Bab al-Tabbaneh–Jabal Mohsen conflict explained

Conflict:Bab al-Tabbaneh–Jabal Mohsen conflict
Date:1976 – 2015[1]
Place:Tripoli, Lebanon
Combatant1: Tawhid Movement (during Lebanese Civil War)---- Future Movement (During 2008 conflict)
Free Syrian Army
Jabhat al-Nusra
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant[2]
Local Armed Groups
Combatant2: Arab Democratic Party
(during Lebanese Civil War)
Sunni Hezbollah supporters
Tawhid Movement (2012–2015, from within Bab al-Tabbaneh)
Commander1:Said Shaaban
Hashem Minkara
Ziad Alloukeh
Jalal Dandashi
Amer Arish
Husam Al Sabbagh
Other weaponsmiths and warlords
Commander2: Ali Eid
Rifa'at Eid
Strength1:+3000
Strength2:+3000
Casualties1:Hundreds
Casualties2:Hundreds

The Bab al-Tabbaneh–Jabal Mohsen conflict was a recurring conflict between the Sunni Muslim residents of the Bab-al-Tabbaneh neighbourhood and the Alawite residents of the Jabal Mohsen neighbourhood of Tripoli, Lebanon from 1976 through 2015. Residents of the two neighbourhoods became rivals during the Lebanese Civil War and frequently engaged in violence.[3] Residents were divided along sectarian lines and by their opposition to or support of the Alawite-led Syrian government. Violence flared up during the Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon.

Background

For centuries, Sunni Muslims and Alawites have fought each other. The Sunni Ottoman Empire oppressed Alawites, but Alawites gained power and influence when the French recruited them as soldiers during the French Mandate of Syria.[4] [5] [6] [7]

After independence from France, Alawites' co-religionists came to power in Syria in 1966 and have been represented by the al-Assad family since 1970.[8] This event angered some of the Sunni majority of Syria. They reacted with an Islamist uprising in Syria, which was crushed by the 1982 Hama massacre.[9]

With 500,000 inhabitants, Tripoli is the second-largest city in Lebanon. Because a large part of its population is Sunni Muslims, the city is the traditional bastion of conservative Sunnis in Lebanon.[10] [11] [12] Sunnis represent 27% of Lebanon's entire population.[13] [14]

Because it is a Sunni stronghold, all major currents of Lebanese Sunni Islamism have been centered in Tripoli.[15] Black banners decorated with extracts from the Quran are prevalent and larger numbers of women are taking up the niqab. In addition, many free religious schools preach rigid Sunni doctrines.[16] Tripoli is also the birthplace of Lebanon's Salafi movement, a puritanical Sunni movement.[17] [18] The Sunnis of Bab al-Tabbaneh have close ties with Saudi Arabia, which supports them financially.[19] [20]

Nearly half of the Alawites of Lebanon live in the Jabal Mohsen neighbourhood of Tripoli and nearby villages in Akkar, north Lebanon. Of the 120,000 Alawites in Lebanon, 40,000 to 60,000 live in Tripoli.[21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] They have close ties with the Alawites in Syria.[27]

The two neighbourhoods are divided by Syria Street, with Jabal Mohsen on a hilltop and Bab al-Tabbaneh below.[28] While the neighbourhoods were once prosperous, many buildings were destroyed by the flood of Nahr Abu Ali (River of Abou-Ali) in 1956 and the Lebanese Civil War. Many residents of the two neighbourhoods are unemployed.[29] North Lebanon is one of the most impoverished parts of Lebanon and is neglected by the government, promoting extremism.[30] Despite its tumultuous history, there are still many architectural treasures in the area.[31]

The Lebanese Civil War

See main article: Lebanese Civil War. During the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990), Lebanese Alawites in the Jabal-Mohsen-based Arab Democratic Party (ADP) aligned with Syria. They fought alongside the Syrian Army against the Sunni Islamist Tawhid Movement in Tripoli, which was based mainly in Bab-Tabbaneh.[32] Before the war, the populations of the two neighbourhoods lived side by side.[33]

In August 1984, violent clashes erupted between the ADP and the Tawheed, supported by the Mosques and Islamic Committees. The Tawheed's position was strengthened when they gained control of the port on 22 August, after street battles left more than 400 dead. The fighting lasted until a Syrian-mediated peace agreement between the IUM and the ADP came into force on 18 September.[34] By 1985, Tawhid had control over Tripoli, and the ADP was entrenched in Jabal Mohsen.[35]

On 18 December 1986, the Syrians arrested Tawheed commander Samir al-Hassan in Tripoli. His men responded by killing 15 Syrian soldiers at a checkpoint, leading to Syrian retaliation against the Tawheed. Aided by ADP, LCP, SSNP, and Baath Party militias, the Syrians defeated the Tawheed, killing many of its fighters, arresting others, and scattering the remainder.[36]

2008 conflict

See main article: 2008 conflict in Lebanon. During the 2008 conflict in Lebanon, Sunnis fought against Alawites.[37] The ADP rearmed during the 2007 Lebanon conflict, after it was revealed that the Islamist group Fatah al-Islam had planned to attack the Alawites of Tripoli.[21]

On the night of 10 May into the morning of 11 May, fighting broke out between Alawite Hezbollah sympathizers and Sunni supporters of Islamist groups in Tripoli. One woman was killed.[38] On 11 May, Sunni supporters of the Islamic groups had reportedly been fighting opposition followers in the Alawite-dominated Jabal Mohsen area with machine guns and rocket-propelled grenades.[39] On 12 May, clashes in Tripoli left one person dead and at least six others wounded.[40] The Army stated that if clashes did not end by the next morning, they would use force.

Clashes between pro-government Sunnis based in the Bab el-Tabaneh district and pro-Syrian Alawites from Jabal Mohsen led to the deaths of at least nine people, eight civilians and a policeman; 55 others were wounded. Machine guns and rocket-propelled grenades were used in the clashes, which started around four in the morning.[41]

Between 25 July and 29 July, 23 people were killed in clashes between Sunni and Alawite militants. On 8 September, Alawite and Sunni leaders signed a reconciliation agreement that ended the fighting.[42] [43] Sunni Future Movement leader Saad Hariri subsequently visited Tripoli stating, "We are both Lebanese and we will not allow anyone to tamper with us. I will do everything I can in order not to let anyone damage the Alawites' security in Tripoli and to foil any external plot to tamper with the security of the Alawites or the security of Tripoli".[44]

Rifa'at Eid, the leader of the armed wing of the ADP, said in an interview, "We're the most convenient targets, the stand-in for Hezbollah; our problem can only be solved when the Shiites and Sunnis solve theirs."[45] As many as 9,000 Alawis fled their homes during the conflict.[46]

From 9-11 July armed rival political factions engaged in armed clashes and rocket attacks, killing five civilians and political affiliates and wounding over 85 civilians and political affiliates.[47] [48]

2009–2009

In October 2009, Jabal Mohsen was attacked with grenades by unknown assailants.[49]

Despite missiles having been launched into Jabal Mohsen a few months before, children from both neighbourhoods played peaceful football matches in mixed teams during the Open Fun Football Festival on 2 November 2010.[50] Weeks later, rockets were fired into Jabal Mohsen, and a bomb was found near the house of ADP leader Ali Eid.[51] [52]

Clashes during the Syrian Civil War

See main article: Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon.

June 2011

On 17 June 2011, clashes between gunmen in Jabal Mohsen and Bab al-Tabbaneh erupted after a rally in support of Syrian protesters in Bab-al-Tabbaneh. Seven people were killed, and 59 were wounded. Among the dead were a Lebanese army soldier and an official from the Alawite ADP.[53]

February 2012

Between 10 and 11 February 2012, two to three people died because of fighting in Jabal Mohsen and Bab al-Tebbaneh. Six Lebanese Army soldiers were injured while attempting to intervene.[54] [55] The skirmishes lead to fears that the Syrian Civil War would spill into Lebanon.[56]

May 2012

Between 12 and 13 May, witnesses and security officials said two to four people had been killed when the fighting started between members of the Alawite minority and members of the Sunni majority.[57] [58] [59] The combatants used rocket-propelled grenades and automatic rifles.[58] Hours before the clashes, Lebanese troops had exchanged fire with a group of young Islamists protesting for the release of a suspected terrorist. The exchange of gunfire between the Islamists and the army occurred as the protestors, who were sympathetic to the ongoing revolt in Syria, tried to approach the offices of the pro-Assad Syrian Social Nationalist Party in Lebanon. Three of the dead were reportedly Sunni civilians, while one was an army officer.

Fighting continued on 14 May, with six more people being killed, five Alawites and one Sunni.[60] [61] The army was deployed to the area on 15 May and exchanged gunfire with residents. Eight were wounded, including a soldier.[62] By 16 May, the clashes left eleven dead.[63]

Western diplomatic sources stated that these incidents were the beginning of a Salafist revolution, aimed at arming the uprising in Syria.[64] The Saudi-backed March 14 coalition accused Syria of trying to bring Lebanon into its crisis. On 14 March, Mustafa Alloush stated after the coalition's regular weekly meeting, "It is actually an attempt to make Tripoli a zone of terrorism. It also aims at striking Lebanon's northern area which has welcomed and helped out the Syrian displaced." Since the unrest in Syria started in May 2011, Tripoli and North Lebanon had an increase in Syrian refugees.

By 18 May, a total of twelve people were dead and over 100 wounded from the May clashes.[65] On 21 May, several rocket-propelled grenades were fired between Jabal Mohsen and Bab al-Tebbaneh, with no reports of any wounded.[66] On 30 May, two were wounded in clashes between Jabal Mohsen and Bab al-Tebbaneh.[67]

One Sunni Muslim fought alongside the ADP and was killed in the May clashes. He was condemned as a traitor by his fellow Sunnis.[68]

June 2012

Between 2 June and 3 June, fifteen people were killed and over sixty wounded in clashes between Jabal Mohsen and Bab al-Tebbaneh. As a result of the fighting, the Army re-entered Syria Street to set up a buffer zone between the two sides.[69] [70] [71] [72] Following a cease-fire, there were several violations of the truce during the night of 3 June; one policeman and one soldier were wounded.[73] On 8 June, a man in Jabal Mohsen was killed by sniper fire.[74] During the fighting, Jabal Mohsen was attacked on several fronts, including the Bab al-Tabbaneh, Shaarani, Baqqar, Riva, Mankoubin, and Malouleh districts. In the aftermath, several Alawite businesses in Tripoli were burnt down.[75]

July 2012

On 18 July, stray bullets killed one person and wounded several during anti-Assad celebrations in Bab Tabbaneh, following a suicide-bombing that targeted several Syrian ministers.[76] [77] On 21 July, Tabbaneh residents clashed over non-political matters between two Sunni families, killing two and wounding several.[78] [79] Two more were killed in the dispute on 29 July.[80] On 27 July, two men on their way home to Jabal Mohsen were stabbed by unidentified assailants, leading to clashes between gunmen.[81] Clashes continued the following day, wounding twelve civilians and three soldiers.[82] [83]

August 2012

On 9 August, Sunni supporters of Hezbollah clashed with Salafists in Tripoli.[84] On 20 and 21 August, seven people were killed and more than 100 wounded in clashes between Sunni Muslims and Alawites. According to security and medical sources, this class was a spillover from the war in Syria. Two of the dead were from Jabal Mohsen, while the rest were from Bab al-Tabbaneh. Five Lebanese soldiers were injured by gunfire, and another five the next day after a grenade was thrown at an army checkpoint.[85] [86] Fighting continued throughout 23 August, with at least two additional deaths reported.[87]

On 24 August, more fighting occurred after a dawn exchange of small arms fire and rocket-propelled grenades between Sunni and Alawite fighters in the Qobbah and Jabal Muhsin neighbourhoods. The skirmish provoked unrest throughout both districts, and at least seven Alawite-owned shops in Sunni neighbourhoods were burned by unknown assailants. The fighting escalated after the death of Sunni cleric Sheikh Khaled al Baradei, who was shot by a sniper during the morning skirmishes. Baradei was reportedly a commander of the Sunni Islamist fighters, and his death led to further sectarian unrest within the city. At least three people were killed and 21 wounded, including two journalists.[88] Fighting continued until 24 August.

October 2012

Clashes broke out on 19 October following the assassination of Wissam al-Hassan, leaving one dead.[89] On 21 October, clashes occurred throughout the country which were triggered by the assassination. Two young girls and a man were killed during clashes between Bab Tabbaneh and Jabal Mohsen.[90] The parents of one of the girls, a nine-year-old called Jana, crossed sectarian lines, as her father is Sunni and her mother is Alawite.[91] Two Sunnis and one Alawi were killed on 22 October.[92] By 24 October, eleven people had been killed in the fighting.[93]

December 2012

At least twelve people were killed and 73 injured in Tripoli between 4 and 6 December, as Alawites and Sunnis were involved in heavy clashes. These clashes were sparked by the Tall Kalakh incident, where twenty Lebanese Salafists on their way to join the insurgency in Syria were ambushed.[94] [95] [96] [97] [98] [99]

2013

On 28 February, five men were arrested for throwing grenades into both neighbourhoods. They claimed they had been tasked by "Z.S." to create strife.[100] During March 2013, sporadic incidents happened between the neighbourhoods. Two people were injured by sniper fire in Jabal Mohsen.[101] Three days later, a man from Jabal Mohsen was shot and killed.[102] By 22 March, six people, including an army soldier, had been killed. On 23 March, three more people were killed.[103]

On 19 and 20 May, two civilians and two soldiers were killed during renewed fighting between the neighbourhoods.[104] By 22 May, twelve people had been killed since the fighting resumed.[105] After being targeted, the Lebanese army pulled out of the city on 23 May.[106] Six more were killed the following night after mortars were used for the first time.[107] By 26 May, 31 people were killed.[108] After two days of calm, six more people were killed within 24 hours. Later, the army raided Jabal Mohsen. ADP leader Rifa'at Eid questioned why Jabal Mohsenhad was targeted by the army since similar raids were not done in Bab al-Tabbaneh.[109]

On 29 and 30 November, thirteen people were killed in clashes.

August 2013 Tripoli bombing

See main article: August 2013 Tripoli bombing. On 23 August 2013, twin bombings in Tripoli caused extensive damage, killing 47 people and wounding more than 500, according to Lebanon's state-run National News Agency.[110]

2014

On 20 January 2014, Abdul Rahman Diab, an ADP official, was gunned down in his car in Tripoli.[111] Over nine days in March 2014, 25 people were killed and 175 were wounded.[112]

January 2015

See main article: 2015 Jabal Mohsen suicide attacks. On 10 January 2015, two suicide bombers killed nine people and wounded thirty more in a Jabal Mohsen café. It was the first suicide attack on a civilian neighbourhood in nearly a year, following a security sweep.[113]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Syrian violence finds its echo in Lebanon. McClatch. Mcclatchydc.com. 22 October 2014.
  2. News: Islamic State: Battle of Tripoli is won but hearts and minds are lost. 28 October 2014. The Independent.
  3. News: 11 February 2012 . Truce declared in Tripoli between Bab al-Tabbaneh, Jabal Mohsen . Ya Libnan . 27 November 2012.
  4. Mordechai Nisan. Minorities in the Middle East: a history of struggle and self-expression. McFarland, 2002.,
  5. Book: Inside the Arab World. 9780674455214. 22 October 2014. Field. Michael. 1996.
  6. News: Making Sense of the Syrian Crisis. Stratfor. 22 October 2014.
  7. Seale, Patrick. Asad of Syria : The Struggle for the Middle East / Patrick Seale With The Assistance of Maureen McConville. Seale, Patrick. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989, c1988.
  8. Syria: Identity Crisis. Kaplan. Robert. February 1993. The Atlantic. But the coup of 1970, which brought an Alawi air force officer, Hafez al-Assad, to power, was what finally ended the instability that had reigned in Syria since the advent of independence..
  9. News: Shadid . Anthony . International Outcry Grows Over Syria Crackdown . The New York Times . 26 April 2011 . 3 May 2011.
  10. News: AsiaOne. Sunni camp splits. Asiaonet . 2010-01-28.
  11. News: Sunni capital. Naharnet . 2010-07-04.
  12. News: Zoi Constantine . Pressures in Syria affect Alawites in Lebanon . The National. Abu Dhabi . 2010-05-25 . 2011-11-14.
  13. Web site: Lebanon. U.S. Department of State. 22 October 2014.
  14. News: Middle East News, Iraq, Iran current affairs . https://web.archive.org/web/20090201033347/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/JL23Ak01.html. unfit. 2009-02-01 . Asia Times. 2008-12-23 . 2011-11-14.
  15. News: ISLAMIST GROUPS IN LEBANON . Mafhoum.com. 22 October 2014.
  16. Web site: McCants . William . 2015-09-22 . The Story Behind the Black Flag of ISIS . 2022-09-11 . The Atlantic . en.
  17. Web site: Äóîé Áářčçúé . .alwatan.com.kw . 2011-11-14 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20111005201730/http://www2.alwatan.com.kw/Default.aspx?pageId=84&MgDid=710785 . 5 October 2011 .
  18. News: Kuwait Times Website . KuwaitTimes.net . 2011-11-14 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120324034212/http://www.kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=MTg3MDI2ODQw . 24 March 2012.
  19. News: Trial by fire for Lebanon's government. Al-Ahram Weekly – Region. Lucy Fielder. Weekly.ahram.org.eg. 22 October 2014. 25 February 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120225012029/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1053/re7.htm. dead.
  20. Web site: Tripoli . Hugh Macleod . 2010-07-04 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120920061345/http://www.hughmacleod.co.uk/stormtripoli.htm . 20 September 2012 .
  21. Web site: Return of the Pink Panthers?. Riad . Riad Yazbeck. 20 February 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120219114105/http://www.mideastmonitor.org/issues/0808/0808_2.htm . 19 February 2012 .
  22. News: Lebanon's Alawites Watch and Wait as Assad Struggles for Power . Naharnet . 22 October 2014.
  23. Web site: 30 April 2014 . 'Lebanese Allawites welcome Syria's withdrawal as 'necessary' 2005 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120325122621/http://www.mrt-rrt.gov.au/ArticleDocuments/93/lbn31663.pdf.aspx . 25 March 2012 . 21 February 2012 . The Daily Star . The Alawis have been present in modern-day Lebanon since the 16th century and are estimated to number 100,000 today, mostly in Akkar and Tripoli.
  24. Web site: Lebanon's Alawi: A Minority Struggles in a 'Nation' of Sects . 22 October 2014 . Al Akhbar English.
  25. Web site: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . Refworld – Lebanon: Displaced Allawis find little relief in impoverished north . 22 October 2014 . Refworld.
  26. Web site: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . Refworld – Lebanon: Displaced families struggle on both sides of sectarian divide . 22 October 2014 . Refworld.
  27. Web site: Syria Street divides them. 13 February 2012. Nowlebanon.com. 22 October 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20120228114054/http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArticleDetails.aspx?ID=364329. 28 February 2012. dead.
  28. News: Homs bloodshed spills over into Lebanon. London . The Independent . Robert . Fisk . 2012-02-13 .
  29. Web site: Tripoli Clashes: Keeping Conflict Alive. English.al-akhbar.com. 22 October 2014. 22 October 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141022180847/http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/4158/. dead.
  30. Web site: Tripoli, North Lebanon: The Forgotten City. Al Akhbar English. 22 October 2014. 4 February 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140204032436/http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/tripoli-north-lebanon-forgotten-city. dead.
  31. Web site: The Illustrious Past of Tripoli's "Frontline". Al Akhbar English. 22 October 2014. 28 June 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120628121525/http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/illustrious-past-tripoli%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%9Cfrontline%E2%80%9D. dead.
  32. Web site: LEBANON'S POLITICS: THE SUNNI COMMUNITY AND HARIRI'S FUTURE CURRENT . Crisisgroup.org . 22 October 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130927005635/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Iraq%20Syria%20Lebanon/Lebanon/96%20Lebanons%20Politics%20-%20The%20Sunni%20Community%20and%20Hariris%20Future%20Current.ashx . 27 September 2013.
  33. Web site: New Crisis, Old Demons in Lebanon: The Forgotten Lessons of Bab-Tebbaneh/Jabal Mohsen – International Crisis Group . Crisisgroup.org . 2010-10-14 . 2012-10-23 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20121203011259/http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/egypt-syria-lebanon/lebanon/B29-new-crisis-old-demons-in-lebanon-the-forgotten-lessons-of-bab-tebbaneh-jabal-mohsen.aspx . 3 December 2012.
  34. O'Ballance, Civil War in Lebanon (1998), pp. 146–7.
  35. Web site: The Glasgow Herald – Google News Archive Search. News.goog.le.com. 22 October 2014.
  36. O'Ballance, Civil War in Lebanon (1998), p. 171.
  37. Web site: North Lebanon reconciliation struck through joint efforts . https://web.archive.org/web/20100614112223/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-09/09/content_9880896.htm . dead . 14 June 2010 . Xinhua News Agency . 2008-09-09 . 2011-11-14.
  38. News: Lebanese army sends troops north. BBC. 2008-05-16 . 2008-05-11.
  39. News: Day 5: Lebanese dare to hope worst is over . . 2008-05-12 . 17 May 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080517053917/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=1&categ_id=2&article_id=91930 . dead .
  40. Web site: Lebanon army gives gunmen deadline to disarm. 12 May 2008 . Al Arabiya. 2008-05-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080517143623/http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2008/05/12/49725.html . 2008-05-17.
  41. Web site: Fighting breaks out in northern Lebanon; 4 dead. Bassem Mroue. Associated Press. 2008-09-10.
  42. Web site: Nine killed in sectarian fighting in Lebanon. France 24. 2008-09-10.
  43. Web site: North Lebanon reconciliation struck through joint efforts. https://web.archive.org/web/20100614112223/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-09/09/content_9880896.htm. dead. 14 June 2010. Suzan Haidamous. Xinhua News Agency. 2008-12-24.
  44. Web site: Hariri tells Alawites in north Lebanon: We are all Lebanese . . 2008-12-24 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080912062529/http://yalibnan.com/site/archives/2008/09/hariri_tells_al.php . 12 September 2008.
  45. News: Tripoli Turmoil Increases Risk of a Sunni-Shiite War in Lebanon . Bloomberg . 2008-09-29.
  46. News: Robert Fisk: Al-Qa'ida sends its warriors from Iraq to wage 'jihad' in Lebanon. London . The Independent . 2008-08-15 .
  47. News: Three killed in fighting in Lebanon's Tripoli: sources. Reuters. 26 March 2014 . 2023-01-24.
  48. News: Car bomb attack on Lebanese army bus kills 5. Reuters. 29 September 2008 . 2023-01-24.
  49. Web site: Jabal Mohsen and Bab al-Tabbaneh targeted by three Energa grenades after the first day of violence. https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171012115930/https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/archive/jabal_mohsen_and_bab_al-tabbaneh_targeted_by_three_energa_grenades_after_first_day_of_viol1. dead. 12 October 2017. 8 October 2009. Nowlebanon.com. 22 October 2014.
  50. Web site: IRIN Middle East – LEBANON: Football unites for a day – Lebanon – Governance – Security. IRIN. 22 October 2014.
  51. Web site: Two grenades fired into Tripoli's Jabal Mohsen district. The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon. 22 October 2014.
  52. Web site: Energa round falls in Jabal Mohsen. https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171012115934/https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/archive/energa_round_falls_in_jabal_mohsen1. dead. 12 October 2017. 28 November 2010. Nowlebanon.com. 22 October 2014.
  53. Web site: Lebanon... Perils of the Syrian Quake Aftershocks. Studies.aljazeera.net. 22 October 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20121027133752/http://studies.aljazeera.net/ResourceGallery/media/Documents/2011/7/28/201172894328667734Lebanon-Perils%20of%20the%20Syrian%20Quake%20Aftershocks.pdf. 27 October 2012. dead.
  54. News: Syria's Unrest Felt by Military in Lebanon . The New York Times . Josh . Wood . 2012-02-15.
  55. Web site: Syrian violence spills over into Lebanon. Al Jazeera. 22 October 2014.
  56. Web site: Calm returns after 3 die in north Lebanon violence. The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon. 22 October 2014. 2 March 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140302150906/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Local-News/2012/Feb-12/162950-2-killed-in-tripoli-violence-mufti-calls-for-arms-free-city.ashx. dead.
  57. Web site: Several dead in clashes in Lebanon's Tripoli. Al Jazeera. 22 October 2014.
  58. Web site: At least two killed as Alawite-Sunni fighting erupts in Lebanese port city. Al Arabiya. 22 October 2014.
  59. Web site: North Lebanon clashes claim 3, army restores order. The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon. 22 October 2014. 16 November 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181116091915/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Local-News/2012/May-13/173210-lebanese-soldier-among-those-killed-in-tripoli-clashes.ashx. dead.
  60. Web site: 6 Dead, 70 Hurt as Clashes Spread in Tripoli and Islamists Reclose al-Nour Square. Naharnet. 22 October 2014.
  61. Web site: North Lebanon clashes escalate, kill 5. The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon. 22 October 2014. 16 November 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181116091343/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Local-News/2012/May-14/173316-1-killed-10-wounded-in-renewed-fighting-in-north-lebanon.ashx. dead.
  62. Web site: Lebanese soldier among 8 wounded in north Lebanon clashes. The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon. 22 October 2014. 4 June 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190604015034/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Local-News/2012/May-16/173584-4-wounded-in-clashes-between-army-gunmen.ashx. dead.
  63. Web site: Clashes Resume in Tripoli : Several Wounded. English.al-akhbar.com. 22 October 2014. 19 May 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120519045505/http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/clashes-resume-tripoli-several-wounded. dead.
  64. Web site: Diplomats Say 'Salafist Revolution' in Tripoli Aim at Arming Syrian Opposition. Naharnet. 22 October 2014.
  65. Web site: Geagea: Hezbollah training, arming Tripoli groups – Ya Libnan. https://web.archive.org/web/20120520140539/http://www.yalibnan.com/2012/05/18/geagea-hezbollah-training-arming-tripoli-groups/#more-39409. 20 May 2012.
  66. Web site: 4 Inerga rocket-propelled grenades fired in north Lebanon: residents. The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon. 22 October 2014.
  67. Web site: Dispute between rival Tripoli residents wounds 2. The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon. 22 October 2014. 3 February 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160203053436/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Local-News/2012/May-31/175228-dispute-between-rival-tripoli-residents-wounds-2.ashx. dead.
  68. Web site: Hezbollah role clouds Tripoli battleground. The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon. 22 October 2014. 2 March 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140302151102/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Politics/2012/Jun-08/176119-hezbollah-role-clouds-tripoli-battleground.ashx. dead.
  69. Web site: Tense calm returns to Lebanon's Tripoli. Al Akhbar English. 22 October 2014. 3 October 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181003020623/https://english.al-akhbar.com/content/tense-calm-returns-tripoli. dead.
  70. Web site: Cautious calm in north Lebanon marred by sporadic shooting. The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon. 22 October 2014. 16 November 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181116092835/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Local-News/2012/Jun-03/175512-fierce-clashes-rage-in-north-lebanon-12-killed.ashx. dead.
  71. Web site: Lebanese army deployed in Tripoli after 15 killed – Ya Libnan. https://web.archive.org/web/20140222064943/http://www.yalibnan.com/2012/06/03/lebanese-army-deployed-in-tripoli-after-15-killed/. 22 February 2014.
  72. Web site: Many killed as Lebanese clash over Syria. Al Jazeera. 22 October 2014.
  73. News: Several ceasefire violations were reported in Tripoli. 27 November 2012. Ya Libnan. 3 June 2012.
  74. Web site: One killed, one wounded by sniper fire in north Lebanon. The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon. 22 October 2014. 3 February 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160203053436/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Local-News/2012/Jun-08/176185-one-killed-one-wounded-by-sniper-fire-in-north-lebanon.ashx. dead.
  75. Web site: The view from Tripoli's restive Jabal Mohsen. The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon. 22 October 2014. 2 March 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140302150925/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Local-News/2012/Jun-23/177863-the-view-from-tripolis-restive-jabal-mohsen.ashx. dead.
  76. Web site: One Killed in Tripoli by Gunshots Fired in Celebration of Damascus Bombing. Naharnet. 22 October 2014.
  77. Web site: One dead in Lebanon after anti-Assad celebrations. Al Akhbar English. 22 October 2014. 3 October 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181003013723/https://english.al-akhbar.com/content/one-dead-lebanon-after-anti-assad-celebrations. dead.
  78. Web site: Two killed, 7 wounded in north Lebanon family dispute. The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon. 22 October 2014. 2 March 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140302150902/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Local-News/2012/Jul-22/181510-two-killed-7-wounded-in-north-lebanon-family-dispute.ashx. dead.
  79. Web site: One Killed as Personal Dispute Escalates into Armed Clash in Bab al-Tabbaneh. Naharnet. 22 October 2014.
  80. Web site: 2 Dead, 5 Hurt as Families Dispute Erupts into Gunfire in Bab al-Tabbaneh. Naharnet. 22 October 2014.
  81. Web site: Fighting Erupts in Rival Tripoli Districts, Army Hits Back at Shooters. Naharnet. 22 October 2014.
  82. Web site: Tripoli Clashes Leave 12 Wounded. Naharnet. 22 October 2014.
  83. Web site: Three Lebanese soldiers wounded in fresh Tripoli clashes. Al Akhbar English. 22 October 2014. 3 October 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181003015923/https://english.al-akhbar.com/content/three-lebanese-soldiers-wounded-fresh-tripoli-clashes. dead.
  84. Web site: Hezbollah ally camps out in mosque after Tripoli clashes. The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon. 22 October 2014. 8 June 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190608213947/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Local-News/2012/Aug-09/183932-hezbollah-ally-camps-out-in-mosque-after-tripoli-clashes.ashx. dead.
  85. News: Fighting in Lebanese city for the second night, 7 killed . Reuters . 21 August 2012.
  86. Web site: Fighting in Lebanese city for second night, 7 killed (Reuters) . https://archive.today/20130416000357/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/fighting-in-lebanese-city-for-second-night-7-killed/ . dead . 16 April 2013 . Thomson Reuters Foundation . 22 October 2014 .
  87. News: Lebanon clashes: Fresh clashes breach truce in Tripoli. 23 August 2012. BBC News. BBC. 23 August 2012.
  88. News: Sunni cleric killed in north Lebanon clashes. 24 August 2012. 24 August 2012. BBC News.
  89. News: Syria blamed for deadly Lebanon blast – Middle East . Al Jazeera . 20 October 2010 . 2012-10-23.
  90. News: Three dead in Tripoli clashes, arrests made . The Daily Star . 2012-08-27 . 2012-10-23.
  91. News: The innocent lives lost in Tripoli's battles . The Daily Star . 26 October 2012 . 27 November 2012.
  92. News: Holmes . Oliver . Fighting flares in Lebanese city over Syria loyalties . Reuters . 23 October 2012. 2012-10-23.
  93. News: Ceasefire Declared, Army Deploys in Tripoli after 11 Killed, 39 Hurt . Naharnet . 2012-10-23 . 2012-11-27.
  94. Web site: Fatal sectarian clashes in Lebanon's Tripoli. Al Jazeera. 22 October 2014.
  95. Web site: (Al Jazeera). Al Jazeera. 22 October 2014.
  96. Web site: Tripoli Death Toll Hits 7 as Clashes Renew at Night and Army Arrests Gunmen. Naharnet. 22 October 2014.
  97. Web site: Report: Lebanese Men Arrested in Tall Kalakh to Be Tried in Damascus. Naharnet. 22 October 2014.
  98. Web site: Three killed by snipers in sectarian clashes in Lebanon's Tripoli (Reuters) . https://archive.today/20130415235022/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/three-killed-by-snipers-in-sectarian-clashes-in-lebanons-tripoli/ . dead . 15 April 2013 . Thomson Reuters Foundation . 22 October 2014 .
  99. Web site: Army Units Deploy in Tripoli as Clashes, Sniper Fire Renew at Night. Naharnet. 22 October 2014.
  100. Web site: Army Arrests Suspect for Tossing Grenades in Tripoli 'to Incite Strife'. Naharnet. 22 October 2014.
  101. Web site: Two Hurt by Sniper Fire in Jabal Mohsen as 'Cautious Calm' Engulfs Tripoli. Naharnet. 22 October 2014.
  102. Web site: One Killed in Tripoli Clashes after Shooting Erupts at Hospital. Naharnet. 22 October 2014.
  103. Web site: 3 Dead, 4 Hurt in Tripoli Clashes, Army Readies to Enter Jabal Mohsen as Part of Security Plan. Naharnet. 22 October 2014.
  104. Web site: Two Soldiers Killed as Army Seeks to Contain Tripoli Clashes. Naharnet. 22 October 2014.
  105. Web site: Clashes Intensify in Tripoli as Death Toll Reaches 12. Naharnet. 22 October 2014.
  106. Web site: Lebanese army pulls out of Tripoli's streets. English.al-akhbar.com. 22 October 2014. 3 October 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181003053647/https://english.al-akhbar.com/content/lebanese-army-pulls-out-tripolis-streets. dead.
  107. Web site: At Least 10 Dead in Tripoli Clashes as Heavy Weapons Used for 1st Time. Naharnet. 22 October 2014.
  108. Web site: Army Deploys in Some Tripoli Flashpoints, Fighting Frontiers Leaders Still Reluctant. Naharnet. 22 October 2014.
  109. Web site: Army Starts Removing Jabal Mohsen Barricades, Eid Voices Reservation and Kabbara Gives 48-Hour Ultimatum. Naharnet. 22 October 2014.
  110. News: Twin bombings rock mosques in Tripoli, Lebanon . CNN . 23 August 2013.
  111. Web site: Arab Democratic Party Official Shot Dead in Tripoli amid Flare up. Naharnet. 22 October 2014.
  112. Web site: 25 Dead, 175 Hurt as Tripoli Fighting Enters 9th Day amid Call for Unilateral Ceasefire. Naharnet. 22 October 2014.
  113. Web site: North Lebanon suicide attack kills nine. The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Bab al-Tabbaneh–Jabal Mohsen conflict".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.