Pawukon calendar explained

The Pawukon is a 210-day calendar that has its origins in the Hindu religion in Bali, Indonesia. The calendar consists of 10 different concurrent weeks of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 days. On the first day of the year it is the first day of all the ten weeks. Because 210 is not divisible by 4, 8, or 9, extra days must be added to the 4, 8, and 9 day weeks.

The days

Order of the days

The days of the 3, 5, 6, and 7 day weeks are arranged in simple recurring cycles - much like the seven days of the week in the Gregorian calendar. Because 210 is not divisible by 4, 8, or 9, extra days must be added to the 4-, 8-, and 9-day weeks. For both the 4- and 8-day weeks, the penultimate day of the week is repeated twice in the week that would have otherwise ended on the 72nd day. For the 9-day week, the first day of the week is repeated 3 times in the first week of the 210-day Pawukon. The complexity of the calendar is increased by the calculations required to determine the arrangement of the days of the 1-, 2-, and 10-day weeks, which are not ordered in simple recurring 1, 2 and 10-day cycles.

Calculation

Each of the days of the five, seven, and ten day weeks has a urip, or ritual value. For the ten-day week, the urip of the days are - from the first day to the tenth day - 5, 2, 8, 6, 4, 7, 10, 3, 9, 1. For the seven-day week, the urip of the days are - from first day to seventh day - 5, 4, 3, 7, 8, 6, and 9. For the five-day week, the urip of the days are - from the first day to the fifth day - 9, 7, 4, 8, 5.

For any particular day of the Pawukon, add the urip of the day of the 5-day week to the day of the seven-day week and then add one - if the sum is more than ten, then ten must be subtracted from it. This calculated value determines which day of the week it is in the 1-, 2-, and 10-day weeks. If the calculated value is even, then the day is Pepet in the two-day week and Luang in the one-day week. But, if the calculated value is odd then the day is Menga in the two-day week and is not a day of the one-day week. The day in the ten-day week is the one for which the calculated value matches its urip.

For example the first day of the year has a value of 9 in the five-day-week, 5 in the seven-day-week: 9+5+1-10=5, which is equivalent to the urip value of the first day of the ten-day-week, so the day is a Sri in the ten-day week. The sixth day of the year has 9 urip in the five-day-week and 6 in the seven-day-week: 9+6+1-10=6, which is equivalent to the urip value of the fourth day of the ten-day-week, so the day is Manuh.

Calendar completion

Using the rules given above, the table of the days of Pawukon was constructed below. Since the days of the Pawukon, as given in the table below, do not change from one Pawukon to the next, a durable representation of the Pawukon can be used over and over again. With a few more details, the Pawukon is complete.

The saptawara (seven-day week) is special in that each of its thirty weeks is named. When certain days of the pancawara and saptawara coincide, it is a special day. These days of conjunction are Buda-Keliwon, Saniscara-Keliwon, Buda-Wage, Anggara-Keliwon, and Redite-Keliwon.

Correspondence with the Gregorian Calendar

Pawukon cycles are unnumbered, so the calendar has no epoch, and the choice of date on which to base a correspondence is arbitrary. Dershowitz and Reingold[1] chose the first Pawukon that began on a positive Julian Day Number, which was specifically JDN 146 (May 26, 4713 BCE in the proleptic Julian calendar; April 18 of that year in the proleptic Gregorian). The most recent Pawukon as of this writing began on Gregorian date July 5, 2020, making the date of this edit (Tuesday, January 5, 2021) the 185th day of the current cycle. Consulting the table below, we find that it is Menga, Beteng, Jaya, Umanis, Was, Anggara, Kala, Jangur, Dewa. The Saptawara maps to the Gregorian weekday cycle one-to-one, with Redite as Sunday, which provides a simple double-check mechanism: since we have Anggara on Tuesday, we have not made an obvious error in the counting.

Day #EkawaraDwiwaraTriwaraCaturwaraPancawaraSadwaraSaptawaraAsatawaraSangawaraDasawaraSaptawara
Week Name
1MengaPasahSriPaingTunglehRedite SriDanguSriSinta
2LuangPepetBetengLabaPonAryangSoma IndraDanguPatiSinta
3LuangPepetKajengJayaWageUrukungAnggara GuruDanguRajaSinta
4LuangPepetPasahMenalaKeliwonPanironBuda YamaDanguManuhSinta
5LuangPepetBetengSriUmanisWasWraspati LudraJangurDukaSinta
6LuangPepetKajengLabaPaingMauluSukra BrahmaGigisManuhSinta
7MengaPasahJayaPonTunglehSaniscara KalaNohanManusaSinta
8LuangPepetBetengMenalaWageAryangRedite UmaOganRaksasaLandep
9MengaKajengSriKeliwonUrukungSoma SriEranganSukaLandep
10MengaPasahLabaUmanisPanironAnggara IndraUrunganDewaLandep
11MengaBetengJayaPaingWasBuda GuruTulusManusaLandep
12LuangPepetKajengMenalaPonMauluWraspati YamaDadiManuhLandep
13MengaPasahSriWageTunglehSukra LudraDanguPanditaLandep
14LuangPepetBetengLabaKeliwonAryangSaniscara BrahmaJangurRajaLandep
15MengaKajengJayaUmanisUrukungRedite KalaGigisPanditaUkir
16LuangPepetPasahMenalaPaingPanironSoma UmaNohanDukaUkir
17MengaBetengSriPonWasAnggara SriOganPanditaUkir
18LuangPepetKajengLabaWageMauluBuda IndraEranganPatiUkir
19MengaPasahJayaKeliwonTunglehWraspati GuruUrunganManusaUkir
20LuangPepetBetengMenalaUmanisAryangSukra YamaTulusPatiUkir
21MengaKajengSriPaingUrukungSaniscara LudraDadiDewaUkir
22MengaPasahLabaPonPanironRedite BrahmaDanguSukaKulantir
23MengaBetengJayaWageWasSoma KalaJangurDewaKulantir
24LuangPepetKajengMenalaKeliwonMauluAnggara UmaGigisPatiKulantir
25MengaPasahSriUmanisTunglehBuda SriNohanSukaKulantir
26LuangPepetBetengLabaPaingAryangWraspati IndraOganRajaKulantir
27LuangPepetKajengJayaPonUrukungSukra GuruEranganDukaKulantir
28LuangPepetPasahMenalaWagePanironSaniscara YamaUrunganDukaKulantir
29LuangPepetBetengSriKeliwonWasRedite LudraTulusDukaTaulu
30LuangPepetKajengLabaUmanisMauluSoma BrahmaDadiRaksasaTaulu
31MengaPasahJayaPaingTunglehAnggara KalaDanguSukaTaulu
32MengaBetengMenalaPonAryangBuda UmaJangurSriTaulu
33MengaKajengSriWageUrukungWraspati SriGigisSukaTaulu
34MengaPasahLabaKeliwonPanironSukra IndraNohanSriTaulu
35MengaBetengJayaUmanisWasSaniscara GuruOganSriTaulu
36MengaKajengMenalaPaingMauluRedite YamaEranganSriGumbreg
37LuangPepetPasahSriPonTunglehSoma LudraUrunganPatiGumbreg
38LuangPepetBetengLabaWageAryangAnggara BrahmaTulusRajaGumbreg
39LuangPepetKajengJayaKeliwonUrukungBuda KalaDadiManuhGumbreg
40LuangPepetPasahMenalaUmanisPanironWraspati UmaDanguDukaGumbreg
41LuangPepetBetengSriPaingWasSukra SriJangurManuhGumbreg
42MengaKajengLabaPonMauluSaniscara IndraGigisManusaGumbreg
43LuangPepetPasahJayaWageTunglehRedite GuruNohanRaksasaWariga
44MengaBetengMenalaKeliwonAryangSoma YamaOganSukaWariga
45MengaKajengSriUmanisUrukungAnggara LudraEranganDewaWariga
46MengaPasahLabaPaingPanironBuda BrahmaUrunganManusaWariga
47LuangPepetBetengJayaPonWasWraspati KalaTulusManuhWariga
48MengaKajengMenalaWageMauluSukra UmaDadiPanditaWariga
49LuangPepetPasahSriKeliwonTunglehSaniscara SriDanguRajaWariga
50MengaBetengLabaUmanisAryangRedite IndraJangurPanditaWarigadian
51LuangPepetKajengJayaPaingUrukungSoma GuruGigisDukaWarigadian
52MengaPasahMenalaPonPanironAnggara YamaNohanPanditaWarigadian
53LuangPepetBetengSriWageWasBuda LudraOganPatiWarigadian
54MengaKajengLabaKeliwonMauluWraspati BrahmaEranganManusaWarigadian
55LuangPepetPasahJayaUmanisTunglehSukra KalaUrunganPatiWarigadian
56MengaBetengMenalaPaingAryangSaniscara UmaTulusDewaWarigadian
57MengaKajengSriPonUrukungRedite SriDadiSukaJulungwangi
58MengaPasahLabaWagePanironSoma IndraDanguDewaJulungwangi
59LuangPepetBetengJayaKeliwonWasAnggara GuruJangurPatiJulungwangi
60MengaKajengMenalaUmanisMauluBuda YamaGigisSukaJulungwangi
61LuangPepetPasahSriPaingTunglehWraspati LudraNohanRajaJulungwangi
62LuangPepetBetengLabaPonAryangSukra BrahmaOganDukaJulungwangi
63LuangPepetKajengJayaWageUrukungSaniscara KalaEranganDukaJulungwangi
64LuangPepetPasahMenalaKeliwonPanironRedite UmaUrunganDukaSungsang
65LuangPepetBetengSriUmanisWasSoma SriTulusRaksasaSungsang
66MengaKajengLabaPaingMauluAnggara IndraDadiSukaSungsang
67MengaPasahJayaPonTunglehBuda GuruDanguSriSungsang
68MengaBetengMenalaWageAryangWraspati YamaJangurSukaSungsang
69MengaKajengSriKeliwonUrukungSukra LudraGigisSriSungsang
70MengaPasahLabaUmanisPanironSaniscara BrahmaNohanSriSungsang
71MengaBetengJayaPaingWasRedite KalaOganSriDunggulan
72LuangPepetKajengJayaPonMauluSoma KalaEranganPatiDunggulan
73LuangPepetPasahJayaWageTunglehAnggara KalaUrunganRajaDunggulan
74LuangPepetBetengMenalaKeliwonAryangBuda UmaTulusManuhDunggulan
75LuangPepetKajengSriUmanisUrukungWraspati SriDadiDukaDunggulan
76LuangPepetPasahLabaPaingPanironSukra IndraDanguManuhDunggulan
77MengaBetengJayaPonWasSaniscara GuruJangurManusaDunggulan
78LuangPepetKajengMenalaWageMauluRedite YamaGigisRaksasaKuningan
79MengaPasahSriKeliwonTunglehSoma LudraNohanSukaKuningan
80MengaBetengLabaUmanisAryangAnggara BrahmaOganDewaKuningan
81MengaKajengJayaPaingUrukungBuda KalaEranganManusaKuningan
82LuangPepetPasahMenalaPonPanironWraspati UmaUrunganManuhKuningan
83MengaBetengSriWageWasSukra SriTulusPanditaKuningan
84LuangPepetKajengLabaKeliwonMauluSaniscara IndraDadiRajaKuningan
85MengaPasahJayaUmanisTunglehRedite GuruDanguPanditaLangkir
86LuangPepetBetengMenalaPaingAryangSoma YamaJangurDukaLangkir
87MengaKajengSriPonUrukungAnggara LudraGigisPanditaLangkir
88LuangPepetPasahLabaWagePanironBuda BrahmaNohanPatiLangkir
89MengaBetengJayaKeliwonWasWraspati KalaOganManusaLangkir
90LuangPepetKajengMenalaUmanisMauluSukra UmaEranganPatiLangkir
91MengaPasahSriPaingTunglehSaniscara SriUrunganDewaLangkir
92MengaBetengLabaPonAryangRedite IndraTulusSukaMedangsia
93MengaKajengJayaWageUrukungSoma GuruDadiDewaMedangsia
94LuangPepetPasahMenalaKeliwonPanironAnggara YamaDanguPatiMedangsia
95MengaBetengSriUmanisWasBuda LudraJangurSukaMedangsia
96LuangPepetKajengLabaPaingMauluWraspati BrahmaGigisRajaMedangsia
97LuangPepetPasahJayaPonTunglehSukra KalaNohanDukaMedangsia
98LuangPepetBetengMenalaWageAryangSaniscara UmaOganDukaMedangsia
99LuangPepetKajengSriKeliwonUrukungRedite SriEranganDukaPujut
100LuangPepetPasahLabaUmanisPanironSoma IndraUrunganRaksasaPujut
101MengaBetengJayaPaingWasAnggara GuruTulusSukaPujut
102MengaKajengMenalaPonMauluBuda YamaDadiSriPujut
103MengaPasahSriWageTunglehWraspati LudraDanguSukaPujut
104MengaBetengLabaKeliwonAryangSukra BrahmaJangurSriPujut
105MengaKajengJayaUmanisUrukungSaniscara KalaGigisSriPujut
106MengaPasahMenalaPaingPanironRedite UmaNohanSriPahang
107LuangPepetBetengSriPonWasSoma SriOganPatiPahang
108LuangPepetKajengLabaWageMauluAnggara IndraEranganRajaPahang
109LuangPepetPasahJayaKeliwonTunglehBuda GuruUrunganManuhPahang
110LuangPepetBetengMenalaUmanisAryangWraspati YamaTulusDukaPahang
111LuangPepetKajengSriPaingUrukungSukra LudraDadiManuhPahang
112MengaPasahLabaPonPanironSaniscara BrahmaDanguManusaPahang
113LuangPepetBetengJayaWageWasRedite KalaJangurRaksasaKrulut
114MengaKajengMenalaKeliwonMauluSoma UmaGigisSukaKrulut
115MengaPasahSriUmanisTunglehAnggara SriNohanDewaKrulut
116MengaBetengLabaPaingAryangBuda IndraOganManusaKrulut
117LuangPepetKajengJayaPonUrukungWraspati GuruEranganManuhKrulut
118MengaPasahMenalaWagePanironSukra YamaUrunganPanditaKrulut
119LuangPepetBetengSriKeliwonWasSaniscara LudraTulusRajaKrulut
120MengaKajengLabaUmanisMauluRedite BrahmaDadiPanditaMerakih
121LuangPepetPasahJayaPaingTunglehSoma KalaDanguDukaMerakih
122MengaBetengMenalaPonAryangAnggara UmaJangurPanditaMerakih
123LuangPepetKajengSriWageUrukungBuda SriGigisPatiMerakih
124MengaPasahLabaKeliwonPanironWraspati IndraNohanManusaMerakih
125LuangPepetBetengJayaUmanisWasSukra GuruOganPatiMerakih
126MengaKajengMenalaPaingMauluSaniscara YamaEranganDewaMerakih
127MengaPasahSriPonTunglehRedite LudraUrunganSukaTambir
128MengaBetengLabaWageAryangSoma BrahmaTulusDewaTambir
129LuangPepetKajengJayaKeliwonUrukungAnggara KalaDadiPatiTambir
130MengaPasahMenalaUmanisPanironBuda UmaDanguSukaTambir
131LuangPepetBetengSriPaingWasWraspati SriJangurRajaTambir
132LuangPepetKajengLabaPonMauluSukra IndraGigisDukaTambir
133LuangPepetPasahJayaWageTunglehSaniscara GuruNohanDukaTambir
134LuangPepetBetengMenalaKeliwonAryangRedite YamaOganDukaMedangkungan
135LuangPepetKajengSriUmanisUrukungSoma LudraEranganRaksasaMedangkungan
136MengaPasahLabaPaingPanironAnggara BrahmaUrunganSukaMedangkungan
137MengaBetengJayaPonWasBuda KalaTulusSriMedangkungan
138MengaKajengMenalaWageMauluWraspati UmaDadiSukaMedangkungan
139MengaPasahSriKeliwonTunglehSukra SriDanguSriMedangkungan
140MengaBetengLabaUmanisAryangSaniscara IndraJangurSriMedangkungan
141MengaKajengJayaPaingUrukungRedite GuruGigisSriMatal
142LuangPepetPasahMenalaPonPanironSoma YamaNohanPatiMatal
143LuangPepetBetengSriWageWasAnggara LudraOganRajaMatal
144LuangPepetKajengLabaKeliwonMauluBuda BrahmaEranganManuhMatal
145LuangPepetPasahJayaUmanisTunglehWraspati KalaUrunganDukaMatal
146LuangPepetBetengMenalaPaingAryangSukra UmaTulusManuhMatal
147MengaKajengSriPonUrukungSaniscara SriDadiManusaMatal
148LuangPepetPasahLabaWagePanironRedite IndraDanguRaksasaUye
149MengaBetengJayaKeliwonWasSoma GuruJangurSukaUye
150MengaKajengMenalaUmanisMauluAnggara YamaGigisDewaUye
151MengaPasahSriPaingTunglehBuda LudraNohanManusaUye
152LuangPepetBetengLabaPonAryangWraspati BrahmaOganManuhUye
153MengaKajengJayaWageUrukungSukra KalaEranganPanditaUye
154LuangPepetPasahMenalaKeliwonPanironSaniscara UmaUrunganRajaUye
155MengaBetengSriUmanisWasRedite SriTulusPanditaMenail
156LuangPepetKajengLabaPaingMauluSoma IndraDadiDukaMenail
157MengaPasahJayaPonTunglehAnggara GuruDanguPanditaMenail
158LuangPepetBetengMenalaWageAryangBuda YamaJangurPatiMenail
159MengaKajengSriKeliwonUrukungWraspati LudraGigisManusaMenail
160LuangPepetPasahLabaUmanisPanironSukra BrahmaNohanPatiMenail
161MengaBetengJayaPaingWasSaniscara KalaOganDewaMenail
162MengaKajengMenalaPonMauluRedite UmaEranganSukaParangbakat
163MengaPasahSriWageTunglehSoma SriUrunganDewaParangbakat
164LuangPepetBetengLabaKeliwonAryangAnggara IndraTulusPatiParangbakat
165MengaKajengJayaUmanisUrukungBuda GuruDadiSukaParangbakat
166LuangPepetPasahMenalaPaingPanironWraspati YamaDanguRajaParangbakat
167LuangPepetBetengSriPonWasSukra LudraJangurDukaParangbakat
168LuangPepetKajengLabaWageMauluSaniscara BrahmaGigisDukaParangbakat
169LuangPepetPasahJayaKeliwonTunglehRedite KalaNohanDukaBala
170LuangPepetBetengMenalaUmanisAryangSoma UmaOganRaksasaBala
171MengaKajengSriPaingUrukungAnggara SriEranganSukaBala
172MengaPasahLabaPonPanironBuda IndraUrunganSriBala
173MengaBetengJayaWageWasWraspati GuruTulusSukaBala
174MengaKajengMenalaKeliwonMauluSukra YamaDadiSriBala
175MengaPasahSriUmanisTunglehSaniscara LudraDanguSriBala
176MengaBetengLabaPaingAryangRedite BrahmaJangurSriUgu
177LuangPepetKajengJayaPonUrukungSoma KalaGigisPatiUgu
178LuangPepetPasahMenalaWagePanironAnggara UmaNohanRajaUgu
179LuangPepetBetengSriKeliwonWasBuda SriOganManuhUgu
180LuangPepetKajengLabaUmanisMauluWraspati IndraEranganDukaUgu
181LuangPepetPasahJayaPaingTunglehSukra GuruUrunganManuhUgu
182MengaBetengMenalaPonAryangSaniscara YamaTulusManusaUgu
183LuangPepetKajengSriWageUrukungRedite LudraDadiRaksasaWayang
184MengaPasahLabaKeliwonPanironSoma BrahmaDanguSukaWayang
185MengaBetengJayaUmanisWasAnggara KalaJangurDewaWayang
186MengaKajengMenalaPaingMauluBuda UmaGigisManusaWayang
187LuangPepetPasahSriPonTunglehWraspati SriNohanManuhWayang
188MengaBetengLabaWageAryangSukra IndraOganPanditaWayang
189LuangPepetKajengJayaKeliwonUrukungSaniscara GuruEranganRajaWayang
190MengaPasahMenalaUmanisPanironRedite YamaUrunganPanditaKelawu
191LuangPepetBetengSriPaingWasSoma LudraTulusDukaKelawu
192MengaKajengLabaPonMauluAnggara BrahmaDadiPanditaKelawu
193LuangPepetPasahJayaWageTunglehBuda KalaDanguPatiKelawu
194MengaBetengMenalaKeliwonAryangWraspati UmaJangurManusaKelawu
195LuangPepetKajengSriUmanisUrukungSukra SriGigisPatiKelawu
196MengaPasahLabaPaingPanironSaniscara IndraNohanDewaKelawu
197MengaBetengJayaPonWasRedite GuruOganSukaDukut
198MengaKajengMenalaWageMauluSoma YamaEranganDewaDukut
199LuangPepetPasahSriKeliwonTunglehAnggara LudraUrunganPatiDukut
200MengaBetengLabaUmanisAryangBuda BrahmaTulusSukaDukut
201LuangPepetKajengJayaPaingUrukungWraspati KalaDadiRajaDukut
202LuangPepetPasahMenalaPonPanironSukra UmaDanguDukaDukut
203LuangPepetBetengSriWageWasSaniscara SriJangurDukaDukut
204LuangPepetKajengLabaKeliwonMauluRedite IndraGigisDukaWatugunung
205LuangPepetPasahJayaUmanisTunglehSoma GuruNohanRaksasaWatugunung
206MengaBetengMenalaPaingAryangAnggara YamaOganSukaWatugunung
207MengaKajengSriPonUrukungBuda LudraEranganSriWatugunung
208MengaPasahLabaWagePanironWraspati BrahmaUrunganSukaWatugunung
209MengaBetengJayaKeliwonWasSukra KalaTulusSriWatugunung
210MengaKajengMenalaUmanisMauluSaniscara UmaDadiSriWatugunung

See also

References

  1. Book: Dershowitz . Reingold . N. . E. . Calendrical Calculations, The Ultimate Edition . April 1, 2018 . 187.

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