Kalinga language explained

Kalinga
Region:	most parts of Kalinga, northern parts of Mountain Province, eastern parts of Abra and southern parts of Apayao, Luzon
States:	Philippines
Date:	1998–2008
Ref:	e18
Speakers2:	No estimate for Mabaka Valley
Familycolor:	Austronesian
Fam2:	Malayo-Polynesian
Fam3:	Philippine
Fam4:	Northern Luzon
Fam5:	Meso-Cordilleran
Fam6:	Central Cordilleran
Fam7:	Kalinga–Itneg
Lc1:	bjx
Ld1:	Banao Itneg
Lc2:	tis
Ld2:	Masadiit Itneg
Lc3:	ity
Ld3:	Moyadan Itneg
Lc4:	kyb
Ld4:	Butbut Kalinga
Lc5:	kmk
Ld5:	Limos Kalinga
Lc6:	kml
Ld6:	Tanudan Kalinga
Lc7:	knb
Ld7:	Lubuagan Kalinga
Lc8:	kkg
Ld8:	Mabaka Valley Kalinga
Lc9:	kmd
Ld9:	Madukayang Kalinga
Lc10:	ksc
Ld10:	Southern Kalinga (Bangad)
Glotto:	kali1311
Glottorefname:	Kalinga
Map:	Kalinga_dialect_continuum_map.png
Mapcaption:	Area where the Kalinga dialect continuum is spoken according to Ethnologue

Kalinga (in Tagalog pronounced as /ka'liŋɡa/) is a dialect continuum of Kalinga Province in the Philippines, spoken by the Kalinga people, alongside Ilocano. The Banao Itneg variety is not one of the neighboring Itneg languages.

Dialects

Ronald Himes (1997) divides Kalinga into three dialects: Masadiit (in Abra), Northern Kalinga, and South-Central Kalinga.^[1]

Ethnologue reports the following locations for each of the eight Kalinga languages it identifies. Banao Itneg is classified by Ethnologue as Kalinga rather than Itneg.

• Butbut Kalinga: spoken in Kalinga Province: Tinglayan and Butbut; Buscalan, Bugnay, Loccong, and Ngibat; Tabuk City, Lucnang, Pakak, Kataw, and Dinongsay. Also in Rizal: Annunang, Malapiat, Andarayan, and Bua. 15,000 speakers. Language status is 5 (developing),^[2] 1,000 monoglots.
• Limos Kalinga (Limos-Liwan Kalinga, Northern Kalinga): spoken in Kalinga Province (Tabuk City, north to border) and Conner municipality, Apayao Province. 12,700 speakers. Language status is 5 (developing).^[3]
• Lubuagan Kalinga: spoken in Kalinga Province (Lubuagan and Tabuk City). 30,000 speakers. Dialects are Guinaang, Balbalasang, Ableg-Salegseg, and Balatok-Kalinga (Balatok-Itneg). Pasil Kalinga.,^[4] Language status is 5 (developing).
• Mabaka Valley Kalinga (Kal-Uwan, Mabaka, Mabaka Itneg): spoken in Conner municipality, Apayao Province, as well as western Abra and northern Kalinga Province.
• Majukayang Kalinga (Madukayang): spoken in Tabuk City, Kalinga Province and in Paracelis municipality, Mountain Province. 1,500 speakers as of 1990.,^[5] Language status is 6a. (Vigorous).
• Southern Kalinga: spoken in Kalinga Province (Lubuagan municipality; some also in Tabuk City) and Mountain Province (13 villages of Sadanga and Sagada municipalities). 11,000 speakers as of 1980.^[6] Dialects are Mallango, Sumadel, Bangad, and Tinglayan.^[7]
• Tanudan Kalinga (Lower Tanudan, Lower Tanudan Kalinga, Mangali Kalinga): spoken at the southern end of the Tanudan valley in southern Kalinga Province. 11,200 speakers as of 1998. Dialects are Minangali (Mangali), Tinaloctoc (Taluctoc), Pinangol (Pangul), Dacalan, and Lubo. Language status is 5 (developing). 1,120 monoglots.^[8]
• Banao Itneg (Banao, Banaw, Itneg, Timggian, Tinguian, Vanaw, Vyanaw, Bhanaw Tinggian): spoken in Kalinga Province (Balbalan and Pasil municipalities) and Abra (Daguioman and Malibcong municipalities). 3,500 speakers as of 2003. Dialects are Malibcong Banao, Banao Pikekj, Gubang Itneg and Daguioman.^[9]

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	voiceless	pronounced as /link/	pronounced as /link/		pronounced as /link/	pronounced as /link/
	voiced	pronounced as /link/	pronounced as /link/		pronounced as /link/
Nasal		pronounced as /link/	pronounced as /link/		pronounced as /link/
Fricative			pronounced as /link/
Lateral			pronounced as /link/
Approximant		pronounced as /link/		pronounced as /link/

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	pronounced as /link/		pronounced as /link/
Mid		(pronounced as /link/)	pronounced as /link/
Open		pronounced as /link/

/a/ can also have an allophone of [ə].^{[10] [11]}

Writing system

Lubuagan Kalinga

a

b

by

k

ch

e

g

h

i

l

m

n

ng

o

p

s

t

u

w

y

Further reading

• Book: Ferreirinho, Naomi . Selected topics in the grammar of Limos Kalinga, the Philippines . 1993 . Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University . 978-0-85883-419-4 . Pacific Linguistics Series B-109 . Canberra . 10.15144/PL-B109 . 1885/145804 . free . free.
• Book: Brainard, Sherri . Upper Tanudan Kalinga texts . Linguistic Society of the Philippines and Summer Institute of Linguistics . 1985 . Studies in Philippine Linguistics Supplementary Series: Philippine Texts, 1 . Manila.
• Book: Gieser, C. Richard . Guinaang Kalinga texts . Linguistic Society of the Philippines and Summer Institute of Linguistics . 1987 . Studies in Philippine Linguistics Supplementary Series: Philippine Texts, 4 . Manila.
• Olson . Kenneth S. . Machlan . Glenn . Amangao . Nelson . 2008 . Minangali (Kalinga) Digital Wordlist: Presentation Form . Language Documentation & Conservation . 2 . 1 . free . 10125/1772.

Notes and References

1. Himes . Ronald S. . 1997 . Reconstructions in Kalinga-Itneg . Oceanic Linguistics . 36 . 1 . 102–134 . 10.2307/3623072 . 3623072.
2. Web site: Kalinga, Butbut . 2022-04-29 . Ethnologue . en.
3. Web site: Ethnologue .
4. Web site: Kalinga, Lubuagan . 2022-04-29 . Ethnologue . en.
5. Web site: Kalinga, Majukayang . 2022-04-29 . Ethnologue . en.
6. Book: A Topical Vocabulary in English, Pilipino, Ilocano, and Southern Kalinga . Summer Institute of Linguistics . 1980 . Greenhills, Metro Manila . iv.
7. Web site: Ethnologue .
8. Web site: Kalinga, Tanudan . 2022-04-29 . Ethnologue . en.
9. Web site: Kalinga, Vanaw . 2022-04-29 . Ethnologue . en.
10. Book: Gieser, C. Richard . Kalinga sequential discourse . 1972 . Philippine Journal of Linguistics 3 . 15–33.
11. Book: Gieser, C. Richard . The phonemes of Kalinga . 1958 . In Studies in Philippine linguistics . 10–23.