| Balkan Roma | |
| Nativename: | Balkaniko Romanes |
| States: | Bulgaria, Romania, Greece, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Russia, Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Turkey, Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Ethnicity: | Roma, Jerlídes (North Macedonia, southern Serbia). |
| Speakers: | L1: |
| Ref: | e25 |
| Date: | 2013 |
| Speakers2: | L2: 200,000 |
| Speakers Label: | Speakers |
| Familycolor: | Indo-European |
| Fam2: | Indo-Iranian |
| Fam3: | Indo-Aryan |
| Fam4: | Central Zone |
| Fam5: | Romani |
| Dia1: | Arli, Dzambazi, East Bulgarian Romani, Greek Romani, Ironworker Romani, Rumelian, Sepečides, Tinners Romani, Ursári (Erli, Usari), Lovari, Zargari |
| Iso3: | rmn |
| Map: | Romany dialects Balkan.svg |
| Glotto: | balk1252 |
| Glottorefname: | Balkan Romani |
Balkan Roma, Balkaniko Romanes, or Balkan Gypsy is a specific non-Vlax dialect of the Romani language, spoken by groups within the Balkans, which include countries such as Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Greece, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Serbia, Slovenia, Turkey etc. The Balkan Romani language is typically an oral language.
Most of the people who speak Balkan Romani are Roma themselves. Another meaning of the prefix rom is someone belonging to the Roma ethnicity.[1] The Roma are ultimately of Indian origin.[2] Speakers of the Balkan Romani language have constantly migrated throughout the years into all parts of Europe. Since these speakers have migrated to different parts of Europe, new dialects have formed. Although the Roma originated in India, they are now widespread throughout all of Europe.[3]
Balkan dialects, also known as Balkan I, are spoken in Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Iran, North Macedonia, Moldova, Romania, Serbia, Turkey and Ukraine. This group includes inter alia Arli Romani (Greece, North Macedonia), Sepečides Romani (Greece, Turkey), Ursari Romani (Moldavia, Romania) and Crimean Romani (Ukraine).
Zis dialects, also called Balkan II, are a distinct subdivision within the Balkan group. Bugurdži, Drindari and Kalajdži Romani are spoken in North Macedonia, Kosovo, Serbia and in northern and central Bulgaria.
Elšík uses this classification and dialect examples (geographical information from Matras):
| Sub-group | Dialect | Place | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Southern Balkan | Prizren | Kosovo | |
| Arli | Greece, Albania, North Macedonia, Serbia | ||
| Prilep | North Macedonia | ||
| Kyrymitika | Ukraine [4] | ||
| Sofia Erli | Sofia | ||
| Zargari | Iran | ||
| northern Greece, west Thrace, east Thrace Turkey | |||
| Rumelian | European part of today's Turkey, historically called Rumelia [5] | ||
| Northern Balkan | Bugurdži | North Macedonia, Serbia [6] | |
| Razgrad Drindari | northeastern Bulgaria | ||
| Pazardžik Kalajdži | Bulgaria and immigrants in North Macedonia and Serbia |
Balkan Romani retains the aspirated consonants /pʰ, tʰ, tʃʰ, kʰ/ of other Indic languages. These are distinctive in the majority of Romani varieties.
Balkan Romani does not have a written standard. There has been an attempt at standardization, at a 1992 conference in North Macedonia, based on the Arli diaalect and using the Latin script. /x/ and /h/ are distinctive in some dialects, but not in the Arli dialect and so are not distinguished in writing. the two rhotics are also not distinguished. Schwa is rare in Arli; where it does occur, it is substituted with the vowel of Džambaz or some other dialect, e.g. vërdon → vurdon 'wagon'. Aspiration in a root is always written, e.g. jakh 'eye'. Final devoicing is not written, e.g. dad 'father'. Palatalization is not written, e.g. buti 'work' (not buči etc.), kerdo 'done' (not ćerdo etc.), pani 'water' (not pai etc.).
The proposed alphabet is as follows:[7]
a b c č čh d dž e f g h i j k kh l m n o p ph r s š t th u v ž
Turkish lexical influence is a defining and extremely important part of the Romani dialect in the Balkans. Most of the words however, originate from Persian. Loans from Persian, Armenian, and Byzantine Greek make up the pre-European lexicon. Ultimately, it is hard to trace the definite origin of all the words because the words of Balkan Romani originate from many sources and the sources of those languages creates a complex puzzle.[8]
| Romani (Bugurdži, Macedonia) | Romani (Arli, Macedonia) | English | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lačho [to] saba[h]i. | Lačho [o] sabalje. | Good morning. | |
| Lačho [to] zi[e]s. | Lačho [o] dive. | Good day. | |
| Lačhi [ti] rat. | Lačhi [i] rat. | Good night. | |
| Sar isi to anav? | Sar si tiro anav? | What's your name? | |
| Mo anav isi Elvis. | Mo anav si Elvis. | My name is Elvis. | |
| Isinom lošalo kaj avdom tut! | Šukar te dikhav tut! | Pleased to meet you! | |
| Isinan prandime? | Sijan li romnjakoro? | Are you married? | |
| Va, me isinom prandime. | Va, me sijum romnjakoro. | Yes, I'm married. | |
| Na, me isinom biprandime. | Na, me sijum biromnjakoro. | No, I'm unmarried. | |
| Me isi man raklija. | Me si ma raklija. | I have a girlfriend. |
| Number | Romani | Literal Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | jekh | 1 | |
| 2 | duj | 2 | |
| 3 | trin | 3 | |
| 4 | štar | 4 | |
| 5 | panc | 5 | |
| 6 | šov | 6 | |
| 7 | eftá | 7 | |
| 8 | oxtó | 8 | |
| 9 | enjá | 9 | |
| 10 | deš | 10 | |
| 11 | dešujekh | 10 + 1 | |
| 12 | dešuduj | 10 + 2 | |
| 13 | dešutrín | 10 + 3 | |
| 14 | dešuštár | 10 + 4 | |
| 15 | dešupánc | 10 + 5 | |
| 16 | dešušóv | 10 + 6 | |
| 17 | dešueftá | 10 + 7 | |
| 18 | dešuoxtó | 10 + 8 | |
| 19 | dešuenjá | 10 + 9 | |
| 20 | biš | 20 | |
| 21 | biš-te-jekh | 20 + 1 | |
| 22 | biš-te-duj | 20 + 2 | |
| 23 | biš-te-trin | 20 + 3 | |
| 24 | biš-te-štar | 20 + 4 | |
| 25 | biš-te-panc | 20 + 5 |
Turkish grammar plays a large role in Balkan Romani. The use of Turkish conjugations is widely embedded within Balkan Romani and oftentimes, it is difficult to tell the difference between the grammar of the two languages depending on geography. Balkan Romani has compartmentalized grammar[9] originating from Turkish verbal paradigms along with some Greek influence.[10] Much of the morphology of the language has Greek and Turkish origins, which is why the language is viewed by many professionals as a "mixed" language and thus it is hard to see where one language ends and the other begins. All Romani dialects use Greek derived nominal endings, masculine nouns and loan nouns.[11]
The morphology of the Balkan Romani language is again heavily influenced by both the Turkish and Greek languages. Many people view this language as a sort of melting pot because there are so many different influences on it. Turkish and Greek might be the most influential languages on Balkan Romani but other languages, such as Armenian, have also influenced it. Part of the substrate of Balkan Romani appears to be derived from medieval northern Indian languages.[12]