/https://www.who.com.au/list-of-australian-outlaw-motorcycle-clubs-their-territories. live. Rhys McKay, Who (27 March 2019)
  43. Web site: Notorious gangs eye up Christchurch . The Press . 7 August 2013 . 13 October 2013 . 27 October 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141027080432/http://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/8891764/Notorious-gangs-eye-up-Christchurch . live .
  44. Web site: "Bad News travels fast - back to prison". 14 July 2012. 13 June 2015. 14 June 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150614150643/http://i.stuff.co.nz/sunday-star-times/latest-edition/7280923/Bad-News-travels-fast-back-to-prison. live., 15/07/2012, stuff.co.nz
  45. Web site: "Christchurch gangs face police scrutiny". 14 December 2014. 12 June 2015. 14 June 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150614054255/http://i.stuff.co.nz/national/64153094/Christchurch-gangs-face-police-scrutiny. live., 15/12/2014, BLAIR ENSOR, stuff.co.nz
  46. News: Biker club 'in Channel Islands'. 19 October 2007. 21 November 2020. 24 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200724040732/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/jersey/7052215.stm. live. BBC News (19 October 2007)
  47. Web site: Les bikers vers une nouvelle guerre. 12 November 2014. 2020-11-21. 2020-07-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20200724121044/https://www.lesoir.be/art/704685/article/actualite/monde/2014-11-12/bikers-vers-une-nouvelle-guerre. live. Alain Lallemand, Le Soir (12 November 2014)
  48. News: Two killed in rocket attack in escalating biker gang violence. The Irish Times. 2020-11-21. 2020-07-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20200723173242/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/two-killed-in-rocket-attack-in-escalating-biker-gang-violence-1.93139. live. The Irish Times (7 October 1996)
  49. Web site: Sweden Democrats oust former biker gang boss. November 2014. 2020-11-21. 2020-11-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20201111195115/https://www.thelocal.se/20141101/sweden-democrats-oust-biker-gang-boss. live. The Local (1 November 2014)
  50. Web site: Bandidoksen Suomen johtajan ampunut mies pääsee vankilasta vapaaksi. 9 March 2017. Asta Tenhunen, Savon Sanomat (9 March 2017)
  51. Web site: Politiet åpent til stede på Bandidos-jubileum. 22 October 2010. 21 November 2020. 29 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201129192131/https://www.aftenposten.no/norge/i/Al0pE/politiet-aapent-til-stede-paa-bandidos-jubileum. live. Aftenposten (22 October 2010)
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  54. News: Inside the biker gangs: the truth about guns, drugs and organised crime. Belfasttelegraph.co.uk. 2020-11-21. 2022-11-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20221115195758/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/life/inside-the-biker-gangs-the-truth-about-guns-drugs-and-organised-crime-28492893.html. live. Belfast Telegraph (4 July 2008)
  55. News: Court bans Dutch arm of Bandidos motorcycle gang. Belfasttelegraph. Belfast Telegraph (20 December 2017)
  56. Book: Walter Roberts. Biker Gangs. RW Press. 978-1-909284-06-7. 10–.
  57. Book: Ronald M. Holmes. Richard Tewksbury. George Higgins. Introduction to Gangs in America. 2 December 2011. CRC Press. 978-1-4398-6945-1. 86–.
  58. Web site: History. 2020-11-21. 2020-07-25. https://web.archive.org/web/20200725233528/https://bmcasia.wixsite.com/bmcasia/history. live. BMCAsia.com
  59. Web site: Bandidos MC Worldwide – Bandidos Motorcycleclub – Worldwide. 2009-07-12. 2020-11-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20201112025325/https://www.bandidosmc.com/. live.
  60. Book: Caine, Alex . Befriend and Betray: Infiltrating the Hells Angels, Bandidos and Other Criminal Brotherhoods . Macmillan . 2009 . 978-0-312-53719-7 . 187 . The first Canadian Hells Angels chapter opened in Montreal in 1977, and the gang has dominated the province's biker scene ever since. By the early 1990s, however, domination was no longer enough -- they wanted to be the only game in town. At least in Montreal, the province's biggest city and home to pretty much half its population. So, with several support gangs as their foot soldiers, les Hells, as they're known, began a brutal campaign to monopolize the drugs business, especially the big money-maker: cocaine..
  61. Book: Cherry, Paul . The Biker Trials: Bringing Down the Hells Angels . ECW Press . 2005 . 978-1-55022-638-6 . 213 . 'Every affiliated group has a godfather,' Sirois told the cops in describing how Hells' Angels' puppet gangs like the Rockers, the Jokers, and the Rowdy Crew worked..
  62. Book: Hazlehurst, Cameron . Gangs and youth subcultures: international explorations . Transaction Publishers . 1998 . 978-1-56000-363-2 . 18 . In Denmark, where outlaw motorcycle gangs have fought for control of the east European drug market, Hell's Angels use associates and candidates for 'dirty work' (Devlin 1992: 86). Elsewhere they are known to use 'puppet clubs' (Campbell 1993: 5)..
  63. Barker . Tom . One percent bikers clubs: A description . Trends in Organized Crime . September 2005 . 9 . 1 . 101–112 . 10.1007/s12117-005-1005-0 . 144003167 . Puppet Clubs. In addition to the Big 5 and the Independent clubs, there are also "support" clubs that do the bidding of the larger clubs, act as potential recruiting sources, serve as cannon fodder in the wars between clubs, and give a portion of their illegal gains to the larger club. The Red Devils MC is well known as a support club for the HAMC as are the Black Pistons MC as a support club for the Outlaws. The Outlaw Nation and the Bandido Nation list their support clubs on their national websites. .
  64. 2005 National Gang Threat Assessment . Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA), U.S. Department of Justice. . https://web.archive.org/web/20051222030209/http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/BJA/what/2005_threat_assesment.pdf. December 22, 2005. 14 . All of the major OMGs have support clubs that serve as a recruitment source and as foot soldiers in conducting criminal activities. The Hells Angels' principal support club is the Red Devils, the Outlaws have the Black Pistons. The Pagans have the Tribe and the Blitzkrieg and Thunderguards (in Maryland). The Bandidos have several support clubs, including the Amigos, Pistoleros, LA Riders, Hombres, and Hermanos..
  65. Book: Mallory, Stephen L. . Understanding Organized Crime . Jones & Bartlett Publisher . 2007 . 978-0-7637-4108-2 . 168 . OMGs [outlaw motorcycle gangs] control their networks by violence and intimidation of members, rivals, and potential witnesses. A current trend among OMGs is the employment of puppet clubs to conduct the criminal activity for the sponsor club. In Mississippi, the Pistoleros MC has seven chapters that are associated with the Bandidos. These puppet clubs take most of the risk and return most of the profits to the more powerful OMG members. This trend, along with the trend of Mafia associations, has allowed the OMG to expand their influence and become more diverse in both their legal and illegal enterprises..
  66. About Violent Gangs - Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs . US Dept. of Justice . The Bandidos are most active in the Pacific, Southeastern, Southwestern and the West Central regions of the U.S. The Bandidos are expanding in each of these regions by forming additional chapters and allowing members of supporting clubs who have sworn allegiance to another club but who support and do the "dirty work" of a mother club–to form new or join existing Bandidos chapters.. https://web.archive.org/web/20081012080653/http://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/gangunit/about/omgangs.html . 2008-10-12 .
  67. Web site: A m i g o s M C . A m i g o s M C . 2010-08-14. https://web.archive.org/web/20100806081440/http://www.amigosmc.com/. 6 August 2010 . live.
  68. Web site: Hombres MC • Seattle • Wash • Chapter - WELCOME . Hombresmc.net . 2010-08-14. https://web.archive.org/web/20100812033526/http://www.hombresmc.net/. 12 August 2010 . live.
  69. Web site: Motorcycle gang . U.S. Department of Justice . January 23, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140415074158/http://www.justice.gov/criminal/ocgs/gangs/motorcycle.html . April 15, 2014 . mdy-all.
  70. Web site: 2004 Annual Report. 2020-11-21. 2009-12-22. https://web.archive.org/web/20091222072041/http://www.cisc.gc.ca/annual_reports/annual_report_2004/document/cisc_2004_annual_report.pdf. dead. - Criminal Intelligence Service Canada, cisc.gc.ca
  71. https://www.afp.gov.au/news-media/media-releases/afp-targets-outlaw-motorcycle-gangs-south-east-asia AFP targets outlaw motorcycle gangs in South-East Asia
  72. Web site: FBI 2013 National Gang Intelligence Center report. 2020-11-21. 2020-11-22. https://web.archive.org/web/20201122192306/https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/stats-services-publications-national-gang-report-2013/view. live. fbi.gov (2013)
  73. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-10-04/bikie-gangs-by-colours/4999510 By their colours: Outlaw motorcycle gang identification guide
  74. https://www.heraldsun.com.au/web-stories/free/herald-sun/victoria-bikies-all-you-need-to-know-about-big-six-outlaw-gangs?nk=6e80354eeaf70222c10170a128a3f59a-1686607108 Victoria bikies: all you need to know about Big Six outlaw gangs
  75. Web site: Dutch court bans motorcycle gang Bandidos. Janene Pieters, NL Times (20 December 2017)

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