Balfour Formation Explained

Balfour Formation
Type:Geological formation
Age:Lopingian - Induan
Period:Capitanian
Prilithology:Mudstone, siltstone
Otherlithology:Sandstone
Region:Northern Cape, Eastern Cape and Free State
Country: South Africa
Coordinates:-32.3°N 24.5°W
Paleocoordinates:-62.7°N -29.3°W
Unitof:Adelaide Subgroup, Beaufort Group
Subunits:Oudeberg Member, Daggaboersnek Member, Ripplemead Member, Elandsberg Member, Palingkloof Member
Underlies:Katberg Formation
Overlies:Middleton Formation
Thickness:up to 2150m (7,050feet)
Map:Geology of Karoo Supergroup.png

The Balfour Formation is a geological formation that is found in the Beaufort Group, a major geological group that forms part of the greater Karoo Supergroup in South Africa. The Balfour Formation is the uppermost formation of the Adelaide Subgroup which contains all the Late Permian - Early Triassic aged biozones of the Beaufort Group. Outcrops and exposures of the Balfour Formation are found from east of 24 degrees in the highest mountainous escarpments between Beaufort West and Fraserburg, but most notably in the Winterberg and Sneeuberg mountain ranges near Cradock, the Baviaanskloof river valley, Graaff-Reniet and Nieu Bethesda in the Eastern Cape, and in the southern Free State province.[1] [2]

Geology

The Balfour Formation overlies the Middleton Formation of the Adelaide Subgroup and underlies the Katberg Formation of the lower Tarkastad Subgroup, all comprising the greater Beaufort Group. The Balfour Formation is composed of five members which are listed below (from oldest to youngest):

The rocks of the Balfour Formation also incorporate the entire Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone, the lowermost portion of the Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone,[3] and the uppermost rocks of the Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone.[4] Up until the middle section of the Ripplemead Member, the Balfour Formation correlates with the near contemporaneous Teekloof Formation west of the 24 degrees from Beaufort West westwards, and to the Normadien Formation north of the Orange River. However, the Elandsberg and Palingkloof Members do not have any lateral correlates west of 24 degrees. This is either due to past erosion of the upper, unknown members of the Teekloof Formation or there was a sudden cessation of sedimentary deposition in the western section of the Karoo Basin.[5] [6] [7] [8]

The sedimentary rocks of this formation are composed predominantly of alternating greenish-grey, bluish-grey, and grey-ish red mudstone that often contain siltstone lenses. The mudstones are very fine-grained, massive and exhibit blocky weathering. Claystone successions are also found which, along with the mudstones, frequently contain desiccation cracks, raindrop impressions, and calcareous nodules or concretions are found throughout. Rhythmites are also found. Sandstones are less common, but some notable units have been studied in the Balfour Formation. In the lowermost section of the Balfour is a sandstone-rich unit known as the Oudeberg Member. The sandstones in this unit are very fine-grained and are rich in feldspar. Another sandstone unit in the middle of the Balfour Formation is the Daggaboersnek Member which contains thin, tabular sandstones, and ripple structures are common.[9] [10]

The presence of these rocks reveal much about the past environment that they were deposited in. The dominance of fine-grained mudstone and less common, fine-grained sandstones indicates that the rock sediments were deposited in a low-energy, fluvial environment, most likely one that had meandering rivers. At the time of sedimentary deposition, the Karoo retroarc foreland system was in an overfilled phase, and purely terrestrial sediments occupied the Karoo Basin at this time. As this formation includes the rocks of both the Cistecephalus, Daptocephalus, Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zones, the Balfour Formation preserves the geological record for the end Permian extinction event. This is important as the end Permian extinction event was the largest mass extinction event in the Earth's history. This was followed by one of the worst biotic crises, which is reflected in the sudden and drastic sedimentary facies changes in the overlying Katberg Formation.[11] [12] [13] [14] [15]

Paleontology

Where the Balfour Formation deposits correlate with the Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone, a great diversity of vertebrate fauna are found. This richness in species diversity observed in the Balfour Formation is especially true of dicynodonts as numerous different species of this successful, herbivorous therapsid have been recovered.[16] [17] Various species of burnetiamorph biarmosuchians, rubidgeine gorgonopsians, and therocephalian species such as Moschorhinus kitchingi and the earliest cynodont, Charassognathus gracilis, also appear.[18] Parareptile species,[19] namely captorhinids, the Younginiforme Youngina capensis,[20] [21] and a variety of temnospondyl amphibians,[22] fishes, and plant fossils such as Glossopteris are likewise found. Glossopteris fossils or leaf impressions are particularly common in the Daggaboersnek Member. The uppermost unit of the Balfour Formation marks the Permian-aged side of the Permian-Triassic boundary. At this point in the biostratigraphy there is a marked drop in species diversity as the Permian-Triassic extinction event began to take its course at the time of sediment deposition.

Paleofauna

Reptiles

Diapsids
Parareptiles
GenusSpeciesLocalityStratigraphic positionTimeMaterialNotesImages
AnthodonA. serrariusChanghsingianA pareiasaur.
MilleropsisM. priceiDicynodon Assemblage zone. ChanghsingianA millerettid parareptile.
MillerettaM. rubidgeiDicynodon Assemblage zone.ChanghsingianA millerettid parareptile.
MillerosaurusM. nuffieldiChanghsingian A millerettid parareptile.
PareiasaurusP. serridensWuchiapingian and Changhsingian.A pareiasaur.
OwenettaO. rubidgeiCistecephalus and Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zones Wuchiapingian and Changhsingian A procolophonian parareptile.

Synapsids

Therapsids

Cynodonts
GenusSpeciesLocalityStratigraphic positionTimeMaterialNotesImages
CharassognathusC. gracilisA cynodont.
CynosaurusC. suppostusCistecephalus and Daptocephalus Assemblage Zones.Wuchiapingian - Changhsingian.A cynodont.
ProcynosuchusP. delaharpeaeNew Bathsheba.WuchiapingianA cynodont.
ProgalesaurusP. lootbergensisNew Lootsberg Pass.Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone.LopingianA skull, dentition, and postcranial skeleton.A cynodont.
Vetusodon V. elikhuluDaptocephalus Assemblage Zone. LopingianA cynodont.
Dicynodonts
Gorgonopsids
GenusSpeciesLocalityStratigraphic positionTimeMaterialNotesImages
AloposaurusA. tenuisA gorgonopsid.
CyonosaurusC. kitchingiA gorgonopsid.
C. longiceps
DinogorgonD. rubidgeiCistecephalus and Daptocephalus assemblage.A gorgonopsid.
Inostrancevia [23] I. africanalower slope of the hill Loskop, Nooitgedacht 68.Daptocephalus Assemblage ZoneA partial skeleton including a complete skull and occluded mandible, entirety of the precaudal axial column, partial scapulae, partial right pelvis, the right femur, and a disarticulated left humerus, ulna, radius, and tibia.A predatory inostranceviinae gorgonopsid.
LeontosaurusL. vanderhorstiDicynodon Assemblage Zone.A gorgonopsid.
LycaenopsL. ornatusA gorgonopsid.
ParagalerhinusP. rubidgeiWellwoodDicynodon Assemblage Zone.A partial skull.A gorgonopsid.
RubidgeaR. atroxCistecephalus and Daptocephalus assemblage zone.A gorgonopsid.
ScylacopsS. capensisA gorgonopsid.
Therocephalians
GenusSpeciesLocalityStratigraphic positionTimeMaterialNotesImages
IctidochampsaI. platycepsDicynodon Assemblage Zone.A therocephalian.
IctidosuchoidesI. intermediusA therocephalian.
IctidosuchopsI. intermediusA therocephalian.
MoschorhinusM. kitchingiSpitskop, Nooitgedacht 68.Dicynodon Assemblage Zone.A weathered skull along with a complete skull, partially articulated anterior skeleton, and disarticulated pelvis and hind limb.A therocephalian.
NotaelurodonN. kitchingiA therocephalian.
OlivierosuchusO. parringtoniPalingkloof MemberLystrosaurus assemblege zone.A complete skull and anterior half of skeleton in articulation, including vertebrae, ribs, pectoral girdle, partial left humerus, complete right forelimb,including terminal phalanges.A therocephalian.
PromoschorhynchusP. platyrhinusA therocephalian.
TheriognathusT. micropsA therocephalian.
TetracynodonT. tenuisA therocephalian.

Correlation

The Balfour Formation is known to corresponds in age with the Cis-Uralian fauna of Russia[24] and the Sanga do Cabral Formation, Paraná Basin of Brazil. Correlations with other Late Permian - Early Triassic deposits abroad remain inconclusive.

Notes and References

  1. Rubidge, B. S. (ed.) 1995b. Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup). South African Committee of Stratigraphy. Biostratigraphic Series 1. Pretoria, Council for Geoscience.
  2. Catuneanu, O.. Elango, H. N.. 2001-04-15. Tectonic control on fluvial styles: the Balfour Formation of the Karoo Basin, South Africa. Sedimentary Geology. en. 140. 3–4. 291–313. 10.1016/S0037-0738(00)00190-1. 0037-0738. 2001SedG..140..291C.
  3. Botha. Jennifer. Smith. Roger M. H.. 2007-06-01. Lystrosaurus species composition across the Permo–Triassic boundary in the Karoo Basin of South Africa. Lethaia. en. 40. 2. 125–137. 10.1111/j.1502-3931.2007.00011.x. 2007Letha..40..125B . 1502-3931.
  4. Kammerer. Christian F.. Bandyopadhyay. Saswati. Ray. Sanghamitra. 2016-11-01. A new taxon of cistecephalid dicynodont from the upper Permian Kundaram Formation of India. Papers in Palaeontology. en. 2. 4. 569–584. 10.1002/spp2.1055. 2016PPal....2..569K . 88833541 . 2056-2802.
  5. Visser, J.N.J. and Dukas, B.A., 1979. Upward-fining fluviatile megacycles in the Beaufort Group north of Graaff-Reinet, Cape Province. Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Afr, 82(149), p.e154.
  6. Book: 1997-01-01. Chapter 12 The foreland karoo basin, south africa. Sedimentary Basins of the World. en. 3. 269–317. 10.1016/S1874-5997(97)80015-9. 1874-5997. Johnson. M.R.. Vuuren. C.J. Van. Visser. J.N.J.. Cole. D.I.. Wickens. H. De V.. Christie. A.D.M.. Roberts. D.L.. 9780444825711.
  7. Rubidge. B. S.. Hancox. P. J.. Catuneanu. O.. 1998-12-01. Reciprocal flexural behaviour and contrasting stratigraphies: a new basin development model for the Karoo retroarc foreland system, South Africa. Basin Research. English. 10. 4. 417–439. 1365-2117. 1998BasR...10..417C. 10.1046/j.1365-2117.1998.00078.x. 56420970 .
  8. Katemaunzanga. David. Gunter. Cornelis Janse. 2009-10-01. Lithostratigraphy, Sedimentology, and Provenance of the Balfour Formation (Beaufort Group) in the Fort Beaufort–Alice Area, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition. en. 83. 5. 902–916. 10.1111/j.1755-6724.2009.00110.x. 2009AcGlS..83..902K . 130345218 . 1755-6724.
  9. Viglietti. Pia. Rubidge. Bruce. Malcom Harris Smith. Roger. 2017-03-01. Revised lithostratigraphy of the upper Permian Balfour and Teekloof formations of the main Karoo Basin, South Africa. South African Journal of Geology. 120. 1 . 45–60. 10.25131/gssajg.120.1.45. 2017SAJG..120...45V .
  10. Hiller, N.. Stavrakis, N.. 1984-02-01. Permo-Triassic fluvial systems in the southeastern Karoo Basin, South Africa. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. en. 45. 1. 1–21. 10.1016/0031-0182(84)90106-8. 0031-0182. 1984PPP....45....1H.
  11. Ward. Peter D.. Koch. Paul L.. Smith. Roger M. H.. MacLeod. Kenneth G.. 2000-03-01. Timing of mammal-like reptile extinctions across the Permian-Triassic boundary in South Africa. Geology. en. 28. 3. 227–230. 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<227:TOMREA>2.0.CO;2. 2000Geo....28..227M. 0091-7613.
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  13. Smith, R. M. H.. Botha, J.. 2005-09-01. The recovery of terrestrial vertebrate diversity in the South African Karoo Basin after the end-Permian extinction. Comptes Rendus Palevol. en. 4. 6–7. 623–636. 10.1016/j.crpv.2005.07.005. 2005CRPal...4..623S . 1631-0683.
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  15. Smith. Roger. Kirschvink. Joseph L.. Garrison. Geoffrey H.. Erwin. Douglas H.. Kock. Michiel O. De. Buick. Roger. Botha. Jennifer. Ward. Peter D.. 2005-02-04. Abrupt and Gradual Extinction Among Late Permian Land Vertebrates in the Karoo Basin, South Africa. Science. en. 307. 5710. 709–714. 10.1126/science.1107068. 1095-9203. 15661973. 10.1.1.503.2065. 2005Sci...307..709W. 46198018.
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