Ba–Shu culture explained

Ba-Shu culture (Chinese: t=巴蜀文化|s=巴蜀文化|p=Bāshǔ wénhuà) refers to a regional culture centered around Sichuan province and Chongqing city, also encompassing parts of Yunnan, Guizhou, southwestern Shaanxi (particularly Hanzhong)[1] and neighboring regions which speak Southwestern Mandarin. Historically centered around the Yangtze River, it emerged as an amalgamation of the cultures of the Shu and Ba kingdoms after their conquest by the State of Qin. The discovery of the Shu site of Sanxingdui in 1986, and Jinsha in 2001 places the Ba-Shu culture's age at nearly four millenia old;[2] [3] consequently, it is commonly considered to be one of the cradles of Chinese civilisation and culture.[4] [5] Ba-Shu culture has continued to the present day and is nowadays famous for aspects such as its cuisine and Sichuan opera.[6] [7] [8]

Origins

Shu culture

The kingdom of Shu originated from the Sanxingdui culture and thrived from the 2nd millennium BC until its destruction by the State of Qin in 316 BC, coinciding with the not fully substantiated Xia dynasty in the Zhongyuan region, which lasted a total of one or two millenia.[9] The Shu culture had a rich tradition of metalworking (especially with bronze) and manufactured numerous notable artifacts, hundreds of which were unearthed at sacrificial pits at Sanxingdui and Jinsha; these include bronze statues, heads and masks, several bronze trees (one of which, the Bronze Sacred Tree, has been restored), daggers, hundreds of pieces of pottery, and the Golden Sun Bird.[10] [11] Additionally, the Shu culture is noted for its resistance to external influences, and was more or less unaffected by other nearby cultures until its conquest by the State of Qin in 316 BC.[12] [13]

Ba culture

Ba culture and the State of Ba were historically centered around the Three Gorges area.[14] The Ba people worshiped the white tiger, which was their totem, and crafted many bronze artifacts based on its form and patterns.[15] [16]  They had a rich tradition of performing arts, with distinctive instruments and rituals like the Bayu Dance.[17] [18] However, there is a lack of identifiable artifacts belonging to the Ba culture, as well as knowledge of the culture, as nearly all of them have been mixed with relics of nearby kingdoms, and there is an absence of written records about Ba culture made by its contemporary states or the Shang dynasty.[19]

Traditional language

See main article: Sichuanese dialects, Sichuanese characters and Ba–Shu Chinese.

Ancient writing system

See main article: Ba–Shu scripts.

Architecture

Sichuanese architecture

See main article: article.

Sichuanese garden

See main article: Sichuanese garden.

Visual arts

See main article: Shu embroidery and Sanxingdui.

Performing arts

See main article: Sichuan opera.

See main article: Music of Sichuan.

See main article: Shu school.

Clothing

See main article: Clothing in ancient Shu.

Tea culture

See also: Chinese tea culture and Mengding Ganlu tea.

Food culture

See main article: Sichuan cuisine.

Others

See main article: Mahjong.

See main article: Sichuan clique.

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Yan . Jie . Wang . Jun . 2011 . Character and social interpretation of local architecture in the south of Shaanxi . Advanced Materials Research . 368–373 . 3009 . 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.368-373.3006.
  2. Zhao . Weijie . New archeological marvels of ancient Shu civilization . https://web.archive.org/web/20240418062657/https://academic.oup.com/nsr/article/8/7/nwab071/6271324?login=false . 18 April 2024 . 2024-02-23 . National Science Review. 2021 . 8 . 7 . nwab071 . 10.1093/nsr/nwab071 . 34691698 . 8310767 .
  3. Web site: Jinsha Site Museum . https://web.archive.org/web/20240418063033/https://www.jinshasitemuseum.com/site-75/node/286 . 18 April 2024 . 2024-02-24 . www.jinshasitemuseum.com.
  4. Web site: Liu . Hong . June 2006 . 巴蜀文化渊源 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20190502173004/http://www.huaxia.com/qqla/lbyl/wh/2006/06/218625.html . May 2, 2019 . September 7, 2017 . huaxia.com . Chinese.
  5. Web site: Liu . Hong . 巴族和蜀族怎樣構成巴蜀文化？ 中國文化研究院 - 燦爛的中國文明 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240418063834/https://chiculture.org.hk/tc/china-five-thousand-years/294 . 18 April 2024 . 2024-04-18 . chiculture.org.hk . Chinese.
  6. Web site: Tan . Yihua . 27 May 2024 . 协同保护巴蜀文化瑰宝，川渝携手为川剧保护传承立法_四川在线 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240617062300/https://sichuan.scol.com.cn/ggxw/202405/82535335.html . 17 June 2024 . 2024-06-17 . sichuan.scol.com.cn . Chinese.
  7. Web site: 30 November 2023 . 用更多精品力作推动川剧振兴 促进巴蜀文化绽放新的时代光彩 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240617062637/http://sc.people.com.cn/n2/2023/1130/c345167-40659933.html . 17 June 2024 . 2024-06-17 . sc.people.com.cn . Chinese.
  8. Web site: 李后强丨川菜的文化基因与学理基础 -四川经济网-经济门户 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240617062928/https://www.scjjrb.com/2023/11/17/99383504.html . 17 June 2024 . 2024-06-17 . www.scjjrb.com . Chinese.
  9. Web site: 2016-03-04 . 【巴蜀文化】天府人间，辉映流光 - 青陇巴蜀 - 汗青网 . 2024-04-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111943/http://www.sinocul.com/qinglongbashu/show-4010-1.html . March 4, 2016 . Chinese.
  10. Web site: 2021-09-09 . Bronze sacred tree found in Sanxingdui sacrificial pit – The History Blog . https://web.archive.org/web/20240617074352/https://www.thehistoryblog.com/archives/62185 . 17 June 2024 . 2024-04-05 . en-US.
  11. Web site: 2022-06-15 . Newly found Chinese artifacts illuminate mysterious ancient kingdom . https://web.archive.org/web/20240617074504/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/sanxingdui-china-archaeology-artifacts-sacrificial-pits-shu-kingdom-rcna33643 . 17 June 2024 . 2024-04-05 . NBC News.
  12. Web site: Luo . Zhitian . March 29, 2023 . 【资讯】浅析巴蜀文化 . https://www.cdut.edu.cn/sKpQlUVCxrwf/aeHdLWdc7oH2.9e258ff.js . April 5, 2024 . Chengdu University of Technology . Chinese.
  13. Web site: 2023-06-16 . Qin Dynasty: Achievements, Facts & Time Period . https://web.archive.org/web/20240617074931/https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-china/qin-dynasty . 17 June 2024 . 2024-04-05 . HISTORY . en.
  14. Web site: 27 October 2004 . 巴文化的多元传播探究_光明日报_光明网 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240617075048/https://www.gmw.cn/01gmrb/2004-10/27/content_121108.htm . 17 June 2024 . 2024-04-12 . www.gmw.cn . Chinese.
  15. Web site: 14 May 2022 . 东西问丨巴文化何以成为中华文明的坚定"一元"？-中新网 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240617075423/https://www.chinanews.com.cn/gn/2022/05-14/9754734.shtml . 17 June 2024 . 2024-04-12 . www.chinanews.com.cn . Chinese.
  16. Web site: Tang . Li . 9 October 2014 . 巴文化传统符号与旅游工艺品设计的融合 -《装饰》杂志官方网站 - 关注中国本土设计的专业网站 www.izhsh.com.cn . https://web.archive.org/web/20240617075637/http://www.izhsh.com.cn/doc/52/3054.html . 17 June 2024 . 2024-04-12 . www.izhsh.com.cn . Chinese.
  17. Web site: 巴文化 巴、蜀、楚的文化关系，你知道吗？_巴楚 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240617080013/https://www.sohu.com/ . 17 June 2024 . 2024-04-12 . www.sohu.com . Chinese.
  18. Web site: 巴渝舞：巴人啸聚山林的狂欢盛宴_巴中市人民政府 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240617080215/https://www.cnbz.gov.cn/zjbz/rwbz/12921551.html . 17 June 2024 . 2024-04-12 . www.cnbz.gov.cn . Chinese.
  19. Web site: 巴文化研究若干问题的思考 - 重庆考古 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240617080357/http://www.cqkaogu.com/xsyj/4001.jhtml . 17 June 2024 . 2024-04-12 . www.cqkaogu.com.

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