| |
| Bwv: | 11 |
| Type: | Oratorio |
| Image Upright: | 1.2 |
| Native Name: | Latin: Oratorium In Festo Ascensionis |
| Related: | German: [[Mass in B minor structure#Agnus Dei|Agnus Dei]] |
| Occasion: | Feast of the Ascension |
| Movements: | 11 in two parts (6 + 5) |
| Text Poet: | Picander? |
| Chorale: |
|
| Vocal: | soloists and choir |
German: Lobet Gott in seinen Reichen (Laud to God in all his kingdoms), , known as the Ascension Oratorio (German: Himmelfahrtsoratorium), is an oratorio by Johann Sebastian Bach, marked by him as Latin: Oratorium In Festo Ascensionis Xsti (Oratorio for the feast of the Ascension of Christ), composed for the service for Ascension and probably first performed on 15 May 1738.
Bach had composed his Christmas Oratorio, based on the gospels of Luke and Matthew, in 1734. He had composed an Easter Oratorio already in 1725. The text for the Ascension Oratorio, a compilation of several biblical sources, free poetry and chorales, was presumably written by Picander who may also have worked on the libretto for the Christmas Oratorio. It follows the story of the Ascension as told in Luke, Mark and the Acts of the Apostles. The oratorio is structured in eleven movements in two parts, taking about half an hour to perform. It is framed by extended choral movements, Part I is concluded by the fourth stanza of Johann Rist's hymn "German: Du Lebensfürst, Herr Jesu Christ|italic=no" in a four-part setting. The closing chorale on the seventh stanza of Gottfried Wilhelm Sacer's "de|Gott fähret auf gen Himmel" is set as a chorale fantasia. The work is richly scored for the feast day, exactly like the Christmas Oratorio for four vocal parts, three trumpets, timpani, two flauti traversi, two oboes, strings and continuo.
Bach had composed his Christmas Oratorio, based on the gospels of Luke and Matthew, in 1734, a work in six parts to be performed on six occasions during Christmas tide. He had composed an Easter Oratorio already in 1725, and revised it for 1738. Bach composed the oratorio for Ascension that same year. The text for the Ascension Oratorio, a compilation of several biblical sources, free poetry and chorales, was presumably written by Picander who had been the librettist for the St Matthew Passion and other works by Bach. It follows the story of the Ascension as told both in Luke, Mark and the Acts of the Apostles.
The bible narration is compiled from multiple sources: the first recitative of the Evangelist (movement 2) is from Luke 24, the second (5) from Acts 1 and Mark 16, the third (7) from Acts 1, the last (9) from Luke 24, Acts 1, and Luke 24 . The biblical words are narrated by the tenor as the Evangelist. In his third recitative two men are quoted, for this quotation tenor and bass both sing in an arioso.
Part I, which tells of the Ascension, is concluded by the fourth stanza of Johann Rist's hymn "de|Du Lebensfürst, Herr Jesu Christ" in a four-part setting. Part II reflects the reaction of the disciples. The closing chorale on the seventh stanza of Gottfried Wilhelm Sacer's "de|Gott fähret auf gen Himmel" is set as a chorale fantasia. While the music for the narration and the first chorale were new compositions in 1738, Bach based the framing choral movements and the two arias on earlier compositions. He used the model for the alto aria again much later for the la|[[Mass in B minor structure#Agnus Dei|Agnus Dei]] of his Mass in B minor.
Bach probably performed the oratorio first on 15 May 1738, while an older reference states that it was composed in 1735, in the same liturgical year as the Christmas Oratorio.
In the first complete edition of Bach's works, the de|Bach-Ausgabe of the de|[[Bach Gesellschaft]], the work was included under the cantatas (hence its low BWV number), and in the Bach Compendium it is numbered BC D 9 and included under oratorios.
The oratorio spans eleven movements in two parts to be performed before and after the sermon, 1–6 before the sermon and 7–11 after the sermon. It takes about half an hour to perform. The title on the first page of the autograph reads: "J.J." is short for "Jesu juva" (Jesus, help), a formula which Bach and others often wrote at the beginning of a sacred piece. The title in Latin translates to "Oratorio for the feast of the Ascension of Christ", and the scoring in a mixture of French and Italian names the parts and instruments as four vocal parts, three trumpets (Tr), timpani, two flauti traversi (Ft), two oboes (Ob), two violins (Vn), viola (Va) and basso continuo (Bc) by Bach. The voices are soprano, alto, tenor and bass, forming a four-part choir (SATB). The work is festively scored, exactly like the Christmas Oratorio.
The structure shows symmetry around the central chorale. Expansive chorale movements using the complete orchestra frame the work. Both parts contain besides the bible narration (rec.) a reflective accompagnato recitative (acc.) and an aria with obbligato instruments. In the following table of the movements, the scoring is taken the Neue Bach-Ausgabe. The keys and time signatures are taken from Alfred Dürr, using the symbol for common time (4/4). Dürr gives the duration as 32 minutes. The timpani always play with the trumpets and are not mentioned.
| No. | Type | Text (source) | Vocal | Brass and winds | Strings | Bass | Key | Time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part I | ||||||||
| 1 | chorus | de|Lobet Gott in seinen Reichen (Picander) | SATB | 3Tr 2Ft 2Ob | 2Vl Va | Bc | 2/4 | |
| 2 | rec. | de|Der Herr Jesus hub seine Hände auf (Bible) | T | Bc | ||||
| 3 | acc. | de|Ach, Jesu, ist dein Abschied (Picander) | B | 2Ft | Bc | |||
| 4 | aria | de|Ach, bleibe doch, mein liebstes Leben (Picander) | A | Vl (unis.) | Bc | |||
| 5 | rec. | de|Und ward aufgehoben zusehends (Bible) | T | Bc | ||||
| 6 | chorale | de|Nun lieget alles unter dir (Rist) | SATB | 2Ft 2Ob | 2Vl Va | Bc | D major | 3/4 |
| 7 | rec. | de|Und da sie ihm nachsahen (Bible) | T B | Bc | ||||
| 8 | acc. | de|Ach ja! so komme bald zurück (Picander) | A | 2Ft | Bc | |||
| 9 | rec. | de|Sie aber beteten ihn an (Bible) | T | Bc | ||||
| 10 | aria | de|Jesu, deine Gnadenblicke (Bible) | S | 2Ft Ob | unison | 3/8 | ||
| 11 | chorale | de|Wenn soll es doch geschehen (Sacer) | SATB | 3Tr 2Ft 2Ob | 2Vl Va | Bc | D major | 6/4 |
The Bach scholar Richard D. P. Jones compares the Christmas Oratorio and the Ascension Oratorio and arrives at similarities:
The oratorio is similar especially to Part VI of the Christmas Oratorio which also begins with an extended opening chorus and a chorale fantasia as a conclusion. Bach derived the opening chorus and two arias of earlier works.
The festive opening chorus expressing praise, "de|Lobet Gott in seinen Reichen", is believed to be based on a movement from the lost secular cantata German: [[Froher Tag, verlangte Stunden, BWV Anh. 18|''Froher Tag, verlangte Stunden'', BWV Anh. 18]]|italic=unset. The movement has no fugue, but dance-like elements and Lombard rhythm. The orchestra with trumpets, flutes and oboes, begins with extended concertante music. The choir enters in homophony, with its own themes. Two middle sections, similar to each other, have syncopated themes in minor modes, but the general praise prevails there as well.
Bach marks the first recitative of bible narration "Recit. nach dem ersten Chor" (Recitative after the first chorus). It is sung by the la|Evangelista (Evangelist), which Bach assigns to the tenor singing secco recitative, following an old tradition. The action begins, "de|Der Herr Jesus hub seine Hände auf" (The Lord Jesus lifted up His hands), with Jesus blessing the disciples and leaving them.
A reflecting recitative for bass, "de|Ach, Jesu, ist dein Abschied" (Ah, Jesus, is Your departure), shows the situation of the disciples afraid that Jesus will leave them soon. Marked "Rec: col accomp." (Recitative: with accomp[animent]), it is accompanied by the flutes and continuo as a Italian: recitativo accompagnato. The instruments add colour in long notes to the singing, and illustrate feelings and movements in transitions.
Deeper reflection is expressed in an aria, marked "it|Aria Violini unisoni e Alto" (Aria Violins in unison and Alto). The singer requests Jesus to stay: "de|Ach, bleibe doch, mein liebstes Leben" (Ah, just stay, my dearest Life). The music is based on a movement from the lost wedding cantata German: Auf, süß entzückende Gewalt, BWV Anh. 196, written in 1725 on a libretto by Johann Christoph Gottsched.
Bach used the model for the alto aria of the la|[[Mass in B minor structure#Agnus Dei|Agnus Dei]] of his Mass in B minor.
The Evangelist continues the narration with the Ascension: "de|Und ward aufgehoben zusehends" (And He was apparently lifted up).
The first chorale, closing part 1, is the fourth stanza of "de|Du Lebensfürst, Herr Jesu Christ", written in 1641 by Johann Rist. The text "de|Nun lieget alles unter dir" (Now everything is subject to You) imagines Jesus in heaven, with the angels and elements serving him:It is composed as a four-part setting, with the instruments playing Italian: [[colla parte]]: oboes and violin I enforce the chorale tune, the flutes an octave higher, violin II plays with the alto, viola with the tenor, and the continuo with the bass.
The evangelist begins Part II, "de|Und da sie ihm nachsahen" (And as they watched), telling of two men in white gowns addressing the disciples. The two men are represented by tenor and bass in a duet, which begins in homophony and leads to a canon.
A reflecting recitative for alto, "de|Ach ja! so komme bald zurück" (Ah yes! Then come back soon), requests the return of Jesus. Parallel to the bass recitative in Part I, it is also accompanied by the flutes and continuo.
The evangelist ends the narration, "de|Sie aber beteten ihn an" (They however prayed to Him), telling of the disciples' return from the mountain which is named the Mount of Olives.
The soprano aria, "de|Jesu, deine Gnadenblicke" (Jesus, Your merciful gaze), is also based on the wedding cantata German: Auf, süß entzückende Gewalt. It is one of the rare pieces in Bach's music without basso continuo, with the two unison flutes, the oboe and the unison strings playing a trio, augmented to a quartet by the singer. The original words in the wedding cantata mentioned "German: Unschuld|italic=no" (innocence). Brian Robins notes "the lightly translucent texture reflecting the text's allusion to Christ leaving his body to ascend to Heaven". While Dürr saw the music as the illustrtion of a glance towards heaven, Jones thinks that the setting without an earthly continuo represents the Gnadenblicke (glances of Grace) of the text.
The closing chorale, "de|Wenn soll es doch geschehen" (When shall it happen"), is the seventh stanza of "de|Gott fähret auf gen Himmel", written in 1697 by Gottfried Wilhelm Sacer. Set in the first person, it expresses the desire of the speaker for the "liebe Zeit" (dear time) when he sees the Saviour in his glory. Continuing saying "wir" (we), he imagines greeting and kissing him.
It is set as a chorale fantasia. The soprano sings the la|[[cantus firmus]] in long notes,< on the melody of "de|Von Gott will ich nicht lassen". Similar to the final chorale de|Nun seid ihr wohl gerochen of the Christmas Oratorio, the chorale tune in a church mode appears in the triumphant context of a different major key. The text expresses longing for the day of being united with Jesus in Heaven. The musicologist Julian Mincham interprets the mode of the tune as "the human state of waiting and hoping", while the concerto represents the fulfillment. Mincham compares the writing to the opening chorale fantasias of the second cantata cycle of chorale cantatas, finding the composition for the lower voices "endlessly inventive, frequently related to the textual images" pointing out "the passionate and clinging representation of kissing the Saviour beneath the caressing flutes, in the penultimate phrase".
The sortable listing is taken from the selection provided by Aryeh Oron on the Bach Cantatas Website. Ensembles with period instruments in historically informed performance and choirs of one voice per part (OVPP) is marked by green background.