| Głuchołazy | |||||||||
| Pushpin Map: | Poland#Poland Opole Voivodeship | ||||||||
| Pushpin Label Position: | bottom | ||||||||
| Subdivision Type: | Country | ||||||||
| Subdivision Type1: | Voivodeship | ||||||||
| Subdivision Name1: | Opole | ||||||||
| Subdivision Type2: | County | ||||||||
| Subdivision Name2: | Nysa | ||||||||
| Subdivision Type3: | Gmina | ||||||||
| Subdivision Name3: | Głuchołazy | ||||||||
| Leader Title: | Mayor | ||||||||
| Leader Name: | Edward Szupryczyński | ||||||||
| Established Title3: | Town rights | ||||||||
| Established Date3: | 13th century | ||||||||
| Area Total Km2: | 6.83 | ||||||||
| Population As Of: | 2019-06-30[1] | ||||||||
| Population Total: | 13534 | ||||||||
| Population Density Km2: | auto | ||||||||
| Timezone: | CET | ||||||||
| Utc Offset: | +1 | ||||||||
| Timezone Dst: | CEST | ||||||||
| Utc Offset Dst: | +2 | ||||||||
| Coordinates: | 50.3131°N 17.3742°W | ||||||||
| Postal Code Type: | Postal code | ||||||||
| Postal Code: | 48-340 | ||||||||
| Area Code: | +48 77 | ||||||||
| Blank Name: | Car plates | ||||||||
| Blank Info: | ONY | ||||||||
| Blank Name Sec2: | National roads | ||||||||
| Blank1 Name Sec2: | Voivodeship roads | ||||||||
| Module: |
| ||||||||
Głuchołazy (pronounced as /pl/ ; German: Ziegenhals, also known by other names) is a historic town in southwestern Poland with approximately 13,534 inhabitants as of 2019. It is located within the Nysa County of Opole Voivodeship (province), near the border with the Czech Republic, and is the administrative seat of Gmina Głuchołazy.
The town is located in the historic Lower Silesia region on the northern slopes of the Opawskie Mountains, in the valley of the Biała River., it has 13,534 inhabitants.
Głuchołazy has a canting arms – the shield features a goat's head in reference to its former name Koziaszyja (in Polish), Ziegenhals (in German) and Capricolium (in Latin), which literally means "goat's neck". Other archaic Polish name for the town is Cygenhals. The Czech name Hlucholazy and regional Silesian Guchołazy are also used by their native speakers.
The settlement in the episcopal Duchy of Nysa within fragmented Poland was established about 1220 by Bishop Wawrzyniec of Wrocław, who invited German settlers to build up a stronghold against the threatening forces of the Přemyslid margrave Vladislaus III of Moravia, brother of King Ottokar I of Bohemia. It was granted town rights between 1220 and 1249.[2] In the mid-13th century, the church of St. Lawrence was built, the name of which probably refers to the town's founder, bishop Wawrzyniec (Lawrence).[2] The place soon became an important site of iron ore and gold mining, later run by the Thurzó and Fugger families. By the mid-14th century the defensive walls and tower were erected.[2] The town was devastated in 1428 during the Hussite Wars. In 1445 it passed to Duchy of Głogówek under local Polish Duke Bolko V the Hussite and in 1450 it was again reintegrated with the Duchy of Nysa, and remained part of it in the following centuries.[2]
The town was plundered during the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648).[2] After the First Silesian War and the 1742 Treaty of Breslau the Duchy of Nysa was partitioned and Głuchołazy became a Prussian bordertown, while the adjacent area around Zlaté Hory remained with Austrian Silesia. In 1834 the town suffered a fire, and in the following decades large parts of the medieval walls were demolished. In the 19th century it became a spa town.
During World War II, the Germans established the E355, E371, E476 and possibly also E574 forced labour subcamps of the Stalag VIII-B/344 prisoner-of-war camp in the town.[3] In the final stages of the war, the populace was evacuated in January 1945.[2] In 1945, a German-conducted death march of thousands of prisoners of several subcamps of the Auschwitz concentration camp passed through the town towards the Gross-Rosen concentration camp.[4] [5] Leon Foksiński, who escaped from the death march in Głuchołazy, is an honorary citizen of the town.[5] Retreating Germans blew up bridges behind them, and finally left the town in May 1945.[2] After the war the remaining German population was expelled and with the implementation of the Oder-Neisse line in 1945, the area was transferred to the Republic of Poland, all in accordance to the Potsdam Agreement. The town was repopulated by Poles, many of whom were displaced from former eastern Poland annexed by the Soviet Union, as well as settlers from war-devastated central Poland, especially from the area of Myszków.[2] The first post-war mayor of Głuchołazy was Szymon Koszyk, pre-war Polish activist, writer and publicist in Upper Silesia and participant in the Silesian Uprisings.
The local football club is . It competes in the lower leagues.
See twin towns of Gmina Głuchołazy.