Baháʼí studies explained
The scholarly study of the Baháʼí Faith, its teachings, history and literature is currently conducted in a variety of venues, including institutes of the Baháʼí administration as well as non-affiliated universities. Some scholars study some aspect of the Baháʼí Faith as part of research on related matters while others engage in Baháʼí studies as a primary focus of their research. Scholars' comments on the religion and its predecessor Bábism date back to at least 1845, the year after its founding. Initially, they were often Orientalists or Christian missionaries but through time both Baháʼís and non-Baháʼí researchers have addressed the religion especially in tune with the growth of the religion, which has been called significant.
Organizations
- Association for Baháʼí Studies[1] − founded in 1975, the ABS operates under the supervision of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of Canada.
- Baháʼí Library Online[2] − a private, independent, all-volunteer project created by Jonah Winters and a team of contributors.
- Baháʼí Reference Library − an agency of the Baháʼí International Community, hosts authorized writings of the religion.
- H-Bahai − part of H-Net, an international interdisciplinary organization of scholars, H-Bahai is a website making available a wealth of difficult-to-obtain primary sources on the religion.
- Irfan Colloquium
- Landegg International University − a now defunct university that operated from 1992 to 2003 under the aegis of the Baháʼí community of Switzerland
- Unity Museum is a boutique[3] tax-exempt non-profit member of the Washington Museum Association and American Alliance of Museums, separate from the formal organizational structure of the Baháʼí Faith, with its own board of directors, in Seattle, Washington, located near the University of Washington.
- Wilmette Institute − founded in 1995 as an educational endeavor of the National Spiritual Assembly of the United States, the Wilmette Institute provides on-line and on-site summer residential sessions.
- Mediathèque Francophon
Journals
See also: Baháʼí literature.
- Baháʼí Studies Bulletin, published 1982–1993, Newcastle upon Tyne.
- Somewhat informal, yet prepared with full scholarly standards, the Baháʼí Studies Bulletin was edited, photocopied and distributed by Stephen Lambden, Professor of Religious Studies at University of Newcastle upon Tyne (said university not itself affiliated with the Bulletin). Contributors were university professors and other scholars, and the early years saw Bulletins that were a mixture of handwritten and typed articles (of varying layouts).[4] Many of the contributors later appeared in the later, "more polished" journals listed here.
- Baháʼí Studies (a French-English bilingual publication, full name on the journal's cover is Études Baháʼí Studies)
- published 19?? to 1987, in Ottawa, by the Canadian Association for Studies on the Baháʼí Faith[5]
- the Canadian association, and its journal, changed names in 1988 − see next bullet...
- The Journal of Baháʼí Studies (a French-English-Spanish trilingual publication)
- published since 1988, in Ottawa, by the Association for Baháʼí Studies (North America), an agency of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of Canada.[6]
- Baháʼí Journal of the Baháʼí Community of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland or Baháʼí Journal UK some issues of which were digitized and is preserved online.[7] [8] Then the periodical was redone and called the UK Baha'i Journal.
- Baháʼí Studies Review
- H-Bahai Digital Publications Series − published by H-Bahai, consisting of Occasional Papers in Shaykhi, Babi and Baha'i Studies; Research Notes in Shaykhi, Babi and Baha'i Studies; Documents on the Shaykhi, Babi and Baha'i Movements; and Translations of Shaykhi, Babi and Baha'i Primary Texts
- Irfan Colloquia, consisting of Safini-yi 'Irfán: Papers Presented at the ʻIrfán Colloquia (in Persian); Lights of ʻIrfán: Papers Presented at the ʻIrfán Colloquia and Seminars (in English), and Beiträge des 'Irfán-Kolloquiums: 'Irfán-Studien zum Baháʼí-Schrifttum (in German)
- UK Baha'i Review, various issues of which were digitized and is preserved online[9]
- World Order Magazine (published 1935–1949 and 1966–2002)[10]
Academic chairs
Archives and collections
Baháʼí archives/collections
A number of collections of Baháʼí related materials are preserved around the world. Some are maintained at universities; the Baháʼí World Center, especially at the Centre for the Study of the Sacred Texts, the International Archives, and International Baháʼí Library, most National Baháʼí Assemblies and many local Baháʼí assemblies or institutions maintain their own archives.
Academic
- Ghassem Ghani[15] Collection, at Yale University,[16] 1800–1900, 3.5 linear feet (1 box, 2 folios) in Persian.
- Jamshed & Parvati Fozdar Collection at the National Library of Singapore.[17]
- Baron Victor Rosen's collection in the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg branch.[18] [19]
- Badiʼu'lláh and Muhammad Ali Bahaʼi Papers, 1901–1944, Burke Library Archives, Columbia University Libraries, Union Theological Seminary, New York[20]
- Hurqalya Publications: Center for Shaykhī and Bābī-Bahāʼī Studies by Stephen Lambden, University of California, Merced.[21]
Baháʼí sponsored
Publishing
A number of venues exist for publishing materials related to the Baháʼí Faith.[30] Many national assemblies have their own publishing trust and there are a few publishing houses that run more or less independently. Among them are:
- BahaiBookStore.com[31] the Baháʼí Distribution Service acting as an agency of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States
- BahaiBooksUK is the publishing trust of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United Kingdom.[32]
- BahaiBooks is the publishing trust of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of Australia, founded in 1976.[33]
- Baha'i Publishing Trust of India.[34]
- Oneworld Publications[35] founded in 1986 in the UK[36] has published Baha'i books.[37]
- Kalimát Press[38] is a small, privately owned Baha'is publishing company.
- Baháʼí Encyclopedia Project was also established by the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States for invited scholars to contribute scholarly articles.[39]
Scholarship
Starting in the earliest days of Bábísm, viewed by Baháʼís as the predecessor to their own religion,[40] scholarship on the religion has been produced.
While there were previous Iran or near-Iranian sources of scholarship of the religion in early periods, wide-ranging publications covering mostly western literature include Moojan Momens' 1981 The Babi and Baha'i Religions, 1844–1944: Some Contemporary Western Accounts, William Collins' 1992 Bibliography of English-language works on the Bábí and Baháʼí faiths, 1844–1985,[41] and MacEoin's annotated bibliography borrowing heavily from Collins' work.[42] There is also the Resource Guide for the Scholarly Study of the Baháʼí Faith by Robert Stockman and Jonah Winters published in 1997,[43] focusing more on later works. Mostly these works explicitly ignored newspaper accounts.
19th century
A wide variety of accounts, encounters and investigations began to circulate outside of Persia as events began to unfold from the Spring of 1844 with the Declaration of the Báb. Initially viewed as an Iranian development and often through Christian missionary perspectives, the growth of religion[44] would soon far transcend that limited perspective.
- Diplomatic reports on Bábí activities begins January 8, 1845 concerning the fate of Mullá ʿAli-e Bastāmi. These were exchanges between Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baronet who wrote first to Stratford Canning, 1st Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe.
- Newspaper accounts in the West began November 1, 1845, in The Times of London.[45] Followed November 15 by the Literary Gazette[46] which was subsequently echoed widely.[47] This earliest coverage does not mention the Báb − instead it covers an episode related in The Dawn-Breakers, as first noted in a book by Hasan M. Balyuzi.[48] [49] Subsequent newspaper accounts occurred across Europe.[50]
- A number of articles were printed in 1848–9 in Journal de Constantinople in French near the time Battle of Fort Tabarsi. Before that in June 1848 a letter from May 1 was summarized.[51] [52] A series in March 1849 followed,[53] and another appeared separately in April in the Revue de l'Orient.[54] Momen believes this article in Revue de l'Orient to be from Dr. Ernest Cloquet. These accounts name the Báb. Accounts followed in English and French.[55]
- 1850 newspaper accounts mention the Báb having a "holy book",[56] and was followed through the Fall of 1850,[57] and as far as Australia and New Zealand late in the year.[58]
- The first paper on the religion was as a letter dated February 10, 1851 by Dr. Rev. Austin H. Wright to the American Oriental Society, then holding its meetings in Boston and published by the society June 14, 1851,[59] It was also published in a Vermont newspaper June 26, 1851,[60] and in a German newspaper in 1851 translated by his superior, Rev. Justin Perkins. It was also published in a South Carolinian newspaper in June 1865 on the front page.[61]
- In 1852 there was a clumsy fringe[62] attempted assassination of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar. Various aspects of the events that unfolded were reported in newspapers in the West over a period of time and referred to back in time occasionally. Mention occurs in a hard to find very early Persian newspaper,[63] while Western papers begin October 1852.[64] The French, 30 October 1852, citing the Journal de Constantinople of 14 Oct had a story mentioning the event.[65] This French entry in late October mentions some 400 Bábís being executed. By December coverage is talking about 20,000 or 30,000 being executed.[66] Comparisons with Emperor Nero and the Great Fire of Rome were made decades later.[67]
- A number of articles report Bábís west of Iran, in "Syria", in June 1853.[68]
- Henry Aaron Stern (1820–1885) wrote a book that mentions "Baba, the Persian socialist" for a couple pages in 1854.[69]
- Glimpses of Life and Manners in Modern Persia was published in London in 1856 by Mary Sheil and Sir Justin Sheil and on pp. 176–81, 273-82 made mention of events in 1849–1852.[70]
- was in Baghdad 1854–55 and was a professor of oriental literature in Berlin. In 1861 his work Reisen im Orient published an article "Achtzehntes Kapital/Aufenthalt in Bagdad" − which mentions Bábís briefly in one paragraph.[71]
- In 1865 the Dr. Jakob Eduard Polak published his first hand account of the attempted assassination of Shah in Das Land und seine Bewohner. It includes a significant witnessing of the death of Tahirih.[72] In 1865 two more significant works are produced. First, Frenchman Arthur de Gobineau wrote the first widely published and relatively extensive history of the religion. A third edition was printed in 1900 covering approximate pages 141-358 (217 pages) on the Bábí Faith.[73] It was the basis of much follow-up interest and accounts followed by others.[74] The work, while not very good did serve to get other scholars to follow along in their interests.[75] [76] The second was by Alexander Kasimovich Kazembek who published the first book as such under the pseudonym "Mirza Kazem-Beg" albeit in Russian.[77] He joined the American Oriental Society (see above) in 1851.[78] In 1866 a version of his work was then published in French by him − Bab et les Babis − as 219 pages across several editions of the Journal Asiatique.[79] Abbas Amanat notes a correction of Kazembek attempt at a biographical workup of the Báb[80] Additionally the 1865 edition of the American Annual Cyclopedia had an entry on "Persia" and on p. 696 includes a paragraph on Bábís.[81] And Adolphe Franck[82] wrote two papers in French printed in back to back issues of Journal des Savants − Nov[83] and Dec[84] 1865 − which reviewed Gobineau's works on "Babysm". Lastly, John Ussher published a memoir in 1865 based on notes of his travels in 1861 named A Journey from London to Persepolis with a few pages mentioning Bábí/Baháʼí events.[85]
- In 1866 British diplomat Robert Grant Watson published a history of the first 58 years of the 19th century of Persia and included 16 pages on Bábí/Baháʼí events.[86] [87] Frenchman Ernst Renan wrote The Origins of Christianity: The apostles in 1866 of which pages 299–301, 353 examines the Bábís through Gobineau and Kazembek and an attempt a first hand contact in Constantiniople.[88] The Nation published an article "A New Religion" in June.[89] It starts by mention of Renan's work and then focuses on Gobineau's account. A review of Gobineau in The Methodist Quarterly Review was published in July.[90]
- William Hepworth Dixon published a travel book with a history with commentary which mentions the Báb and "Babees" on several pages in 1867.[91] Adolphe Franck wrote Philosophie et Religion in 1867, a chapter of which − chapter vi, "Une Nouvelle Religion en Perse" − significantly reviews "Babysm", mostly based on Gobineau.[92] Oriental Mysticism, by Edward Henry Palmer, mentioned the Báb in a footnote on page 44, following Kazembek.[93]
- In 1868 "'Le Babysme'" by Michel Nicolas in Le Temps[94] [95] Other mentions that year include "BABYSME" in l'Annuaire encyclopédique of some 15 pages by "Al Bonneau",[96] and in the Universal History of Catholicism an article on Islam mentions Bábís.[97]
- In 1869 Stephen Greenleaf Bulfinch published followed the work of Renan.[98] [99] Then Edward Payson Evans wrote "Bab and Babism" for the magazine Hours at Home[100] Then Rev. Edwin Bliss[101] wrote "Bab and Babism" in the Missionary Herald.[102] Leo de Colange's 1869 Zell's Popular Encyclopedia included a 2-page entry on the religion named "Babism".[103] It was published in the June 23 Daily Evening Telegraph, of Philadelphia, p. 6[104] Another repeat appeared July 17 in Green Bay, Wisconsin.[105] "A New Religion" was published in All the Year Round, anonymously,[106] which was echoed in the Brooklyn Eagle, August 3, 1869, page 1.[107] The Hawaiian Gazette, Honolulu Oahu, Hawaii, Sept 8, 1869, p. 4, had a 3 paragraph summary on the religion.[108] Robert Arbuthnot wrote an article for the Contemporary Review.[109] Meanwhile, Annee Philosophique − Études Critiques Sur Le Mouvement Des Idées Génénerales, published in 1869, by F. Pillon (other parts by Ch. Renouvier) included "Une Nouvelle Religion en Asia" across 35 pages.[110] The Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art, August 21, 1869, carried a story "Reviews: The Philosophical Year and the Bábys"[111] looks at another journal, M. F. Pillon's Philosophical Annual.
- In about 1870 Michele Lessona wrote a book I Babi which was published in 1881 by Vincenzo Bona in Turin, Italy. Lessona had been a physician serving in Persia circa 1862 for a number of years where he learned of the Babis from a "Dávud Khán" as well as Gobineau. Polish writer had met Baháʼís in Baghdad. Later in the 1870s he wrote several articles covering its early history in Persia[112] − one of these was to defend the Baháʼí Faith against an erroneous article in another publication.[113] [114]
- In the rest of the 1870s more scattered mentions are made. In 1871 Thomas Chaplin intended to visit Baháʼu'lláh and had a couple-hour interview with ʻAbdu'l-Bahá and sent a letter to the editor printed in The Times.[115] Momen comments this seems to be the first extended commentary on Baháʼu'lláh in western newspapers. In 1872 "The Bâbys", The Church Missionary Intelligencer was published anonymously.[116] Augustus Henry Mounsey published A journey through the Caucasus and the interior of Persia which reviews events related to the Báb and Bábís.[117] In 1873 a couple of Christian missionary journals printed articles:The Colonial Church chronicle, and missionary journal[118] and Sunday at Home.[119] A General Sketch of the History of Persia by Clements Markham mentioned Bábí events in 1874.[120] A Babism entry was in The World's Progress; a Dictionary of Dates.[121] The Dublin University Magazine, March 1878, noted of Bábí events contextualizing work by Percy Bysshe Shelley.[122]
- Comparative sparse mentions continued in the 1880s though for the first time there is an academic conference called. First Adolfo Rivadeneyra traveled through Persia and in 1880 and published Viaje al Interior de Persia[123] Then on 5 and 12 December 1880 two conferences on the Bábí movement were given in Torino Italy by Michele Lessona.[124] Carla Serena traveled in Persia in 1877–78. She published several books and the one was Hommes et Choses en Perse which was published in 1883.[125] An article "Babysm" was then published in the Oxford National Encyclopedia for 1884.[126] Mary F Wilson (Jan 12, 1861 − June 1895?)[127] wrote a 21-page article "Story of the Bab" which was published in several magazines − Contemporary Review, Dec 1885,[128] and repeated in Littell's Living Age,[129] The Library Magazine,[130] and Eclectic Magazine.[131] Echoes and summaries were also printed in Australia,[132] and other places.[133] "Woman in the Ministry: An Appeal to Fact", by John Tunis, was published in Unity, May 9, 1885.[134] Persia: the land of the imams. A narrative of travel and residence, 1871–1885, published 1886, by American Presbyterian missionary James Bassett[135] [136] which was also reviewed in The New York Times, 9 May 1886[137] and The Inter Ocean in Chicago, Illinois.[138] Samuel Greene Wheeler Benjamin published Persia and the Persians in 1886[139] in America after being stationed in Persia from 1882 representing the US government. It was reprinted in London in 1887.[140] Reviews were published in various newspapers. Jane Dieulafoy traveled in Persia with her husband in 1880–81 and publishes an account visiting Baháʼís in 1887.[141] A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles has an article where "Babism" as here is the second definition.[142] "The Babis of Persia" was published the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, July − Oct, 1889.[143] The first entry by The Encyclopædia Britannica on Babi/Baha'i history occurred in 1889[144] which was repeated into 1893[145] and appears to be identical to the one in 1902.[146]
- Mentions begin to become more common in the 1890s. The first was by Robert Bruce called "News of the Month: In a Letter from Dr. Bruce of Persia…" by The Jewish Intelligence in August 1890. A "Babism" entry in Blackie's modern cyclopedia of universal information also appeared that year.[147] However the main development was the interest of Edward Granville Browne who investigated the Babis in Persia and then the prisoners sent west and began to publish about 1891 many times ultimately through about the 1920s. Among these were A Traveller's Narrative: Written to illustrate the episode of the Bab (1891),[148] A Year Among the Persians (1893).[149] Newspapers and magazines began to widely cover his work.[150] [151] [152]
- But other writers still were independently addressing Bábí and Baháʼí history as well. Isabella Bird briefly describes Bábís being attacked and taking refuge in a book Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan printed in 1891,[153] and Theodore Bent published "Village life in Persia" in Review.
- Thomas Henry Huxley mentions Bábism in Essays upon some Controverted Questions in 1892.[154] George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston in his Persia and the Persian Question comments on Bábí-"Behai" presence in Persia.[155] A posthumous work of George Thomas Bettany was published in 1892. It includes alittle more than a page on "Babism".[156] Anonymously "The Bab" was published in The Oxford Magazine 1892, and a "Catalogue and Descriptions of 27 Bábí Manuscripts" was published in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, July 1892.[157] Baron Roman Rosen published some articles based on his collection of materials first in "Some Remarks on the Bábí Texts Edited by Baron Victor Rosen" in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1892.[158] [159] This article was also reviewed in The New York Times, 5 June 1892, which names the author as Coutts Trotter.[160] [161]
- In 1893 Rev. Henry Harris Jessup delivered a talk at the Chicago Parliament of the World's Religions held at World's Columbian Exposition and quoted Browne's meeting with Baháʼu'lláh.[162] The Inter Ocean also published a survey of presentations at the Parliament with Rev. Jessup's presentation is included.[163] A few notable Baháʼís are noted to have been present for or heard of the presentation: Sarah Farmer (see Green Acre Baháʼí School) and Thornton Chase. The Right Rev Charles Stileman, Anglican clergyman, also published an article in 1893.[164] Meanwhile, the first Baháʼí to enter the United States was briefly noted in the New York Tribune.[165] According to Stockman he is the US in the summer of 1892.[166]
- Some newspapers lead of coverage of the Faith in 1894 start noting persecution of "Bahis".[167] An account of Frederic John Goldsmid reading at the Missionary conference of the Anglican Communion in the UK including quoting a translation by Browne from "Behá" was published in the Guardian.[168] "The Babis of Persia" article by M. Y. De Goeze, in The Missionary Review of the World followed.[169] "The Babis of Persia" by Rev P Z Easton, in The Missionary Review of the World appeared in the summer of 1894[170] along with "Wahabiism and Babism − Bibliography" in July.[171] A brief summary in the Sacramento Daily Union of religion in Persia mentions the Babis and the punishment they suffer under no protection of rank or standing.[172] JH Shedd also published "Babism: Its Doctrine and Relation to Mission Work" late in 1894.[173]
- James Strong, of Concordance fame, had been continuing work on a Cyclopedia begun in 1853. The 1895 edition of Vol 1 had an entry on "Babist".[174] Henry Edward Plantagenet[175] wrote a brief piece of his encounter with Baháʼí's in Haifa in the article "'Babism' in a UK journal The Academy.[176] Rev Samuel Graham Wilson mentioned the Bab and Babis on a few pages in his Persian life and customs in 1895.[177] A more general review but with more modern terminology appeared in the Delphos Daily Herald in Ohio.[178] This was followed in 1896 in the October edition of The Missionary Review of the World in "The Gospel Work in Persia".[179] Scotsman Thomas Edward Gordon published Persia Revisited which mentions the Bab and Bábís.[180]
- The pace of scholarly work expanded in 1896 with several further writers; Lepel Griffin, Friedrich Carl Andreas,[181] J. D. Rees,[182] Gaston Dujarric,[183] Canon Edward Sell,[184] Hugh Reginald Haweis,[185] The last was also summarized in a newspaper account 16 December 1896 in the Indiana Democrat.[186]
- Reverend James Thompson Bixby wrote a number of articles related to the Faith with the first being "Babism and the Bab" in the New World, December 1897,[187] Charles William Heckethorn,[188] and Áqá ʻAbdu'l-Ahad Zanjání wrote in "Personal Reminiscences of the Bábí Insurrection at Zanjân in 1850" for the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society.[189] Then "Some Notes on the Literature and Doctrines of the Hurufi Sect" mentioned Bábísm.[190] entry "Báb-ed-Din" in a dictionary closes out 1898.[191]
20th century
- 1900 Opens with Russian scholar H. Arakelian from his 1900 paper/lecture in French, "Le Bêbisme en Perse", at the September 5, 1900 meeting of the "International Congress of the History of Religions" held in Paris.[192]
- 1901 Has Edward Denison Ross writing an article for The North American Review called "Babism".[193] It appeared again in 1912 in Great Religions of the World in 1912 with a preface about ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's travels.[194]
- A.L.M. Nicholas, noted as "No European scholar has contributed so much to our knowledge of the life and teaching of the Báb as Nicolas. His study of the life of the Báb and his translations of several of the most important books of the Báb remain of unsurpassed value."[195]
- Stoyan Krystoff Vatralsky made some news circa 1899/1900[196] and wrote a paper in 1902 in the American Journal of Theology.[197] Baha'is have reviewed his work.[198]
- "The Missionary Outlook" by Rev. Courtenay H. Penn, followed in The Missionary Review August 1902[199]
- "Babism and the Babites", by Rev. Henry Harris Jessup was published in The Missionary Review October.[200]
- "A visit to the Prophet of Persia" by Philip Sidersky and Rev. S.K. Braun was published in The Missionary Review also in October.[201]
- In 1904 in Missions and Modern History: a study of the missionary aspects of some great movements of the nineteenth century, by Presbyterian minister Robert Elliott Speer was published.[202] Another couple articles totaling 139 pages by Dr. Paul Carus came out in the summer in the journal Open Court,[203] (and also had an advertisement by Kheiralla and MacNutt.)[204] There is a reply in the January 1905 edition of Open Court led by Carus' commentary adjusting some details and then publishing the rebuttal by Arthur Dodge.[205] An anonymous reprise and summary called "American; Babism in New York" followed in The Missionary Review in May 1906.[206] A. V. Williams Jackson then published Persia, Past and Present which has a couple pages on the Bábí/Baháʼí Faiths including brief mention of "Behaists" near Chicago.[207] Across Persia was then published in 1907 by Eliot Crawshay-Williams who travelled Persia in 1903 − chapter XX is about Bábí-Baháʼí history.[208] "Babism" had a section in the Orpheus: A General History of Religions, by Salomon Reinach in 1909.[209]
- As early as 1909, but more often since 1911, a column named "The Awaking of the Older Nations", by William T. Ellis, copyrighted to Joseph B. Bowles, began to appear in several newspapers.[210] Ellis was a secular journalist who investigated missionary activity of Christians around the world.[211] Some of the articles of the series covered the Baháʼí Faith. He appears to have encountered the religion in 1910 while ʻAbdu'l-Bahá was in Egypt[212] and his interview was reported in Star of the West, (then called Baháʼí News,) of January 1911.[213] The series mention of the religion runs into 1912.[214] The article often included a picture of some kind. He reports visiting ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's home in Haifa and not seeing Him there − that He was away. He went to Alexandria to catch ʻAbdu'l-Bahá there and refers to an Englishman serving as translator for the interview − this was Sydney Sprague (who mentioned Mary Hanford Ford's "The Oriental Rose" as well.) There is a considerable discussion of the teachings but with various errors as well.
- The February 1910 edition of Twentieth Century Magazine had an article by Baháʼí Helen Campbell profiling the social and economic views of the religion.[215] The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge has entries on Babism and Behaism by associate editor of the encyclopedia, George W. Gilmore, with nothing newer than 1906 in the bibliography.[216] The second, "Behaism", was by Margaret Bloodgood Peeke, "Inspectress-General of the Martinist Order of America" with nothing newer than 1906 in the bibliography.[217] Peeke had gone on to visit ʻAbdu'l-Bahá as a non-Baháʼí in 1899 and judged it to be "living the life" of the teachings of Jesus Christ.[218]
- In early 1911 unitarian minister Celia Parker Woolley advertised a meeting discussing the religion in the African newspaper The Chicago Defender.[219] In late 1911 Ethel Stefana Stevens published two articles in widely circulated magazines − Forthnightly Review,[220] and Everybody's Magazine.[221] a variety of 1911 mentions occur in newspapers − Ghodsea Ashrof emigratig,[222] conditions in Iran,[223] and specifically women's rights,[224] [225] Behaists/"TruthKnowers",[226] a large article about the coming of ʻAbdul'-Bahá to the West of his presence in Europe.[227] [228] Rev. Peter Z. Easton, a Presbyterian in the Synod of the Northeast in New York who was stationed in Tabriz, Iran from 1873 to 1880, did not have an appointment to meet ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in Bristol, UK.[229] [230] Easton attempted to meet and challenge ʻAbdu'l-Bahá and in his actions made those around him uncomfortable; ʻAbdu'l-Bahá withdrew him to a private conversation and then he left. Later he printed a polemic attack on the religion, Bahaism — A Warning, in the Evangelical Christendom newspaper of London.[231] and echoed.[232] The polemic was later responded to by Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl in his book The Brilliant Proof written in December 1911.[233]
- 1912 − A significant number of articles reviewed or mention ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's journeys to the West; see that article for significant mentions and reviews. However, separately, some mention the Faith of Abdu'l-Bahá before he came to the US such as by Gertrude Atherton[234] or a few mentions were made aside from coverage about ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. Lua Getsinger gave a talk on the religion that was noted in The Pacific Unitarian.[235] Tahirih was noted more than once.[236] The "Clio Information Club" hosted a talk by Howard MacNutt gave a talk in October as noted in the African American New York Age.[237] The first mention of the religion so far found in the Pittsburgh Courier occur when a "Mrs. Davis" held a meeting at her home for a club and the topic was the religion.[238] And there was mention in Australia.[239]
- In 1913 Persia, the Land of the Magi... was published by Samuel Kasha Nweeya.[240] Also in 1913 the article "Key to the Heaven of the Beyan or a Third Call of Attention to the Behaists or Babists of America" was published by August J. Stenstrand for the Illinois State Historical Society.[241]
- In the July 1914 edition of The Harvard Theological Review then Reverend Albert R. Vail published an article surveying the religion.[242] Part 1 of "Bahaism and the Woman Question", by Rev. Samuel G. Wilson, in October Missionary Review of the World.[243] and was followed by part 2 in December.[244] See Baháʼí Faith and gender equality.
- In 1915 Robert P. Richardson published his first article in the Open Court.[245] In 1916 Mary Bird mentioned the religion in a missionary light.[246] In 1917 Albert Vail, along with his wife Emily McClellan Vail, published a two volume set of books each with a chapter about the religion: "Heroic lives" for sixth grade curriculums with student and teacher notebooks.[247]
- ʻAbdu'l-Bahá died in 1921 and was a major event in the region with thousands attending the procession of the casket, and prominent local representatives of Muslim, Christian, and Jewish communities speaking on the occasion.[248] [249] Obituaries appeared in the New York,[250] Los Angeles[251] and elsewhere, based out of reports announced in London news.
- In 1924, American Ambassador to the Qajar dynasty of Persia, Robert Imbrie was killed on suspicion of being a Baháʼí.[252]
- Juan Cole − historian, Richard P. Mitchell Collegiate Professor of History at the University of Michigan.
- Denis MacEoin − historian, Senior Fellow at the Gatestone Institute and a Fellow at the Middle East Forum.
- William McElwee Miller − missionary, Christian minister, and translator.
- Suheil Bushrui[253] was a professor, author, poet, critic, translator, and peace maker as a prominent scholar in regard to the life and works of Kahlil Gibran, published more than one volume about him,[254] [255] and served as the Kahlil Gibran Chair for Values and Peace at the University of Maryland[256] [257] and winner of the Juliet Hollister Awards from the Temple of Understanding.[258]
21st century
See also
Further reading
Notes and References
- Web site: Association for Baháʼí Studies .
- Web site: Baháʼí Library Online .
- Web site: WA Baha'i History Museum ranked #2 best museum in Western Washington . February 2016 . The U District Partnership Newsletter . October 3, 2016.
- Mission Statement (?) (volume 3, issue 4, inner-cover/page 1) . Baháʼí Studies Bulletin and Monographs, 1982-1993 (A single PDF of all volumes) . 522 . Stephen . Lambden . Stephen Lambden @ University of Newcastle upon Tyne . Newcastle upon Tyne.
- (for example) The Bahá'í Faith in Russia: Two Early Instances . Études Baháʼí Studies . 5 . January 1979 . . Canadian Association for Studies on the Baháʼí Faith . 2020-10-10 . Bahá'í Library Online.
- Web site: The Journal of Baháʼí Studies . Association for Baháʼí Studies (North America) . National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of Canada . 2020-10-11.
- Web site: The Baha'i Journal UK - Index to issues published on-line . www.bahaijournal.org.uk . 12 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080209213354/http://www.bahaijournal.org.uk/archives.htm . 9 February 2008 . dead.
- Web site: Bahá'í Journal of the United Kingdom.
- Web site: UK Bahá'í Review Spring 2005 . www.bahai.org.uk . 12 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100814192907/http://www.bahai.org.uk/uk_review/ . 14 August 2010 . dead.
- http://wilmetteinstitute.org/world-order-magazines-topical-index-now-available-on-the-wilmette-institute-website/ World Order Magazine's "Topical Index" Now Available on the Wilmette Institute Website
- Web site: Baha'I Chair for Studies in Development . Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya . September 28, 2016.
- Web site: Bahai Chair for World Peace . University of Maryland . September 28, 2016 .
- Web site: Moshe Sharon . . Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Humanities, Chair in Baha'i Studies . September 28, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170202001936/http://www.hum.huji.ac.il/english/units.php?cat=3479&incat=0 . February 2, 2017 . dead .
- http://gulfc2.haifa.ac.il/index.php?option=com_content&task=category§ionid=8&id=61&Itemid=31 Lecture Series in Baha'i Studies
- http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gani- Ghassem Ghani
- http://drs.library.yale.edu/HLTransformer/HLTransServlet?stylename=yul.ead2002.xhtml.xsl&pid=mssa:ms.0235&clear-stylesheet-cache=yes Ghassem Ghani collection
- http://www.nlb.gov.sg/donors/jamshed-parvati-fozdar-collection/ Jamshed & Parvati Fozdar Collection
- http://www.orientalstudies.ru/eng/images/pdf/p_wmo_2_2015_08_ioannesyan.pdf The St. Petersburg 19th c. Collection of Materials on the Babi and Bahaʼi Faiths: Primary and other Sources
- http://irfancolloquia.org/54/ioannesyan_petersburg The St. Petersburg 19th Century Orientalist Collection of Materials on the Babi and Baha'i Faiths: Primary and Other Sources
- http://library.columbia.edu/content/dam/libraryweb/locations/burke/fa/mrl/ldpd_4492535.pdf Badiʼu'lláh and Muhammad Ali Bahaʼi Papers, 1901–1944
- http://hurqalya.ucmerced.edu/ Hurqalya Publications: Center for Shaykhī and Bābī-Bahāʼī Studies
- https://bnl.follettdestiny.com/common/welcome.jsp?context=saas16_1208724 Welcome to National Bahai Archives, US
- http://wilmetteinstitute.org/catalog-for-the-national-bahai-library-now-available/ Catalog for the U.S. National Baháʼí Library Now Available
- http://eliotbahai.mainememory.net/page/2341/display.html Eliot Baha'i Archives
- https://www.facebook.com/Los-Angeles-Bahai-Archives-600786379946901/ Los Angeles Baha'i Archives
- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCq8f_v7hEL8usKhR43QwwfA Los Angeles Baha'i Center
- https://www.loc.gov/rr/main/religion/bow.html Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of Washington, D.C. Archives
- http://news.bahai.org/story/1040 Outstanding collection of Baha'i literature finds permanent home
- http://www.afnanlibrary.org Afnan Library Online
- Web site: Publishing Houses and Journals . 2016 . Bahai-library.com . October 3, 2016.
- http://www.bahaibookstore.com/ BahaiBookStore.com
- http://www.bahaibooks.org.uk/PBCPPlayer.asp?ID=1212825 About Us
- http://www.bahaibooks.com/aboutus About Us
- http://www.bahaipublishingtrust.in/ Baha'i Publishing Trust, New Delhi, India
- https://oneworld-publications.com/ Oneworld Publications
- https://oneworld-publications.com/about About Us
- https://oneworld-publications.com/books/non-fiction/religion/baha-i.html Baha'i books
- http://www.kalimat.com/ Kalimát Press
- http://www.bahai-encyclopedia-project.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=58&Itemid=56 Baháʼí Encyclopedia Project
- Book: Christopher Buck . . W. J. Hanegraaff . P. Pratap Kumar . Studies in Modern Religions and Religious Movements and the Babi/Baha'i Faiths . The eschatology of globalization: the multiple-messiahship of Baháʼulláh revisited. http://christopherbuck.com/pdf/Buck_2004_Globalization.pdf . Brill Academic Publishers . Mumen Book Series, Studies in the history of religions . CIV . August 2004 . 143–173 . 9789004139046 .
- Book: William P. Collins. Bibliography of English-language works on the Bábí and Baháʼí faiths, 1844–1985. 29 April 2013. 1990. G. Ronald. 978-0-85398-315-6.
- Web site: MacEoin . Denis. The Babi and Baha'i Religions: An Annotated Bibliography . Greenwood Press's ongoing series of Bibliographies and Indexes in Religious Studies . October 3, 2016 .
- http://bahai-library.com/stockman_winters_resource_guide Resource Guide for the Scholarly Study of the Baháʼí Faith
- Book: Johnson, Todd M. . Brian J. Grim . The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography . Global Religious Populations, 1910–2010 . John Wiley & Sons. 26 March 2013. 59–62. https://books.google.com/books?id=CkFVF8nFiqkC&pg=PA59. 10.1002/9781118555767.ch1. 9781118555767.
- Robert Cadwalader. World Order. "Persia": An Early Mention of the Báb. October 2, 2016. 1977.
- https://books.google.com/books?id=UcdLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA757 "Mahometan Schism"
- for example see:
- "Mahomedan Schism", Vermont Watchman and State Journal, February 19, 1845, p. 4, second column, top
- "Mahometan Schism", Signal of Liberty, p. 3, center top of full page view
- "Mahometan Schism", The Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature, Science, and Art, January/February 1846, p. 142, bottom left then top of right columns
- "A modern Mahomet", Boon's Lick Times, April 4, 1846, p. 1, fourth column, halfway down
- "Mahometan Schism", Morning Chronicle, April 4, 1846, p. 4, 5th column, top, as highlighted
- "Mahometan Schism", South Australian, April 7, 1846 p. 3, bottom of second column, top of next, as highlighted
- "Persia", South Australian Register, April 11, 1846, p. 3, 5th column near bottom, as highlighted
- "Mahometan Schism", New Zealand Spectator Cook's Strait Guardian, July 15, 1846, p. 3, near bottom of text selection
- Book: Hasan M. Balyuzi. Hasan M. Balyuzi. The Báb: The Herald of the Day of Days. 31 January 1973. G. Ronald. 978-0-85398-054-4.
- https://books.google.com/books?id=sUYlAQAAIAAJ&q=London+Times "Persia": An Early Mention of the Báb
-
- http://bahai-library.com/pdf/journal-de-constantinople/ocr-ed_pdfs/1848/journal_constantinople_1848-06-21_p1.pdf D'apres notre correspondance de Perse, datée de Teheran, 1 mai…(pt 1)
- http://bahai-library.com/pdf/journal-de-constantinople/ocr-ed_pdfs/1848/journal_constantinople_1848-06-21_p2.pdf D'apres notre correspondance de Perse, datée de Teheran, 1 mai…(pt 2)
- Nouvellees de Perse, Journal de Constantinople, March 24, 1849, p. 1, bottom fourth column, above middle
- Aux détails sur la Perse…, Journal de Constantinople, March 29, 1849, p. 1, bottom second column, top third
- http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k106650d/f276.highres second part of "'Perse'." Revue de l'Orient (Paris) 5 (2ème serie 1849) page 264
- "Turkey", Morning Post, 12 April 1849, p. 7, 1st column, near middle
- "Persia", London Daily News, 23 April 1849, p. 5, 4th column, near top
- "The Levant Mail", Glasgow Herald, 7 May 1849, p. 2, 2nd column, below middle
- "Persia", London Standard, 7 June, p. 3, 2nd column, near bottom
- "Persia", London Daily News, 21 June 1850, p. 4
- Turkey, London St James Chronicle Whiteltall And General Evening Post, July 16, 1850, p. 2, 5th col, above bottom
- (unreadable title), Morning Post, London, England, 18 July 1850, p. 5
- A new religious sect, London Magnet, August 5, 1850, p. 6, 2nd col, above bottom
- Two at Early mention of Bábís in western newspapers, summer 1850, Church and State Gazette, Middlesex, London, 1850-07-19, p. 3 and Tioga Eagle, Wellsborough, Pennsylvania, 1850-08-21, p. 3
- A new religious sect, Pittsburgh Daily Post, (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), 21 August 1850, Page 2
- New Religious Sect, The Sabbath Recorder, August 22, 1850, p. 38, 6th col, down from top
- A new religious sect…, New York Daily Tribune, August 7, 1850, p. 6, 2nd col, bottom
- Perse, Revue de l'Orient, (Paris) August 1850, page 124
- New Sect, Brooklyn Daily Eagle, September 12, 1850, p. 2, 3rd col., mid
- A Persian has formed…, Oshkosh Democrat, (Oshkosh, Wisconsin), 22 November 1850, Page 2
- New Sect in Persia Allens, Indian Mail, London, UK, October 21, 1850, p. 19
- New Sect in Persia Allens, Indian Mail, London, UK, October 21, 1850, p. 19
- http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article4765857 English News
- American Oriental Society . The Literary World . 8 . 228 . 470 . June 14, 1851 . .
- News: Austin H. Wright . . A New Prophet . Green Mountain Freeman . Montpelier Vermont . 1 . June 26, 1851 . March 12, 2015.
- News: Bab - A curious history . The Daily Phoenix . Columbia, South Carolina . 1 . 16 June 1865 . March 9, 2015 .
- Momen . Moojan . 143581508 . Millennialism and Violence: The Attempted Assassination of Nasir al-Din Shah of Iran by the Babis in 1852 . Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions . 12 . 1 . 57–82 . August 2008 . 10.1525/nr.2008.12.1.57 . 10.1525/nr.2008.12.1.57 .
- https://translate.google.com/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.akhbar-rooz.com%2Farticle.jsp%3FessayId%3D47104&edit-text= (Google Translate) "Baha'i Babi - and discrimination in the historiography"
- "Persia", Morning Chronicle, p. 14, October 1, 1852
- http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k4496262 Des Nouvelles de Perse
- http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/search/results?basicsearch=%22babs%20was%20awful%2C%20and%20that%2020%2C000%20or%2030%2C000%22&phrasesearch=%22babs%20was%20awful%2C%20and%20that%2020%2C000%20or%2030%2C000%22&sortorder=score&o=date&d=asc "Turkey"
- http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SDU18740214.2.34 The Shah of Persia
- Poetical Rebellions, Church And State Gazette, June 3, 1853, London, Middlesex, p. 9, at the end of the article, right col, below top
- Foreign Miscellany, Atlas, June 4, 1853, London, Middlesex, p. 3
- A New Religion, The Zanesville Courier, (Zanesville, Ohio), 18 June 1853 • Page 2
- (untitled) The Times-Picayune, (New Orleans, Louisiana), 20 June 1853 • Page 1
- (untitled), The Times-Picayune, (New Orleans, Louisiana), 21 June 1853, p. 4
- Book: Henry Aaron Stern. Dawnings of light in the East. 1854. Purday. 261–262.
- Book: lady Mary Leonora Woulfe Sheil. Sir Justin Sheil. Sir Justin Sheil. Glimpses of Life and Manners in Persia. 1856. J. Murray. 176–81, 273–82.
- https://books.google.com/books?id=0mxCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA282 ""Bagdad. Babi's. Strassen. Häuser"
- https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_WBBOAAAAcAAJ Das Land und seine Bewohner
- https://archive.org/details/lesreligionsetle03gobiuoft Les religions et les philosophies dans l'Asie centrale
- Dean-Deibert . Margaret . Early Journalistic Reactions to the Baháʼí Faith: 1845–1912 . World Order . Summer 1978 . 17–27 . 1978 .
- http://bahai-library.com/bab_nicolas_terry_proofs Preface
- http://bahai-library.com/momen_encyclopedia_browne Browne, Edward Granville
- http://bahai-library.com/momen_encyclopedia_scholarship_survey Baha'i Faith, Scholarship on
- http://unesco.mfa.gov.az/content/38 The list of anniversaries of historic events and of eminent personalities celebrated by the Republic of Azerbaijan with which UNESCO is associated
- Momen notes them in April–May, June, August–September and October–November. See:
- Bab et les Babis, Journal asiatique, Publisher Société asiatique, April–May 1866, pp. 329–384.
- Bab et les Babis, Journal asiatique, Publisher Société asiatique, June 1866, pp. 457–522.
- Bab et les Babis, Journal asiatique, Publisher Société asiatique, August–September 1866, pp. 196–252.
- Bab et les Babis, Journal asiatique, Publisher Société asiatique, October–November 1866, pp. 357–400.
- Book: Amanat, Abbas . Abbas Amanat . Resurrection and renewal: the making of the Babi movement in Iran, 1844-1850 . Cornell University Press . G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series . 1989 . registration . 978-0-8014-2098-6 . 110 .
- https://books.google.com/books?id=SCUNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA696 "Persia"
- see Adolphe Franck, Jewish Encyclopedia
- http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k54673t/f666.image.langEN "Premie article" as a review of Gobineau
- http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k54673t/f768.image "Deuxième et Dernier Article" as a review of Gobineau
- Book: John Ussher. A Journey from London to Persepolis. 1865. Hurst and Blackett. 627–629.
- http://bahai-library.com/watson_history_persia_1858 A History of Persia from the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century to the Year 1858
- https://archive.org/stream/ahistorypersiaf00grangoog#page/n363/mode/2up A History of Persia from the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century to the Year 1858
- https://books.google.com/books?id=V7MLR8OBo_YC&pg=PA299 The Origins of Christianity: The apostles
- https://books.google.com/books?id=GRMcAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA793 A New Religion
- https://books.google.com/books?id=-7YRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA467 "Foreign Intelligence… France"
- http://name.umdl.umich.edu/acp3126.0001.001 New America
- https://archive.org/stream/philosophieetre01frangoog#page/n303/mode/2up "Une Nouvelle Religion en Perse"
- Book: E. H. Palmer. Oriental Mysticism 1867. 1 February 2003. Kessinger Publishing. 978-0-7661-4456-9. 43–44.
- "'Le Babysme'." by Michel Nicolas, Le Temps (Paris) (14 August 1868), p.3, col.2
- "'Le Babysme'." by Michel Nicolas, Le Temps (Paris) (19 August 1868), p.3, col.3
- "'Le Babysme'." by Michel Nicolas, Le Temps (Paris) (20 August 1868), p.3, col.2
- Web site: MacEoin . Denis . Babi history. The Babi and Baha'i Religions: An Annotated Bibliography . Greenwood Press's ongoing series of Bibliographies and Indexes in Religious Studies . Oct 2, 2016 .
- http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k57385563/f136.image "BABYSME"
- http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5819690g/f34.image.langEN "L'Islamisme"
- Studies in the evidences of Christianity (1869) by Stephen Greenleaf Bulfinch out of Boston, pp. 129 – 140.
- https://archive.org/stream/cu31924031235546#page/n141/mode/2up/search/babism Babism
- https://books.google.com/books?id=buERAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA210 "Bab and Babism"
- see Edwin Bliss
-
- https://books.google.com/books?id=VwFQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA190 "Babism"
- http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025925/1869-06-23/ed-1/seq-6.pdf Daily Evening Telegraph
- https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5730632/zells_new_encyclopedia_article_on/ Babism
- anonymous . A New Religion . All the Year Round . 149–154 . July 17, 1869 . April 29, 2013.
- https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2077084/babibahai_profile_originally_from/ A New Religion
- http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025121/1869-09-08/ed-1/seq-4.pdf "A New Religion"
- Book: Contemporary Review. 4 April 2013. 1869. Review. 581–601.
- https://archive.org/stream/anneephilosophi01pillgoog#page/n230/mode/2up "Une Nouvelle Religion en Asia"
- https://books.google.com/books?id=lIk_AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA254 "Reviews: The Philosophical Year and the Bábys"
- Web site: History in Poland . Official Webpage of the Baháʼís of Poland . National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of Poland . 2008 . 2009-03-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090124040759/http://www.bahai.org.pl/?page_id=5 . 2009-01-24 . dead.
- News: Jasion . Jan T. . The Polish Response to Soviet Anti-Baháʼí Polemics . Associate . Association for Baháʼí Studies (English-Speaking Europe) . Winter 1999 . 29 . 1999 . dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120215202703/http://www.breacais.demon.co.uk/abs/associate/a29/page4.htm . 2012-02-15 .
- Encyclopedia: Momen . Moojan . Russia . Draft for "A Short Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith" . Baháʼí Library Online . 2008-04-14.
- https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21161/the_times/ "The Babs of Persia"
- https://archive.org/details/churchmissionar01varigoog/page/n179 "The Bábys"
- Book: Augustus Henry Mounsey. A journey through the Caucasus and the interior of Persia. 31 May 2013. 1872. Smith, Elder & co.. 103–107.
- https://books.google.com/books?id=CigEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA207 "The Church of England in Persia"
- Book: The Sunday at Home. 1 June 2013. 1873. Religious Tract Society. circa p. 439.
- https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_XWIVAAAAQAAJ/page/n535 A General Sketch of the History of Persia
- https://archive.org/details/worldsprogressdi01putn/page/8 "Babism"
- Book: The Dublin University Magazine. 1 June 2013. 1878. William Curry, Jun., and Company. 264–.
- see Viaje al interior de Persia, by Adolfo Rivadneyra, 1880.
- http://bahai-library.com/savi_encyclopedia_italy Italy: History of the Baha'i Faith
- See Formation de la Secte des babi in Hommes et choses en Perse, by Carla Serena, published by Charpentier, 1883
- Book: National cyclopaedia. The national encyclopædia. Libr. ed. 1 June 2013. 1884. 142–.
- Book: Biographical Sketches of Representative Citizens of the State of Maine. 1903. New England Historical Publishing Company. 54.
- Book: The Contemporary Review. 21 May 2013. 1885. A. Strahan. 808–829.
- https://books.google.com/books?id=F3NRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA151 "Story of the Bab"
- https://books.google.com/books?id=Fs0kAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA137 "Story of the Bab"
- Book: The Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature, Science, and Art. 21 May 2013. 1886. Leavitt, Trow, & Company. 264–278.
- http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-page273658?zoomLevel=1 "December Magazines"
- http://tech.mit.edu/V5/PDF/N7.pdf "Noticeable Articles"
- https://books.google.com/books?id=f0IrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA92 "Woman in the Ministry: An Appeal to Fact"
- https://books.google.com/books?id=S2jhVDyef5EC Persia the Land of the Imams: A Narrative of Travel And Residence 1871 to 1885
- https://archive.org/details/persialandimams00bassgoog Persia the Land of the Imams: A Narrative of Travel And Residence 1871 to 1885
- "A Residence in Persia", The New York Times, 9 May 1886, p. 12, 5th column, down from top
- https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6860812/review_of_james_bassett_article_on/ "Literary; Triumphant Democracy - Persia, by James Bassett - The Country Banker…"
- https://books.google.com/books?id=xrQyAQAAMAAJ Persia and the Persians
- https://books.google.com/books?id=4bmamAEACAAJ Persia and the Persians
- Not sure what page the particular story takes place on but see La Perse, la Chaldée et la Susiane, by Jane Dieulafoy, 1887, p. 77...?
- https://books.google.com/books?id=r2pXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA606 "Babism"
- See The Bábís of Persia. I. Sketch of their History, and Personal Experiences amongst them, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (New Series) / Volume 21 / Issue 03 / July 1889, pp 485-526.
- see the index to the 1889 edition, p. 39, middle column near top.
- https://books.google.com/books?id=7zlKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA180 "Babi"
- http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/B/BAB/babi.html Babi
- https://books.google.com/books?id=DOpTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA329 "Babism"
- A Traveller's Narrative: Written to illustrate the episode of the Bab (1891)
- Book: Edward Granville Browne. A Year Amongst the Persians: Impressions as to the Life, Character, & Thought of the People of Persia, Received During Twelve Months' Residence in that Country in the Years 1887-1888. 1893. A. and C. Black.
- https://www.newspapers.com/clip/327945/browne_on_sufism_and_babiism_noted_in/ Religious Systems of the World
- Browne, Edward G, "The Assassination of Násiru'd-Dín Shah", New Review, June 1896
- "Mr. Browne in Persia", The Spectator, Dec 28, 1893
- https://books.google.com/books?id=wL82AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA486 "Notes"
- http://bahai-library.com/bird_journeys_persia_kurdistan Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan
- http://www.general-books.net/book.cfm?id=262296 Essays upon some Controverted Questions
- Book: Marquess George Nathaniel Curzon Curzon of Kedleston. Persia and the Persian Question. 31 May 2013. 1892. Longmans, Green & Company. 496–504.
- https://archive.org/stream/MN41892ucmf_0#page/n185/mode/2up Mohammedanism and other religions of Mediterranean countries
- (actually appeared in two segments - see Catalogue and Description of 27 Bábí Manuscripts, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (New Series) / Volume 24 / Issue 03 / July 1892, pp 433-499 and Catalogue and Description of 27 Bábí Manuscripts, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (New Series) / Volume 24 / Issue 04 / October 1892, pp 637-710
- http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=5716620&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0035869X00021717 Some Remarks on the Bábí Texts edited by Baron Victor Rosen in Vols. I and VI of the Collections Scientifiques de l'Institut des Langues Orientales de Saint-Pétersbourg
- https://books.google.com/books?id=-7grAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA644 Review of Reviews and World's Work
- see Coutts Trotter.
- https://www.newspapers.com/clip/20855/extended_unsourced_discussion_of_babi/ "A New Religion"
- http://bahai-library.com/jessup_neelys_history_religions The Religious Mission of the English-Speaking Nations
- https://www.newspapers.com/clip/309755/1st_newspaper_mention_bahaullahs/ Henry H. Jessup, D.D., Makes an Eloquent and Instructive Address
- Stileman, Charles, "A Week with the Babis", The Church Missionary Intelligencer, July 1893
- News: Mahometanism and Woman . New-York Tribune . New York, New York . 5 . 18 Dec 1893 . Jan 15, 2015.
- Book: Stockman
, Robert
. 1985 . Baha'i Faith in America: Origins 1892-1900 . Baha'i Publishing Trust of the United States . Wilmette, Ill. . 978-0-87743-199-2 . 2016-10-16 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080723120518/http://www.bahaibookstore.com/searchproducts.cfm . 2008-07-23 . dead .
- The Bahis of Persia, The Wayne County Herald, March 8, 1894, p. 8, 5th col down from top
- The Bahis of Persia, The Red Hook Journal, March 16, 1894, p. 1, 4th col down from top
- https://www.newspapers.com/clip/21302/review_of_islam_with_browne_quoted/ "Religions to be Dealt With"
- https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=CGUhAQAAMAAJ&rdid=book-CGUhAQAAMAAJ&rdot=1 Vol 17 is available as a free ebook
- https://books.google.com/books?id=CGUhAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA451 "The Babis of Persia"
- https://books.google.com/books?id=CGUhAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA529 "Wahabiism and Babism - Bibliography"
- http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cdnc/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SDU18940714.2.45&cl=search&srpos=36&dliv=none Religion of the Persians
- https://books.google.com/books?id=CGUhAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA894 "Babism - Its Doctrines and Relation to Mission Work"
- Book: McClintock . John . Strong . James. Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. 23 May 2013. 1895. Harper. 593–594. 9780405000201 .
- http://www.browningscorrespondence.com/biographical-sketches/?id=1584 Sophia Augusta Cottrell (1823–1909) & Henry Cottrell (1811–71)
- note several source point to a Syracuse version - it is believed this is an error.
- Henry Edward Plantagenet . Babism . The Academy: A Weekly Review of Literature, Science, and Art . 47 . 1192 . 220 . March 9, 1895 . February 9, 2015 .
mentioned in Christopher Buck . Youli A. Ioannesyan . 143217964 . Baha'u'llah's Bisharat (Glad-Tidings): A Proclamation to Scholars and Statesmen . . 16 . 1 . 3–28 . 1 April 2010 . 10.1386/bsr.16.3/1 .
- Book: Samuel Graham Wilson. Persian life and customs: with scenes and incidents of residence and travel in the land of the lion and the sun. 31 May 2013. 1895. F.H. Revell Co.. 12, 62, 146, 174, 185–6, 221, 259, 260, 291.
- https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22012/muslims_and_babis_noted/ "Religion of the Persians"
- The Missionary Review of the World. The Gospel in Persia. Samuel G. Wilson. October 1896. 730–731.
- Book: Sir Thomas Edward Gordon. Persia Revisited (1895). 31 May 2013. 1896. E. Arnold. 81–92.
- https://books.google.com/books?id=9RgIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP3 Die babi's in Persien
- Book: The Nineteenth Century. 40 . "The Bab and Babism" . https://books.google.com/books?id=RtwaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA56 . 1896. Henry S. King & Company. 56–66. James Knowles. JD Rees.
- http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k55053261/f111.image Notes sur le Bâbysme
- http://bahai-library.com/sell_the_babis The Babis
- Book: The Contemporary Review. 4 April 2013. 1896. A. Strahan. 73–77 . Talk with a Persian Statesman . https://books.google.com/books?id=h5PQAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA73.
- https://www.newspapers.com/clip/242814/the_babis/ The Mohammedan Messiah
- James T. Bixby . James Thompson Bixby . Babism and the Bab . The New World; A Quarterly Review of Religion, Ethics, and Theology . 6 . 24 . 722–750 . December 1897 . May 22, 2015 .
- https://books.google.com/books?id=mGhCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA263 "The Babis"
- http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=5734464&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0035869X00025004 Personal Reminiscences of the Bābī Insurrection at Zanjān in 1850
- http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=5696344&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0035869X00146209 Some Notes on the Literature and Doctrines of the Ḥurūfī Sect
- https://books.google.com/books?id=93gOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA55 "Báb-ed-Din"
- H. . Arakélian . Le Bêbisme en Perse . International Congress for the History of Religions; Actes du premier Congrès international d'histoire des religions, réuni à Paris, du 3 au 8 septembre 1900 à l'occasion de l'Exposition universelle. 1 . 93–104 . September 5, 1900 . Paris, FR . October 12, 2016.
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/25105157 "Babism"
- http://bahai-library.com/ross_babism Babism
- http://bahai-library.com/momen_work_alm_nicolas The Work of A.L.M. Nicolas (1864–1937)
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- https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3154030.pdf?acceptTC=true Mohammedan Gnosticism in America
- Book: Moojan Momen. Studies in Bábí and Baháʹí History. 1982. Kalimat Press. 978-1-890688-45-5. 95–96, 136, 203, 213, 225–255.
- https://books.google.com/books?id=lMtWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA586 "The Missionary Outlook"
- https://books.google.com/books?id=lMtWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA771 "Babism and the Babites"
- https://books.google.com/books?id=lMtWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA775 "A visit to the Prophet of Persia"
- http://www.general-books.net/book.cfm?id=223727 Missions and Modern History: a study of the missionary aspects of some great movements of the nineteenth century
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- Beha Ullah (advertisement) . The Open Court . 18 . 6 . June 1904 . October 16, 2016. Carus . Paul .
- Arthurd Dodge . Paul Carus . The Behaist Movement . The Open Court . 19 . 1 . 54–63 (download only) . January 1905 . October 16, 2013.
- https://books.google.com/books?id=8StXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA391 "American; Babism in New York"
- https://archive.org/stream/persiapastpresen01jack#page/48/mode/2up Persia, Past and Present
- Book: E. Crawshay Williams. Across Persia. 1907. Edward Arnold.
- https://archive.org/details/orpheusageneral00simmgoog/page/n186 "Chapter VI, The Musulmans"
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- Book Review of "Men and Missions" by William T Ellis . Improvement Era . XIII . 4 . 369–370 . February 1910 . September 25, 2014.
- https://www.newspapers.com/clip/3692979/article_by_william_ellis_on_bahai/ In "Behaism" Syria offers strange new religion to the world
- http://starofthewest.info/viewer.erb?vol=01&page=299 From Mr. Sydney Sprague
- The Awaking of the Older Nations, by William T. Ellis, Coatesville Herald, November 9, 1911, p. 2, 2nd-4th columns and picture
- The Awaking of the Older Nations, by William T. Ellis, Poseyville News, November 10, 1911, p. 6, left three cols
- The Awaking of the Older Nations, Mechanicville Saturday Mercury, November 11, 1911, p. 3, 2nd-4th cols
- The Awaking of the Older Nations, Escanaba Morning Press(Escanaba, Michigan)12 November 1911 • Page 7
- The Awaking of the Older Nations, by William T. Ellis, Portville Review, Portville NY, November 14, 1911, p. 2, 2nd-4th cols
- The Awaking of the Older Nations, by William T. Ellis, Martinsville Democrat, November 24, 1911, p. 4, left three columns and picture
- The Awaking of the Older Nations, by William T. Ellis, Tooele Transcript, December 29, 1911, p. 3, left three col (manually click page 3 on the right)
- The Awaking of the Older Nations, by William T. Ellis, Duchesne County Newspapers, January 5, 1912, p. 6, left three cols (manually click on page 6 on the right)
- The Awaking of the Older Nations, by William T. Ellis, Poseyville News, January 19, 1912, p. 6, left three cols
- The Awaking of the Older Nations, by William T. Ellis, Sheyboygan Press, p. 7, left three cols
- The Awaking of the Older Nations, by William T. Ellis, The Checotah Times(Checotah, Oklahoma)2 February 1912 • Page 2
- The Awaking of the older nations, by William Ellis, Westmoreland Recorder (Westmoreland, Kansas) 29 February 1912, Thu • Page 7
- The Awaking of the Older Nations, by William T. Ellis, The Mancelona Herald, published by Joseph B. Bowles, November 16, 1911, p. 6, 2nd through 4th columns with picture
- The Awaking of the Older Nations, Grand Rapids Tribune, November 13, 1912, p. 12, left three cols
- https://archive.org/stream/twentiethcentur35unkngoog#page/n481/mode/2up A new economic movement and young Persia
- (warning, slow download) Encyclopedia: George W. Gilmore . Babism . The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge . Samuel MacCauley Jackson. Charles Colebrook Sherman . George William Gilmore . 2 . 935–939 . republished by Christian Classics Ethereal Library . 1910–1911? . 1952 . October 16, 2013 .
- (warning, slow download) Encyclopedia: Margaret Bloodgood Peeke . Behaism . The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge . Samuel MacCauley Jackson. Charles Colebrook Sherman . George William Gilmore . 2 . 104–105 . republished by Christian Classics Ethereal Library . 1910–1911? . 1952 . October 17, 2016 .
- http://bahai-library.com/margaretpeeke_1899_abbaseffendi_visit My Visit to Abbas-Effendi in 1899
- "Frederick Douglass Center, 2032 Wabash Ave", The Chicago Defender, [Chicago, Ill] 29 April 1911: p. 1.
- https://books.google.com/books?id=4nzPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1067 Abbas Effendi: His personality, work, and followers
- http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015012320191;view=1up;seq=803 The light in the lantern
- https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1083336/bahai_ghodsea_ashrof_talks_at_meeting/ Ghodsea Ashrof speaks at Bahaists meeting
- http://fultonhistory.com/Process%20Small/Newspapers/Utica%20NY%20Saturday%20Globe/Utica%20NY%20Saturday%20Globe%201909-1911%20pdf/Utica%20NY%20Saturday%20Globe%201909-1911%20-%201105.pdf Growing Persian sect
- http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%209/New%20York%20NY%20Sun/New%20York%20NY%20Sun%201911%20a%20%20Grayscale/New%20York%20NY%20Sun%201911%20a%20%20Grayscale%20-%203630.pdf Women's rights in orient
- https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24991/babibahai_history/ "Women's Rights in Orient"
- http://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2021/Whitesville%20NY%20News/Whitesville%20NY%20News%201911-1913/Whitesville%20NY%20News%201911-1913%20-%200075.pdf How Christmas grew to be what it is toeay - waiting for the Messiah and a New Christmas
- http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2014/New%20York%20NY%20Herald/New%20York%20NY%20Herald%201911/New%20York%20NY%20Herald%201911%20-%205951.pdf The Coming of Abbas Effendi, Messiah of 6,000,000 Souls
- https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24994/babibahai_history/ "The Coming of the Abbas Effendi, Messia go 6,000,000 Souls"
- Web site: Minutes of the ... annual session of the Synod of New York . Presbyterian in the Synod of the Northeast . March 29, 1914 . 2010-03-14.
- Rev. Simpson . Albert B . Rev. Smith . Eugene R. . Persia Mission of the Presbytrian Church, Independent Mission Work In Persia and the Caucasus . The Gospel in All Lands . 04 . 4 . 175–177 . October 1881 . 2010-03-14 .
- Book: Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl Gulpáygání . 1912 . 1998 . The Brilliant Proof . Los Angeles . Kalimát Press . APPENDIX Bahaism – A Warning, by Peter Z. Easton .
- https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1054970/rev_eastons_challenge_to_abdulbaha/ Warns Americans against Baha
- Burhan-i-Lamiʻ (The Brilliant Proof): Published, along with an English translation, in Chicago in 1912, the paper responds to a Christian clergyman's questions. Republished as Book: Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl Gulpáygání . 1912 . 1998 . The Brilliant Proof . Los Angeles . Kalimát Press .
- https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2655500/mention_of_bahai_faith_in_fiction/ Love and Fire
- https://archive.org/stream/pacificunitarian2019111912wilb#page/153/mode/1up "The February meetings…"
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- https://www.newspapers.com/clip/286449/the_new_york_age/ The members and a few friends of the Clio Information Club
- News: The Aurora Reading club… . The Pittsburgh Courier . Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania . 5 . 4 October 1912 . October 17, 2016 .
- http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article23872168 "Bahaism"
- http://www.general-books.net/book.cfm?id=1758709 Persia, the Land of the Magi…
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/40193933 Editorial Notes
- http://bahai-library.com/vail_bahaism_contemporary_movement Bahaism: A Study of a Contemporary Movement
- https://books.google.com/books?id=v2QwAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA739 "Bahaism and the Woman Question"
- https://books.google.com/books?id=v2QwAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA915 "Bahaism and the Woman Question - II"
- Richardson . Robert P. . The Persian Revival to Jesus, and his American Disciples . The Open Court . 29 . 8 . 460–483 . August 1915 . October 17, 2016.
- http://anglicanhistory.org/me/ir/bird1916/03.html Mary Bird in Persia
- Heroic lives, (Student notebook) by Albert R. Vail and Emily McClellan Vail, Pub - Boston, Beacon Press, 1917
- Heroic lives, (Teacher notebook) by Albert R. Vail and Emily McClellan Vail, Pub - Boston, Beacon Press, 1917
- Book: Religious Bodies, 1936. 1941. U.S. Government Printing Office. 80.
- Book: Shoghi Effendi. The Passing of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá: A Compilation. 1991. Kalimat Press. 978-0-933770-82-9.
- https://www.newspapers.com/clip/444488/obit_of_abdulbaha_from_london_times/ Abdul Baha, religious leader, dies in Persia
- https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6313804/obit_and_picture_of_abdulbaha/ Bahai movement leader is dead
- Blood, Power, and Hypocrisy: The Murder of Robert Imbrie and American Relations with Pahlavi Iran, 1924 . April 21, 2014 . . Zirinsky . Michael . 18 . 3 . August 1986 . 275–292 . 10.1017/S0020743800030488. 145403501 .
- http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/type,QUERYRESPONSE,,LBN,41501c2b1c,0.html Lebanon: Situation of Baha'is
- Book: Kahlil Gibran, Man and Poet: a New Biography. 1998. Oneworld Publications. Bushrui, Suheil B.. Jenkins, Joe. 55. 978-1851682676.
- Book: Gibran, Khalil . 1983 . Blue Flame: The Love Letters of Khalil Gibran to May Ziadah . . Harlow, England . Longman. 978-0-582-78078-1.
- https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17997163 Kahlil Gibran's The Prophet: Why is it so loved?
- Web site: The Kahlil Gibran Chair for Values and Peace at the Center for Heritage Resource Studies The University of Maryland . Heritage.umd.edu . December 22, 2012 . dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120730115042/http://www.heritage.umd.edu/CHRSWeb/Gibran/Gibran_Chair_Report.htm . July 30, 2012 .
- Web site: Professor Suheil Bushrui Receives Juliet Hollister Award . Steinergraphics.com . August 20, 2003 . December 22, 2012 . dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130019/http://www.steinergraphics.com/bahaichair/news001.html . March 4, 2016 .
- Book: Margit Warburg. Margit Warburg. Citizens of the World: A History and Sociology of the Bahaʹis from a Globalisation Perspective. 2006. Brill. 978-90-04-14373-9.
- Book: Leigh Eric Schmidt. Restless Souls: The Making of American Spirituality. 6 August 2012. University of California Press. 978-0-520-95411-3.
- Journal of Religious History, Special Issue: Baha'i History . Journal of Religious History. 36 . 4 . Todd Lawson . December 2012 . 10.1111/jorh.2012.36.issue-4 .