| Pa-Hng | |
| Also Known As: | Pateng |
| Pronunciation: | pronounced as /[pa31 ŋ̊ŋ35]/ |
| States: | China, Vietnam |
| Date: | 1995–2009 |
| Ref: | e18 |
| Familycolor: | Hmong-Mien |
| Fam2: | Hmongic |
| Fam3: | Bahengic |
| Iso3: | pha |
| Glotto: | pahn1237 |
| Glottorefname: | Pa-Hng |
| Map2: | Lang Status 80-VU.svg |
Pa-Hng (also spelled Pa-Hung; Chinese: 巴哼语) is a divergent Hmongic (Miao) language spoken in Guizhou, Guangxi, and Hunan in southern China as well as northern Vietnam.
Pa-Hng has long been recognized as divergent. Benedict (1986) argued that one of its dialects constituted a separate branch of the Miao–Yao family. Ratliff found it to be the most divergent Hmongic (Miao) language that she analyzed.[1] This Bahengic branch also includes Younuo (Yuno) and Wunai (Hm Nai).[2]
Pa-Hng speakers are called by the following names:[2]
In Liping County, Guizhou, the Dong people call the Pa-Hng pronounced as /ka31 jiu33/ (嘎优), while the Miao people call them pronounced as /ta55 tia52 ju33/ (大达优).[3] In Tongdao County, Hunan, the Pa-Hng (pronounced as /xeŋ33/) are also known as the Seven Surname Yao 七姓瑶, since they have the seven surnames of Shen 沈, Lan 兰, Dai 戴, Deng 邓, Ding 丁, Pu 蒲, and Feng 奉.[4]
In China, Pa-Hng speakers are classified as Yao, even though their language is Hmongic rather than Mienic.
Mao & Li (1997) splits Pa-Hng into the following subdivisions, and most closely related to Hm Nai:
Vocabulary word lists for these three Pa-Hng varieties can be found in Mao & Li (1997). An additional dialect is found in Vietnam.
The Na-e dialect (also known by the Vietnamese rendition of Pa-Hng, Pà Then [Pateng]), is a geographic outlier. Paul Benedict (1986) argued that it is not actually Pa-Hng, or even Hmongic, but a separate branch of the Miao–Yao language family.[5] However, Strecker (1987) responded that it does appear to be a Pa-Hng dialect, though it has some peculiarities, and that Pa-Hng as a whole is divergent.
Jerold A. Edmondson has reported Pa-Hng dialects in Bac Quang District and Hong Quang Village of Chiem Hoa District in northern Vietnam, and found that they were most closely related to the Pa-Hng dialect spoken in Gaoji Township 高基, Sanjiang County, Guangxi.[6]
Pa-Hng speakers are distributed in the following counties in China. Most of the counties have 1,000 - 6,000 Pa-Hng speakers (Mao & Li 1997).
See main article: Pà Thẻn people. Pa-Hng is also spoken in small pockets of northern Vietnam. In Vietnam, the Pa-Hng are an officially recognized ethnic group numbering around a few thousand people, where they are called Pà Thẻn. Na-e as reported by Bonifacy (1905) is also found in northern Vietnam.
According to Vu,[11] the ancestors of the Pà Thẻn had first migrated from Guangxi to Hải Ninh (now Quảng Ninh Province), and then from Hải Ninh to the Thái Nguyên area. The Pà Thẻn then split off to settle in three main areas.
| Labial | Alveolar | (Alveolo-) palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | pal. | plain | pal. | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | ||||
| Nasal | voiced | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |||||
| voiceless | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||||||
| breathy | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||||||
| Stop/ Affricate | voiceless | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |
| aspirated | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |||
| breathy | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||||
| prenasal | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |||||
| prn. breathy | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |||||
| Fricative | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||||||
| Approximant | voiceless | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||||||||
| voiced | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||||||
| breathy | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||||
| Front | Central | Back | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| oral | nasal | oral | nasal | oral | nasal | |||
| Close | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | (pronounced as /link/) | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |||
| Near-close | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||||||
| Close-mid | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |||
| Open-mid | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||||
| Open | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | ||||
| Syllabic | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | pronounced as /ink/ | |||||