Baháʼí Faith by country explained

The Baháʼí Faith formed in the late 19th century in the Middle East, later gaining converts in India, East Africa, and the Western world. Traveling promoters of the religion played a significant role in spreading the religion into most countries and territories during the second half of the 20th century, mostly seeded out of North America by the planned migration of individuals. The Baháʼí Faith was recognized as having a widespread international membership by the 1980s. ^[1] One author has asserted that Baháʼí Faith is the second-most geographically widespread religion after Christianity.

The Baháʼí World Centre estimated over a million Bahá'ís in 1965, 5 million in 1991, and about 8 million in 2020. The official agencies of the religion have focused on publishing data such as numbers of local and national spiritual assemblies, countries and territories represented, languages and tribes represented, schools, and publishing trusts, not the total number of believers.

Analyzing Baháʼí data on localities and activity levels, Danish sociologist Margit Warburg suggested that by 2001, registered Baháʼís reliably numbered over 5 million and that active participants numbered approximately 900,000 (18% of registered Baháʼís). Independent estimates, such as Encyclopædia Britannica and the World Christian Encyclopedia, have listed Baháʼí membership as over 7 million^[2] and described it as the fastest growing religion by percentage across the 20th century.

The number of Baháʼí adherents is difficult to estimate accurately. Few national Baháʼí communities have the administrative capacity to enumerate their members and Baháʼí membership data does not break out active participation from the total number of people who have expressed their belief. Due to its small size, few censuses or religious surveys include the Baháʼí Faith as a separate category and some government censuses count Baháʼís as Muslims or Hindus. Country-level detail from World Christian Encyclopedia (WCE), on which many estimates rely, counts declared Baháʼís along with sympathizers, leading to much higher counts than those of self-identifying Baháʼís.

Difficulties in enumeration

The fact that the religion is diffuse and proportionally small are major barriers to demographic research by outsiders. Even in the United States, where significant resources are dedicated to gathering data, the Baháʼí Faith is often omitted from religious surveys due to the high sample size required to reduce the margin of error. In the Middle East, especially Iran, Baháʼís face persecution, and the lack of Baháʼí administration makes it difficult to maintain a count.

Baháʼí authors Peter Smith and Moojan Momen, commenting on the difficulties of counting Baháʼís, wrote the following:

Definition of membership

Throughout the early development of the Baháʼí Faith in Iran and the West, Baháʼís often retained some of the religious identity that they converted from, many remaining members of churches and mosques. Later, Shoghi Effendi made it clear that the Baháʼí Faith was its own tradition with laws and institutions, and that Baháʼís could not remain members of other religions. The practice of maintaining membership rolls of believers began in the 1920s.

In the 1930s the Baháʼís of the United States and Canada began requiring new adherents to sign a declaration of faith, stating their belief in Baháʼu'lláh, the Báb, and ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, and affirming that there are laws and institutions to obey. The original purpose of signing a declaration card was to allow followers to apply for lawful exemption from active military service. The signature of a card later became optional in Canada, but in the US is still used for records and administrative requirements.

All local and national Spiritual Assemblies are expected to keep membership records that include declarations of faith and withdrawals, which are used for annual assembly elections. The Baháʼí system of membership thus has a system of contracting into the religion and some maintenance of the membership list is required for community functioning. Being removed from membership requires an opposite declaration of disbelief.^[3]

Children

A peculiar difficulty arises in counting Baháʼís because a tenet of the faith is that parents cannot choose the religion of their children and that 15 is the age of spiritual maturity when an individual can make the choice. Early membership rolls excluded children of Baháʼís and didn't even count them separately. In 1979 the Universal House of Justice requested that children be included separately for statistical purposes, matching the methodology of most censuses and surveys. Before that, membership rolls may have only indicated ages 21 or older (the age required for voting).

The change toward including children in statistics caused an increase in the total number of reported Baháʼís in the late 1980s, but has been consistent since.

Active vs inactive

Another difficulty arises from defining membership based on participation. The number of active participants in any religious movement will always be smaller than the number who profess belief. The prevailing norm in the Western world is that members of minority religious groups must be actively participating to be considered a member, and members of majority religious groups have a large number of passive adherents. Margit Warburg wrote,

Warburg also noted: "Baháʼís do not lose membership status just by being inactive."

In the 1980s the Baháʼís of the United States started including “address unknown” in their membership statistics; members designated as such may profess belief but are no longer participating in community life. For example, in its 2020 Annual Report the US National Spiritual Assembly had 177,647 registered Baháʼís of all ages, only 77,290 of which had good addresses, and 57,341 total participants in core activities, with 37% of attendees from outside of the Baháʼí population. The higher American number has been challenged because it includes some who no longer believe, but the lower number with good addresses does not include inactive Baháʼís who continue their belief. As author William Garlington noted,

Using activity data, Warburg estimated a percentage of activity in Baháʼí communities around the world and concluded that in 2001 there were reliably 5.1 million registered Baháʼís in the world and 900,000 active Baháʼís, or 18% of the total. The estimates on activity were broken out by continent: Europe 82% active, USA and Canada 71%, Australia and New Zealand 91%, Africa 22%, India 5%, Other Asia 26%, Latin America 13%, and Oceania 43%. On the question of whether the Baháʼí numbers are intentionally inflated, Warburg feels that the “numbers are not rooted in any sinister manipulation of data”.

Number of Baháʼís worldwide

Baháʼí sources

Recent

• In 2020, the Secretariat of the Universal House of Justice wrote, "on the basis of information received from Baháʼí communities across the world, and on reputable external sources", the current estimate for the number of Baháʼís worldwide is "about eight million", and Baháʼís reside in "well over 100,000 localities".
• A 1997 statement by the NSA of South Africa wrote: "…the Baháʼí Faith enjoys a world-wide following in excess of six million people."
• As early as 1991 official estimates were of "more than five million Baháʼís", which was still in use as of 2020.
• In 1989 the journal Religion published an article by Baháʼí authors Moojan Momen and Peter Smith. They observed that in the 1950s there were "probably in the region of 200,000 Baháʼís world-wide. The vast majority of these (over 90%) lived in Iran. There were probably fewer than 10,000 Baháʼís in the West and no more than 3,000 Baháʼís in the Third World, mostly India". By the end of the 1960s, they wrote, "we 'guestimate' that there may now have been about one million Baháʼís." And by 1988 they estimated about 4.5 million.
• A 1987 report, published in the United States Baháʼí News reported 3.62 million Baháʼís in 1979 and 4.74 million Baháʼís in 1986, a growth of 31% over the period, or 4.4% per year on average.
• The document The Promise of World Peace, produced by the Universal House of Justice in 1985, stated that the Bahá’í community has "some three to four million people".
• Baháʼí author Moojan Momen wrote in 2008, "In the early 1950s, there were probably some 200,000 Baháʼís in the world. This has increased to about a million by the late 1960s, about four and a half million by the late 1980s, and over five million by 2000s."

Before 1950

• The first known survey of the religion comes from an unpublished work in 1919–1920 gathered by John Esslemont and had been intended to be part of his well-known Baháʼu'lláh and the New Era. In it, consulting various individuals, he summarizes the religion's presence in Egypt, Germany, India, Iran, Iraq, Turkestan, and the United States. It did not arrive at a total but did have some regional statistics based on some individual reports.
• In 1867, 53 Baháʼís from Baghdad sent an appeal to the American Consul in Beirut for assistance in freeing Bahá'u'lláh from Ottoman captivity. According to missionary Henry Harris Jessup, "The petitioners claim that they number 40,000."

Other sources

2010 and newer

• The World Religion Database has estimated a worldwide Baháʼí population of 8,531,050 in 2020.^[2]
• In April 2017, The Economist reported that there were more than 7 million Baháʼís in the world.
• In 2016 the Yearbook of International Religious Demography 2016 noted just over 7.8 million Baháʼís in the world in 2015, having grown at an overall rate of 2.79% across the century 1910 to 2010. The countries with the largest Baháʼí populations in 2015 were, (starting with the largest): India, the US, Kenya, Viet Nam, Congo DR, Philippines, Zambia, South Africa, Iran and Bolivia, ranging upwards from 232,000 to just over 2 million in India.
• In 2016 the book 12 Major World Religions wrote, "Today it numbers at least 5 million adherents and possibly more."
• In 2013 the book The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography wrote, "The Baha'i Faith is the only religion to have grown faster in every United Nations region over the past 100 years than the general population; Bahaʼi was thus the fastest-growing religion between 1910 and 2010, growing at least twice as fast as the population of almost every UN region."
• In 2011, Bei Dawei said in an academic conference presentation that the Baháʼí Faith had "several hundred thousand" adherents. He noted that "estimates of five, six, or seven million are more usually encountered" but said that these estimates are projections based on self-reporting by Baháʼís and that the national figures they are based on "tend to exceed apparent Bahá'í activity by whole orders of magnitude."^[4]
• In 2010, The World Religion Database stated that there were 7.3 million Baháʼís in the world. The Association of Religion Data Archives cited this estimate in 2010.
• In 2010, Encyclopædia Britannica estimated a total of 7.3 million Baháʼís residing in 221 countries.
• In 2010, Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices estimated 7.4 million Baháʼís in 2010, citing UN median variant figures from World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision.

2000 to 2009

• In 2009, Paula Hartz wrote in World Religions: Baha'i Faith: "Today the Baha’i Faith has some 5 million followers. It is one of the world’s fastest-growing religions. It is also probably the most diverse."
• The World Factbook states that Baháʼís make up 0.12% of the world based on a 2007 estimate, corresponding to 7.9 million people.
• Margit Warburg’s 2006 academic book on the Baháʼí Faith claimed, “a conservative estimate would be that in 2001 there were about 5.1 million registered Baháʼís in the world.”
• The 2005 Association of Religion Data Archives estimate is of 7.6 million which is also echoed elsewhere.
• In 2005, the Encyclopedia of Religion, second edition, records that:

• In 2004, the Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa reported that "Baháʼís worldwide [are] estimated in 2001 at 5 million."
• In 2003, World Book Encyclopedia reported that "there are about 5,500,000 Baháʼís worldwide."
• In 2001, World Christian Encyclopedia (2nd edition, 2001) estimated 7.1 million adherents of the Baháʼí Faith in the year 2000 representing 0.1% of the world population. The same source projected 12 million in 2025 and 18 million in 2050, assuming then-current trends were to continue. They also noted, "In government censuses Baháʼís are usually counted as Muslims or Hindus and not shown separately."
• In 2000, Encyclopædia Britannica estimated a total of 7.1 million Baháʼís residing in 218 countries.
• In 2000, Denis MacEoin wrote in the Handbook of Living Religions that:

"the movement has had remarkable success in establishing itself as a vigorous contender in the mission fields of Africa, India, parts of South America, and the Pacific, thus outstripping other new religions in a world-wide membership of perhaps 4 million and an international spread recently described as second only to that of Christianity. The place of Baha'ism among world religions now seems assured."

1990 to 1999

• In 1998, the Academic American Encyclopedia said that the Baháʼís "are estimated to number about 2 million."
• In 1997, Dictionary of World Religions said that there are "five million Baháʼís" in the world.
• In 1997, Religions of the World published: "today there are about 5 million" Baháʼís.
• In 1993, the Columbia Encyclopedia published: "There are about 5 million Baháʼís in the world."

1950 to 1989

• In 1995, the HarperCollins Dictionary of Religion stated: "In 1985, it was estimated that there were between 1.5 to 2 million Baha'is, with the greatest areas of recent growth in Africa, India, and Vietnam."
• In 1982, the World Christian Encyclopedia (1st edition, 1982) wrote of Baháʼí adherents in the world: “(1970) 2,659,400, (1980) 3,822,600 in 194 countries, (1985) 4,442,600.”
• In 2010, Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices estimated 2.7 million Baháʼís in 1970, citing UN median variant figures from World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision.
• Paul Oliver wrote in World Faiths (2001) that there were "approximately five million Baháʼís" in 1963.
• Paula Hartz wrote in World Religions: Baha'i Faith (2009) that by the end of Shoghi Effendi's life (1957), "the Baha'i Faith had reached more than 400,000 [adherents]."

Before 1950

• The 1922 census of Palestine lists 265 Bahá'í in Mandatory Palestine (152 in Haifa, four in Tiberias, three in Al Nahr wal Tal, two in 'Affuleh, one each in Samakh and Al-Hama and Tulkarm),^[5] which increased on the 1931 census of Palestine to 350 Bahá'í (196 in Haifa, 51 in Acre, 35 in Acre's suburbs, 10 in Lydda, eight each in El Mazra'a and Hebron, seven each in Jerusalem (New City) and Tiberias, six in Nuqeib, five each in Beersheba, Nazareth, and Samra, four in El Bassa, one each in Jaffa, Rosh Pinna (police), and Yibna).^[6]
• The World Christian Encyclopedia (1st edition, 1982) lists the global Baháʼí population of 1900 at 9,025.
• In 2004, the Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa reported that "By 1900, the community… had reached 50,000-100,000"
• Paula Hartz wrote in World Religions: Baha'i Faith (3rd edition, 2009) that during the last years of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's life (d. 1921), "The faith was now established in many countries around the world and its followers numbered around 100,000."

During ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's tour of North America several newspapers made claims of how large the religion was, with figures in the range of millions of people:

• In 1912, a reporter in Salt Lake City claimed ʻAbdu'l-Bahá said the religion had "10,000,000 followers in the world."
• On June 16, 1912, a news report introduced him as the "Persian religious leader and spiritual and temporal head of the 14,000,000 of Baháʼís scattered throughout the world."
• On April 24, 1912, a newspaper article said "Baháʼísm now has 15,000,000 adherents scattered throughout the world, several hundred thousand of whom are in the United States and Canada."
• On April 12, 1912, a newspaper introduced him as "head of one of the newest and most thriving religions in the world, numbering 20,000,000 souls among his followers, of whom several hundred souls are in New York."
• On September 9, 1911, a news report about ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's visit to London claimed "at a moderate estimate, three million followers."

Adherents by country

Although the Baháʼí News Service has reported on the total number of Baháʼís in the world, the data is not broken out by country.

The World Christian Encyclopedia (WCE), and its successor The World Christian Database (WCD), is an authority on membership data for religions in the world, and its decades-long study by David Barrett and co-workers is a basis for many other estimates of Baháʼís in the world, such as ARDA. The data were released in editions of 1982, 2001, and 2018, and includes a break down by country. The WCE data has consistently reported higher numbers of Baháʼís than the reports of Baháʼí institutions. Danish researcher Margit Warburg studied Baháʼí membership data and feels that the WCE data is overstated for Baháʼís. For instance, WCE reports an estimated 1,600 Baháʼís in Denmark in 1995 and 682,000 Baháʼís in the USA. The number of registered Baháʼís at the same time were 240 and 130,000, respectively. Peter Smith found that the WCE data is meant to include "members plus those who regularly attend Baháʼí events, that is including a wider circle of sympathizers as well as declared Baháʼís".

The Association for Religious Data Archives (ARDA) is "a collection of surveys, polls, and other data submitted by the foremost scholars and research centers in the world." It gathers data from, "the US Census Bureau's International Data Base, the US State Department's International Religious Freedom Report, the United Nations Human Development Reports, and others" including World Christian Database.^[7]

Baháʼí Faith by country

Country or Territory	data-sort-type="number"	Baháʼí sources	data-sort-type="number" style="max-width:8em"	WCE (1980)	data-sort-type="number" style="max-width:8em"	WCE (2000)	data-sort-type="number" style="max-width:8em"	ARDA (2010)	data-sort-type="number" style="max-width:8em"	UNSD (2020)	data-sort-type="number" style="max-width:8em"	Other sources
Afghanistan (details)		600	23,075	16,541		400 (2007)^[8]
Albania (details)	14,024		5,711	7,126
Algeria (details)		1,000	2,806	3,309
American Samoa (details)	925 (2014)	280	990
Andorra (details)			110
Angola (details)		600	1,488	2,061
Anguilla (details)		50	86
Antigua and Barbuda (details)		320	629		51 (2009)
Argentina (details)		6,900	10,212	13,972
Armenia (details)			1,331	1,190
Aruba (details)			148
Australia (details)	17,000	11,300	33,536	19,365	13,989 (2017)	8,947 (1996) 11,036 (2001) 12,331 (2006) 13,706 (2011) 13,988 (2016)
Austria (details)		2,120	3,780	1,948	760 (2003)
Azerbaijan (details)			1,432	1,685
Bahamas (details)		430	1,241	1,375	65 (2013)
Bahrain (details)		500	1,379	2,832
Bangladesh (details)		4,200	8,341	9,603
Barbados (details)	400 (2010)	1,440	3,522	3,337	98 (2016)	178 (2010)
Belarus (details)			106	100
Belgium (details)		1,900	2,358	2,617
Belize (details)		4,100	6,941	7,742	216 (2014)	202 (2010)
Benin (details)		5,400	13,074	11,637
Bermuda (details)		120	325		124 (2011)
Bhutan (details)		300	647	74
(details)	100,000 (1988)	160,000	269,246	215,359
Bosnia and Herzegovina (details)			0	0
Botswana (details)		4,600	12,417	16,464	2,074 (2015)	700 (2001)^[9]
Brazil (details)		18,000	36,745	42,108
(details)		90	192		10 (2016)
(details)		710	981	199
Bulgaria (details)			657	592
Burkina Faso (details)		600	2,767	2,860
Burundi (details)		2,200	5,414	6,779
Cambodia (details)	10,000	35,000	12,862	16,659
Cameroon (details)	40,000	49,600	64,286	49,885
Canada (details)	30,000	40,000	31,396	46,826	18,945 (2013)
Cape Verde (details)		200	655	759
Cayman Islands (details)		80	336
Central African Republic (details)		6,500	7,833	10,913
Chad (details)		7,000	80,683	94,499
Chile (details)	6,000 (2002)	9,600	17,943	26,382
(details)			6,525	6,012
Colombia (details)	30,000	38,000	64,758	70,504
Comoros (details)		390	521	647
(details)		6,200	12,927	25,879
(details)	70,000	180,000	224,596	282,916
Cook Islands (details)		160	161
Costa Rica (details)	4,000^[10]	8,400	11,571	13,457		3,000^[11]
Croatia (details)	150 (2006)		0	0
Cuba (details)		620	1,139	1,145
Cyprus (details)		400	828	1,170
Czech Republic (details)			950	966
Denmark (details)	240 (1995) 375 (2013)	1,400	1,785	1,264		1,600 (1995)
Djibouti (details)		140	552	769
Dominica (details)		70	1,225
Dominican Republic (details)		5,500	5,904	6,899
(details)		300	1,190
Ecuador (details)		27,000	15,599	17,820
Egypt (details)	3,000 (1960) 500 (1987) 500 (2001) 1,000-2,000 (2019)	1,500	5,760	6,946		2,000
El Salvador (details)	12,000 (1990)	15,000	27,712	27,345
Equatorial Guinea (details)		900	2,317	3,589
Eritrea (details)			1,198	1,426
Estonia (details)			459	496
(details)		11,000	4,516
Ethiopia (details)		11,000	21,592	22,764
(details)		50	67		12 (2009)
Faroe Islands (details)		50	124
Fiji (details)		1,800	5,674	2,338
Finland (details)	775 (2013)	2,500	1,676	1,674	568 (2011)
France (details)	5,000	3,700	4,136	4,453
French Guiana (details)		500	725
French Polynesia (details)		360	695
Gabon (details)		300	405	605
Gambia (details)		5,100	10,790	14,184
Georgia (details)			1,725	1,639
Germany (details)	6,000 (2019)	11,500	12,391	12,356		5,600 (2005)^[12]
Ghana (details)		10,000	12,146	14,106
Greece (details)		300	611	189
Greenland (details)		280	355
Grenada (details)		160	145
Guadeloupe (details)		640	1,595
Guam (details)		800	1,863
Guatemala (details)		7,000	20,073	19,898
Guinea (details)		140	288	150
Guinea-Bissau (details)		90	333	266
Guyana (details)	110 (1969) 22,000 (1989)	2,700	14,584	11,787		500 (2002) 800 (2019)
Haiti (details)		11,700	17,055	22,614
Honduras (details)		11,600	32,635	37,591
Hong Kong (details)		600		1,120
Hungary (details)		100	246	290
Iceland (details)	360 (2013)	400	801	599
India (details)	700 (1953) 2,000,000 (2020)	1,050,000	1,716,148	1,897,651		5,574 (1991) 1,000,000 (1996) 400,000 (1999) 11,324 (2001) 100,000 (2002) 4,572 (2011)
Indonesia (details)		15,000	26,537	22,815
(details)	300,000 (1988) 110,000 (2010) 300,000 (2020)	340,000	463,151	251,127		300,000–350,000 (1979) 150,000–300,000^[13] 300,000 (2019)
Iraq (details)	2,000	700	2,607	3,801
Ireland (details)		900	1,274	1,550	520 (2012)
Israel (details)	650^[14]	600	13,734	11,705
Italy (details)		4,600	5,681	5,108
(details)		6,000	22,289	30,321
Jamaica (details)	4,000^[15]	5,000	7,456	5,157	269 (2013)
Japan (details)		12,500	15,579	15,594
Jordan (details)		1,000	17,221	15,655
Kazakhstan (details)				6,967
Kenya (details)	25,000-40,000^[16]	180,000	308,292	422,782
Kiribati (details)		3,500	4,321		2,322 (2013)
(details)		0	0	0
(details)	200^[17]	18,000	32,096	33,084
Kuwait (details)		2,000	5,172	8,992
Kyrgyzstan (details)			0	1,426
(details)		150	1,229	13,450	2,122 (2019)
Latvia (details)			0	0
Lebanon (details)		1,400	3,272	3,889
Lesotho (details)		10,700	19,062	19,195
Liberia (details)		5,000	8,955	11,231
Libya (details)		300	560	636
Liechtenstein (details)		60	107
Lithuania (details)			0	267	29 (2014)
Luxembourg (details)		1,400	1,546	1,597
Macao (details)		130
Madagascar (details)		5,600	15,270	18,347
Malawi (details)	15,000 (2003)^[18]	11,600	24,501	34,323
Malaysia (details)	30,000 (1986)	62,000	97,78	67,549
Maldives (details)		25	60	120
Mali (details)		640	1,030	1,244
Malta (details)		140	255	274
Marshall Islands (details)			1,023
Martinique (details)		1,600	2,031
Mauritania (details)		140	267	346
Mauritius (details)	7,500	9,500	21,848	23,742	645 (2012)
Mexico (details)		23,000	33,903	38,902
Micronesia, Federated States of (details)	8,000		1,909
(details)			0	526
Monaco (details)		30	57
Mongolia (details)	8,000-9,000 (2020)	0	53	55
Montenegro (details)				0
Montserrat (details)		200
Morocco (details)	350-400	3,200	28,719	32,598
Mozambique (details)		1,400	3,405	2,877
Myanmar (details)		15,000	49,044	78,915
Namibia (details)		500	8,864	10,995
Nauru (details)		130	1,106
Nepal (details)		4,000	6,163	4,366	1,283 (2013)	1,211 (2011)^[19]
Netherlands (details)	11 (1948) 110 (1962) 365 (1973) 525 (1979)	3,100	5,506	6,672
New Caledonia (details)		570	932
New Zealand (details)		3,200	3,878	7,518	2,634 (2013)	2,925 (2018)^[20]
Nicaragua (details)		4,000	9,616	10,918
Niger (details)		1,100	2,978	5,528
Nigeria (details)		21,000	27,031	38,190
(details)			0	0
Norway (details)	1,200 (2013)	1,400	2,179	2,737		1,015 (2007)^[21]
Oman (details)		420	9,123	9,987
Pakistan (details)	30,000 (2001)^[22]	25,000	78,658	87,259		33,734 (2012) 31,543 (2018)^[23] 2,000-3,000 (2013)^[24]
Palau (details)			150		96 (2005)
Panama (details)		20,000	35,318	41,170
Papua New Guinea (details)	40,000 (2006)^[25]	17,900	34,939	59,898
Paraguay (details)		2,900	9,011	10,624
Peru (details)		20,000	36,463	41,316
Philippines (details)	64,000	115,000	229,522	275,069
Poland (details)			504	766
Portugal (details)	6,000	2,000	1,845	2,086
Puerto Rico (details)		1,400	2,788	2,698
Qatar (details)		420	985	2,717
Reunion (details)		1,800	5,927
Romania (details)	542 (1990)	100	1,843	1,895
(details)	3,000	4,600	16,586	19,338
Rwanda (details)	4,000^[26]	7,500	14,211	19,592
Samoa (details)	925 (2014)	3,300	4,178		817 (2018)
(details)		90	3,011	1,645
Saudi Arabia (details)		1,000	4,045	5,138
Senegal (details)		3,200	16,804	23,883
Serbia (details)				1,268
Seychelles (details)		210	312		392 (2005)
Sierra Leone (details)		1,150	11,385	13,765
Singapore (details)		900	5,482	7,963
Slovakia (details)	200		667	686	1,065 (2013)
Slovenia (details)			297	396
Solomon Islands (details)		800	1,903
Somalia (details)		1,000	2,110	2,677
South Africa (details)		23,000	255,775	238,532	2,264 (2000)
(details)
Spain (details)		4,500	13,647	13,528
Sri Lanka (details)		9,700	15,489	15,502
Sudan (details)		700	1,828	2,706
Suriname (details)		5,000	6,424	3,591
Sweden (details)	1,080 (2013)	1,900	5,048	6,814
Switzerland (details)		3,500	3,728	3,878
(details)		100	123	430
(details)		5,000	12,555	16,252
Tajikistan (details)			743	3,092		1,000 (2018)^[27]
(details)	35,000	60,000	140,593	190,419
Thailand (details)		10,000	144,243	65,096
Togo (details)		2,800	25,395	30,423
Tonga (details)		1,700	6,582		755 (2019)
Trinidad and Tobago (details)		8,000	15,627	15,973
Tunisia (details)		520	1,917	2,096		150 (2001)^[28]
Turkey (details)		5,100	19,618	21,259
Turkmenistan (details)			964	1,090
Tuvalu (details)		400	580		177 (2007)
Uganda (details)	105,000^[29]	330,600	66,546	95,098		29,601 (2014)^[30]
Ukraine (details)	1,000		252	227
United Arab Emirates (details)		1,400	55,214	38,364
United Kingdom (details)	5,000 (1985) 7,000 (2020)^[31]	15,600	30,628	47,554		5,021 (2011)^[32]
United States (details)	1,500 (1899) 1,200 (1906) 100,000 (1988) 130,000 (1995) 177,647 (2020)	210,000	753,423	512,864		28,000 (1991) 84,000 (2001) 100,000 (2006)
(details)		360	577
Uruguay (details)		3,800	7,356	7,385
Uzbekistan (details)	1,000		708	800
Vanuatu (details)		160	5,418	3,293
(details)	1,218 (1965) 20,000 (2000)	35,000	141,072	169,811
(details)	200,000 (<1975) 6,000 (2006)^[33]	220,000	356,133	388,802		3,000 (2019)
Western Sahara (details)		100	121
Yemen (details)	250	480	1,000	1,328
Zambia (details)	4,000 (2017)^[34]	16,000	162,443	241,112	3,891 (2015)
Zimbabwe (details)	1,000 (1971) 20,000 (1985)	14,500	37,077	39,893		35,000 (1995)^[35]

Adherents by continent

The following data comes from World Christian Encyclopedia (1st ed., 1982).

Continent	data-sort-type="number" style="max-width:8em"	1900	data-sort-type="number" style="max-width:8em"	1970	data-sort-type="number" style="max-width:8em"	1975	data-sort-type="number" style="max-width:8em"	1980
	225	695,094	847,795	1,024,440
	0	27,307	31,620	36,230
	0	53,810	58,580	63,270
	0	298,350	376,070	462,100
	2,800	162,350	206,410	250,470
Oceania	0	29,355	38,640	48,115
South Asia	5,800	1,389,160	1,639,260	1,933,405
USSR	200	4,000	4,300	4,600
World	9,025	2,659,426	3,202,675	3,822,630

The following data comes from World Christian Encyclopedia (2st ed., 2001).

Continent	data-sort-type="number" style="max-width:8em"	1900	data-sort-type="number" style="max-width:8em"	1970	data-sort-type="number" style="max-width:8em"	1990	data-sort-type="number" style="max-width:8em"	1995	data-sort-type="number" style="max-width:8em"	2000
	225	698,094	1,383,320	1,546,330	1,732,816
	5,900	1,411,530	2,811,995	3,034,140	3,475,167
	210	56,810	106,635	120,275	129,706
	0	299,350	357,845	763,205	872,757
	2,800	162,350	628,675	712,335	785,587
Oceania	400	29,215	83,217	97,595	110,387
World	9,535	2,657,349	5,671,687	6,273,880	7,106,420

In "The Baha'i Faith 1957–1988: A Survey of Contemporary Developments" (Religion: 1989), Baháʼí authors Momen and Smith provide the following estimates of the Baháʼís in the world over 3 decades, broken out by cultural areas. They derived numbers from, "calculation of approximate numbers from the number of Bahá'í organizations; extrapolating back from the official figures for the number of individual Bahá'ís provided more recently; estimates provided by informed Bahá'ís; and when the first draft of this paper was completed, a copy was sent to the Department of Statistics in Haifa and the present table incorporates some of the statistical information given in the reply to this, dated 8 July 1988."

Cultural area	data-sort-type="number" style="max-width:8em"	1954	data-sort-type="number" style="max-width:8em"	1968	data-sort-type="number" style="max-width:8em"	1988
Middle East and North Africa	200,000	250,000	300,000
North America, Europe & Anglo-Pacific	10,000	30,000	200,000
South Asia	1,000	300,000	1,900,000
South-east Asia	2,000	200,000	300,000
East Asia		10,000	20,000
Latin America & the Caribbean		100,000	700,000
Africa (sub-Saharan)		200,000	1,000,000
Oceania (excluding Anglo-Pacific)		5,000	70,000
World	213,000	1,095,000	4,490,000

Other statistics from Baháʼí sources

	1928	1949	1968	± 1986	2001	2006
National Spiritual Assemblies	7	11	81	165		179
Local Spiritual Assemblies	102	595	6,840	18,232	11,740
Countries where the Baháʼí Faith is established: independent countries	36	92		187		191
Localities where Baháʼís reside	573	2315	31,572	>116,000	127,381
Indigenous tribes, races, and ethnic groups			1,179	>2,100		2,112
Languages into which Baháʼí literature is translated			417			800
Baháʼí Publishing Trusts			9	26	33

Further data on National Spiritual Assemblies

Year	Number of NSAs^[36] ^[37] ^[38]
1923	3
1936	10
1953	12
1963	56
1973	113
1979	125
1988	148
2001	182
2008	184

See also

• History of the Baháʼí Faith
• Spiritual Assembly
• Socioeconomic development and the Baháʼí Faith
• Baháʼí divisions

References

Books

• Book: Ančić, Branko . Ott . Michael R. . May 2014 . The Dialectics of the Religious and the Secular . Brill . Bahá'í Religion as a New Religious Movement? . 168–180 . https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265685750 .
• Book: Bigelow, Kit . 2006 . The Plight of Religious Minorities: Can Religious Pluralism Survive? . U.S. Government Printing Office . 9780160772580 . Pennsylvania State University . 89.
• Book: Bowker. John W. . 1997 . The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions . . 978-0-19-213965-8 .
• Book: Boyett, Jason . 2016 . 12 Major World Religions . 217–31 . Zephyros Press . Berkeley, CA . 978-1-62315-692-3.
• Book: MacEoin, Denis . Denis MacEoin . 2000 . Baha'i Faith . Hinnells, John R. . The New Penguin Handbook of Living Religions: Second Edition . . 978-0-14-051480-3.
• Book: Miller, Timothy . Gallagher . Eugene V. . Ashcraft . W. Michael . 2006 . Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America . 1 . History and Controversies . New Religious Movements in American History . . Westport, Connecticut • London . 978-0275987121.
• Book: Gallagher . Eugene V. . Ashcraft . W. Michael . 2006 . Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America . 4 . Asian Traditions . The Baháʼís of the United States . . Westport, Connecticut • London . 978-0275987121.
• Book: Garlington, William . 2008 . The Baha'i Faith in America . Rowman & Littlefield . Lanham, Maryland . Paperback . 978-0-7425-6234-9.
• Book: Grim . Brian . Johnson . Todd . Skirbekk . Vegard . Zurlo . Gina . Yearbook of International Religious Demography 2016 . Brill . 3 . 2016 . 17–25 . 10.1163/9789004322141 . 9789004322141.
• Book: Hartz, Paula . 2009 . World Religions: Baha'i Faith . 3rd . Chelsea House Publishers . New York, NY . 978-1-60413-104-8.
• Book: Johnson . Todd M. . Grim . Brian J. . The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography . Global Religious Populations, 1910–2010 . John Wiley & Sons . 2013 . 59–62 . https://bahai-library.com/pdf/j/johnson_grim_bahais.pdf . 10.1002/9781118555767.ch1 . 9781118555767.
• Book: Momen, Moojan . Moojan Momen . 1981 . The Babi and Baha'i Religions 1844-1944: Some Contemporary Western Accounts . George Ronald . Oxford . 0-85398-102-7.
• Book: Momen, Moojan . Moojan Momen . 2008 . The Baha'i Faith . Beginner's Guide . . Oxford . 978-1-85168-563-9.
• Book: Oliver, Paul . World Faiths . 28 September 2001 . Teach Yourself Books . 1st . 78 . 978-0340790601.
• Book: O'Brien . Joanne . Palmer . Martin . 2005 . Religions Of The World . Facts on File . 978-0-8160-6258-4.
• Book: Roof, Wade Clark . 1993 . A Generation of Seekers: Spiritual Journeys of the Baby Boom Generation . registration . . 978-0-06-066964-5.
• Book: Smith . Jonathan Z. . 1995 . The Harpercollins Dictionary of Religion . . 978-0-06-067515-8 .
• Book: Smith, Peter . Peter Smith (historian) . 2022 . Ch. 41: The History of the Bábí and Bahá’í Faiths . 501–512 . The World of the Bahá'í Faith . . Oxfordshire, UK . 978-1-138-36772-2 . Stockman . Robert H. . Robert Stockman.
• Book: Smith, Peter . Peter Smith (historian) . 2022 . Ch. 50: Southeast Asia . 614–621 . The World of the Bahá'í Faith . . Oxfordshire, UK . 978-1-138-36772-2 . Stockman . Robert H. . Robert Stockman. .
• Book: Effendi, Shoghi . Shoghi Effendi . 1971 . reprint . Letters from The Guardian to Australia and New Zealand . Baháʼí Publishing Trust . Australia . ISBN . |
• Book: Jones, Dale E. . 2002 . Religious Congregations and Membership in the United States, 2000 . Nashville, Tenn . Glenmary Research Center.
• Book: Gaustadd . Edwin Scott . Barlow . Philip L. . 2001 . New Historical Atlas of Religion in America . Oxford . Oxford Univ. Press.
• Book: Hornby . Helen . 1983 . Lights of Guidance: A Baháʼí Reference File . Baháʼí Publishing Trust . New Delhi, India . 978-81-85091-46-4 .
• Book: Momen, Moojan . Moojan Momen . Smith . Peter . Baháʼís in the West . Kalimat Press . 2004 . 978-1-890688-11-0 .
• Book: Warburg, Margit . 2006 . Citizens of the world: a history and sociology of the Bahaʹis from a globalisation perspective . Brill . 978-90-474-0746-1 . Leiden . 234309958.
• Book: Warburg, Margit . 2015 . Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion . 11 . The Baha'is of the North . Handbook of Nordic New Religions . Brill . 978-90-04-29244-4 . Leiden.

Encyclopedias

• Encyclopedia: van den Hoonaard . Will . 1993-11-08 . The Bahá'í Encyclopedia: draft . Netherlands: History of the Baha'i Faith . Baha'i Library Online . 2022-06-17.
• Encyclopedia: Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa . Baha'i . en . 2nd . 2004-06-01 . Macmillan Reference USA . 1 . 978-0028657691 . .
• Encyclopedia: Barrett . David B. . 1982 . Global Adherents of all religions . World Christian Encyclopedia

  A comparative survey of churches and religions in the modern world

  . 1st . Oxford University Press . Nairobi . .
• Encyclopedia: Barrett . David B. . Kurian . George T. . Johnson . Todd M. . 2001 . Countries . World Christian Encyclopedia

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  . 2nd . Oxford University Press . New York . .
• Encyclopedia: Religion: Year In Review 2000 . Encyclopædia Britannica . 2000 . Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. . .
• Encyclopedia: Religion: Year In Review 2010 . Encyclopædia Britannica . 2010 . Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. . .
• Encyclopedia: Baha'i . Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices . Melton . J. Gordon Melton . Baumann . 2010 . . 978-1598842036 . 2nd . 1.
• Encyclopedia: Encyclopedia of Global Religion . Momen . Moojan . Moojan Momen . Juergensmeyer . Mark . Roof . Wade Clark . SAGE Publications . 2011 . 978-0-7619-2729-7 . 10.4135/9781412997898.n61 . Baha'i.
• Book: Smith . Peter . A Concise Encyclopedia of the Baha'i Faith . 2000 . Oneworld Publications . 978-1-85168-184-6 . 23 March 2021 . en.
• Encyclopedia: Baha'i . Encyclopedia of Religion . Jones . Lindsay . 2005 . Second . 2 . MacMillan Reference Books . 978-0-02-865733-2 .
• Encyclopedia: World Book . World Book Encyclopedia . 2003 . . 978-0-7166-0103-6 . .
• Encyclopedia: Encyclopedia of Modern Middle East & North Africa . Mattar . Philip . Philip Mattar . 2004 . Thomson/Gale . 978-0-02-865769-1.
• Encyclopedia: Baha'i . . 1998 . Grolier Academic Reference . 978-0-7172-2068-7 . .
• Encyclopedia: Chernow . Barbara A. . Vallasi . George A. . 1993 . Baha'i . . Houghton Mifflin . 978-0-395-62438-8.

Journals

• Cole . Juan . Juan Cole . 1998 . The Baha'i Faith in America as Panopticon, 1963-1997 . The Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion . 37 . 2 . 234–248 . 10.2307/1387523 . 1387523.
• Demmrich . Sarah . 2020-01-06 . How to measure Baha'i Religiosity . Religions . 11 . 1:29 . 10.3390/rel11010029 . free .
• Hsu . Becky . Reynolds . Amy . Hackett . Conrad . Gibbon . James . Estimating the Religious Composition of All Nations . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion . 47 . 4 . 678–693 . 2008-07-09 . 10.1111/j.1468-5906.2008.00435.x . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100326175049/http://www.princeton.edu/~bhsu/Hsu2008.pdf . 2010-03-26 .
• Smith . Peter . Peter Smith (historian) . A note on Babi and Baha'i numbers in Iran . Iranian Studies . 1984 . 17 . 2–3 . 295–301 . 10.1080/00210868408701633.
• Smith . Peter. Peter Smith (historian) . Momen . Moojan . Moojan Momen . 1989 . The Baha'i Faith 1957–1988: A Survey of Contemporary Developments . 19 . Religion . 63–91 . 10.1016/0048-721X(89)90077-8.
• Grim . Brian J . Rising restrictions on religion . International Journal of Religious Freedom . 5 . 1 . 17–33 . 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170411193840/http://www.iirf.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/Journal/IJRF_Vol5-1.pdf . April 11, 2017 . 2070-5484 . 2017-07-06 .
• Smith . Peter . Peter Smith (historian) . The Baha'i Faith: Distribution Statistics, 1925–1949 . Journal of Religious History . 39 . 3 . 352–369 . 26 November 2014 . 1467-9809 . 10.1111/1467-9809.12207 .
• Warf . Barney . Vincent . Peter . Religious diversity across the globe: a geographic exploration . Social & Cultural Geography . 8 . 4 . 597–613 . August 2007 . 1470-1197 . 10.1080/14649360701529857 . 144530568 .
• Alexandre Avdeev . Tatiana Eremenko . Patrick Festy . Joëlle Gaymu . Nathalie le Bouteillec . Sabine Springer . Populations and Demographic Trends of European Countries, 1980-2010 . Population-E . 66 . 1 . 15–17 . 2011 . 2017-07-05 . .

News reports

• News: Baháʼí World News Service . How many Baháʼís are there? . Baháʼí International Community . 1992 . The Baháʼís . 14 . 17 July 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150717184758/https://bahai.com/thebahais/pg14.htm.
• News: Baháʼí World News Service . Statistics . Baháʼí International Community . 2020 . 2020-12-23.
• News: . ʻAbdu'l-Bahá ʻAbbas Comes to Lecture on Baháʼí Religion . The Evening Standard . Salt Lake, UT . 30 September 1912 . 2017-07-05 . .
• News: Ghauri . Irfan . 2012-09-01 . Over 35,000 Buddhists, Baha'is call Pakistan home . . Karachi, Pakistan.
• News: People Worth While . Houston Texas Chronicle . Houston, TX . . 24 April 1912 . National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States . 2017-07-06 . .
• News: Gossip of the Metropolis . The Anaconda Standard . Montclair, NJ . . 16 June 1912 . National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States . 2017-07-06 . .
• News: ʻAbdu'l-Bahá ʻAbbas, Head of New Religion, Believes in Woman Suffrage and Divorce . Greeley-Smith . Nicola . Nixola Greeley-Smith . 12 April 1912 . The Evening World . New York . National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States . 2017-07-06 .
• News: Persian Prophet In London . Boston Evening Transcript . . 9 September 1911 . National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States . September 22, 2016 . .
• News: The List: The World's Fastest-Growing Religions . . . May 2007 . 2017-03-07 . .
• News: The Economist explains: The Bahai faith . A.V. . 3 July 2017 . . 20 April 2017 .
• News: A bit more religious freedom . . 2021-01-24 . . 2008-02-14 . .
• Hinton . Sean . . Baha'i Blogcast with Rainn Wilson – Ep 53: Sean Hinton (part 1) – The Story of Becoming the Knight of Baha'u'llah for Mongolia . Baha’i Blog . 2020-08-28 . 2020-12-23.
• News: McClure. Hal. Baha'i: a new belief in an old land. Tampa Bay Times. St. Petersburg, Florida. 41. 15 May 1965. Aug 19, 2022.
• News: Rabbani . Ahang . Department of Statistics at the Baháʼí World Centre . July 1987 . Achievements of the Seven Year Plan . Baháʼí News . Baháʼí World Center, Haifa . Baháʼí International Community . Aug 19, 2022. 676. 2–7. .
• News: . February 1985 . Commons sees first debate on Iran persecutions . Baha'i News . 647 . 8 . National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States . 2020-12-21 . .
• News: . August 1985 . Zimbabwe . Baháʼí News No. 653 . National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States . 2020-12-21 . .
• News: . November 1986 . The story of Van Kee Leong, Malaysia's first Baha'i . Baha'i News . 668 . 3 . National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States . 2020-12-21 . .
• News: . February 1987 . The Faith in India: Chronicle of growth . Baha'i News . 671 . 6–15 . National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States . 2020-12-21 . .
• News: . July 1987 . Government fines, imprisons 48 Baháʼís . Baha'i News . 676 . 1 . National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States . 2020-12-21 . .
• News: . January 1988 . 'Grave concern' over rights in Iran . Baha'i News . 682 . 1 . National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States . 2020-12-21 . .
• News: . April 1988 . FUNDESIB aids development work . Baha'i News . 685 . 10–11 . National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States . 2020-12-21 . .
• News: . July 1988 . Congress again decries persecutions . Baha'i News . 688 . 1–2 . National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States . 2020-12-21 . .
• News: Farrand . Quentin . February 1990 . Amid the chaos, a celebration . Baha'i News . 706 . 1–3 . National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States . 2020-12-21.
• News: . May 1990 . On cutting edge of 'entry by troops' . Baha'i News . 707 . 8 . National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States . 2020-12-21 . .
• News: . October 1990 . Eastern Europe . Baha'i News . 714 . 13 . National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States . 2020-12-21 . .

Other sources

• Web site: Marshall . Svetlana . 2019-10-13 . Bahá'ís in Guyana celebrate the bicentenary of the birth of the Báb . Guyana Chronicle .
• Web site: 2020 . Ridvan 2020 Annual Report . National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of the United States . .
• Web site: 1998-03-03 . Census 96: Religion . https://web.archive.org/web/20100505022154/http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/rn/1997-98/98rn27.htm . dead . 2010-05-05 . .
• Web site: Religion by Australian States and Territories . A Practical Reference to Religious Diversity . Australian Police: Multicultural Advisory Bureau . https://web.archive.org/web/20050619070219/http://www.apmab.gov.au/guide/religious2/religious_guide.pdf . dead . 2005-06-19 . 83 . .
• News: SBS Census Explorer . SBS Online . 2020-12-24 . en . .
  • Hampson . Arthur . May 1980 . The growth and spread of the Baha'i Faith . PhD . Department of Geography, University of Hawaii . UMI 8022655 . 652914306 . 458–459,472 . Jul 24, 2022 .
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• Web site: Baháʼí World Centre Department of Statistics . Baháʼí World Statistics August 2001 CE . Baha'i Library Online . August 2001 . 2013-04-14 . .
• Web site: World: People: Religions . . . 2007 . 1553-8133 . 2009-09-06 . .
• Web site: Most Baha'i Nations (2010) . QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions > . The Association of Religion Data Archives . 2010 . Feb 12, 2015 . . April 27, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220427001103/https://www.thearda.com/QL2010/QuickList_40.asp . dead .
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• Web site: Welcome to the Barbados Baha'i Website . National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is Of Barbados . 2010-08-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100914215926/http://bci.org/barbados/Bahai/The_Bahais_Of_Barbados.html . 14 September 2010 . dead . .
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• Web site: Indian Census Returns for Baha'is 1991. 2020-11-04. h-net.org. .
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• Web site: World Religions (2005) . QuickLists > The World > Religions . The Association of Religion Data Archives . 2005 . 2009-07-04 . . 2009-05-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090501041135/http://thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_125.asp . dead .
• Web site: Quick Facts and Stats . June 11, 2014 . Official website of the Baháʼís of the United States . National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States . April 24, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140611203810/https://www.bahai.us/news/bahai-statistics/ . June 11, 2014 . . dead .
• Web site: The Global Religious Landscape . December 2012 . .
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Further reading

• Smith . Peter. Peter Smith (historian) . Momen . Moojan . Moojan Momen . 1989 . The Baha'i Faith 1957–1988: A Survey of Contemporary Developments . 19 . Religion . 63–91 . 10.1016/0048-721X(89)90077-8 . none.
• Smith . Peter . Peter Smith (historian) . The Baha'i Faith: Distribution Statistics, 1925–1949 . Journal of Religious History . 39 . 3 . 352–369 . 26 November 2014 . 1467-9809 . 10.1111/1467-9809.12207 . none.
• Web site: Baháʼí World Centre Department of Statistics . Baháʼí World Statistics August 2001 CE . Baha'i Library Online . August 2001 . 2013-04-14 . none.
• Book: Warburg, Margit . 2006 . Citizens of the world: a history and sociology of the Bahaʹis from a globalisation perspective . Brill . 978-90-474-0746-1 . Leiden . 234309958 . none.

External links

• Bahá'í World News Service (2013). List and Map of 114 Bahá'í Conferences

Notes and References

1. Encyclopedia: Religion (&) Bahá'í Faith. Britannica Book of the Year. 303. Encyclopædia Britannica. 1988. Chicago.
2. Web site: Baha'is by Country . World Religion Database . Institute on Culture, Religion, and World Affairs . 2020 . 21 December 2020.
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