Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing explained

BOINC
Logo Size:	200px
Logo Alt:	BOINC logo
Screenshot Size:	280px
Screenshot Alt:	BOINC Manager Simple View
Developer:	University of California, Berkeley
Latest Release Version:	8.0.2 Windows 8.0.2 macOS 8.0.2 Linux 8.0.2 Android
Latest Preview Version:	8.0.3
Programming Language:	C++ (client/server) PHP (project CMS) Java/Kotlin (Android client)
Operating System:	Windows macOS Linux Android FreeBSD Raspberry Pi OS
Genre:	Grid computing and volunteer computing
License:	LGPL-3.0-or-later^[1] Project licensing varies

The Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing^[2] (BOINC, pronounced – rhymes with "oink"^[3]) is an open-source middleware system for volunteer computing (a type of distributed computing).^[4] Developed originally to support SETI@home,^[5] it became the platform for many other applications in areas as diverse as medicine, molecular biology, mathematics, linguistics, climatology, environmental science, and astrophysics, among others.^[6] The purpose of BOINC is to enable researchers to utilize processing resources of personal computers and other devices around the world.

BOINC development began with a group based at the Space Sciences Laboratory (SSL) at the University of California, Berkeley, and led by David P. Anderson, who also led SETI@home. As a high-performance volunteer computing platform, BOINC brings together 34,236 active participants employing 136,341 active computers (hosts) worldwide, processing daily on average 20.164 PetaFLOPS ^[7] (it would be the 21st largest processing capability in the world compared with an individual supercomputer).^[8] The National Science Foundation (NSF) funds BOINC through awards SCI/0221529,^[9] SCI/0438443^[10] and SCI/0721124.^[11] Guinness World Records ranks BOINC as the largest computing grid in the world.^[12]

BOINC code runs on various operating systems, including Microsoft Windows, macOS, Android,^[13] Linux, and FreeBSD.^[14] BOINC is free software released under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL).

History

BOINC was originally developed to manage the SETI@home project. David P. Anderson has said that he chose its name because he wanted something that was not "imposing", but rather "light, catchy, and maybe - like 'Unix' - a little risqué", so he "played around with various acronyms and settled on 'BOINC'".^[15]

The original SETI client was a non-BOINC software exclusively for SETI@home. It was one of the first volunteer computing projects, and not designed with a high level of security. As a result, some participants in the project attempted to cheat the project to gain "credits", while others submitted entirely falsified work. BOINC was designed, in part, to combat these security breaches.^[16]

The BOINC project started in February 2002, and its first version was released on April 10, 2002. The first BOINC-based project was Predictor@home, launched on June 9, 2004. In 2009, AQUA@home deployed multi-threaded CPU applications for the first time,^[17] followed by the first OpenCL application in 2010.

As of 15 August 2022, there are 33 projects on the official list.^[18] There are also, however, BOINC projects not included on the official list. Each year, an international BOINC Workshop is hosted to increase collaboration among project administrators. In 2021, the workshop was hosted virtually.^[19]

While not affiliated with BOINC officially, there have been several independent projects that reward BOINC users for their participation, including Charity Engine (sweepstakes based on processing power with prizes funded by private entities who purchase computational time of CE users), Bitcoin Utopia (now defunct), and Gridcoin (a blockchain which mints coins based on processing power).

Design and structure

See main article: BOINC client–server technology.

BOINC is software that can exploit the unused CPU and GPU cycles on computer hardware to perform scientific computing. In 2008, BOINC's website announced that Nvidia had developed a language called CUDA that uses GPUs for scientific computing. With NVIDIA's assistance, several BOINC-based projects (e.g., MilkyWay@home. SETI@home) developed applications that run on NVIDIA GPUs using CUDA. BOINC added support for the ATI/AMD family of GPUs in October 2009. The GPU applications run from 2 to 10 times faster than the former CPU-only versions. GPU support (via OpenCL) was added for computers using macOS with AMD Radeon graphic cards, with the current BOINC client supporting OpenCL on Windows, Linux, and macOS. GPU support is also provided for Intel GPUs.^[20]

BOINC consists of a server system and client software that communicate to process and distribute work units and return results.

Mobile application

A BOINC app also exists for Android, allowing every person owning an Android device – smartphone, tablet and/or Kindle – to share their unused computing power. The user is allowed to select the research projects they want to support, if it is in the app's available project list.

By default, the application will allow computing only when the device is connected to a WiFi network, is being charged, and the battery has a charge of at least 90%.^[21] Some of these settings can be changed to users needs. Not all BOINC projects are available^[22] and some of the projects are not compatible with all versions of Android operating system or availability of work is intermittent. Currently available projects are Asteroids@home, Einstein@Home, LHC@home, Moo! Wrapper, Rosetta@home, Universe@Home, World Community Grid and . As of September 2021, the most recent version of the mobile application can only be downloaded from the BOINC website or the F-Droid repository as the official Google Play store does not allow downloading and running executables not signed by the app developer and each BOINC project has their own executable files.

User interfaces

BOINC can be controlled remotely by remote procedure calls (RPC), from the command line, and from a BOINC Manager.BOINC Manager currently has two "views": the Advanced View and the Simplified GUI. The Grid View was removed in the 6.6.x clients as it was redundant.The appearance (skin) of the Simplified GUI is user-customizable, in that users can create their own designs.

Account managers

A BOINC Account Manager is an application that manages multiple BOINC project accounts across multiple computers (CPUs) and operating systems. Account managers were designed for people who are new to BOINC or have several computers participating in several projects. The account manager concept was conceived and developed jointly by GridRepublic and BOINC. Current and past account managers include:

• BAM! (BOINC Account Manager) (The first publicly available Account Manager, released for public use on May 30, 2006)
• GridRepublic (Follows the ideas of simplicity and neatness in account management)
• Charity Engine (Non-profit account manager for hire, uses prize draws and continuous charity fundraising to motivate people to join the grid)
• Science United (An account manager designed to make BOINC easier to use which automatically selects vetted BOINC projects for users based on desired research areas such as "medicine" or "physics")^[23]
• Dazzler (Open-source Account Manager, to ease institutional management resources)

Credit system

See main article: BOINC Credit System.

• The BOINC Credit System is designed to avoid bad hardware and cheating by validating results before granting credit.
• The credit management system helps to ensure that users are returning results which are both statistically and scientifically accurate.
• Online volunteer computing is a complicated and variable mix of long-term users, retiring users and new users with different personal aspirations.

Projects

BOINC is used by many groups and individuals. Some BOINC projects are based at universities and research labs while others are independent areas of research or interest.^[24]

Active

Active Projects that have a Wikipedia page

Project Name	Publications	Launched	Status	Operating System	GPU App	Sponsor	Category	Research Focus
climateprediction.net	142 papers^[25]	2003-12-09	307,359 volunteers^[26]	Windows, Linux, ARM, macOS^[27]		Oxford University	Climate change	Improve climate prediction models. Sub-project: Seasonal Attribution Project.
DENIS@home	6 papers^[28]	2015-03-16	6,111 volunteers^[29]	Windows, Linux, ARM, macOS^[30]		, Zaragoza, Spain	Medical physiology	Simulate electrical activity of cardiac cells
Einstein@Home	41 papers^[31]	2005-02-19	1,041,796 volunteers^[32]	Windows, Linux, ARM, macOS, Android^[33]	GPU CPU	University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Max Planck Institute	Astrophysics	Search for pulsars using radio signals and gravitational wave data
	9 papers^[34]	2007-02-10	6,811 volunteers^[35]	Windows, Linux^[36]			Multiple applications	Research in discrete mathematics and logic control systems
GPUGRID.net	53 papers^[37]	2007-12-05	46,874 volunteers^[38]	Windows, Linux, macOS^[39]	NVIDIA GPU only	Barcelona Biomedical Research Park	Molecular biology	Perform full-atom molecular simulations of proteins on Nvidia GPUs for biomedical research
IThena.Measurements	paper^[40]	2019-09-25^[41]	751^[42] volunteers	Windows, Linux, ARM^[43]		Cyber-Complex Foundation	Computer science	Map internet nodes
iThena.Computational		2021-10-31	301 volunteers^[44]	Windows, Linux^[45]		Cyber-Complex Foundation	Computer science	Calculate data from iThena.measurements
LHC@home	68 papers^[46]	2004-01-09	178,623 volunteers^[47]	Windows, Linux, ARM, macOS, Android, FreeBSD^[48]		CERN	Physics	Help construct and test the Large Hadron Collider and search for fundamental particles
MilkyWay@home	25 papers^[49]	2007-07-07	250,447 volunteers^[50]	Windows, Linux, macOS^[51]		Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute	Astronomy	Create a simulation of the Milky Way galaxy using data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
MindModeling@Home	6 papers^[52]	2007-07-07	24,574 volunteers^[53]	Windows, Linux, macOS^[54]		University of Dayton Research Institute and Wright State University	Cognitive science	Making cognitive models of the human mind
PrimeGrid	3 papers^[55]	2005-06-12	353,261 volunteers^[56]	Windows, Linux, macOS^[57]	GPU CPU	Independent	Mathematics	Search for primes such as Generalized Fermat primes, 321 primes, Sierpinski numbers, Cullen-Woodall primes, Proth prime, and Sophie Germain primes. Subprojects include Seventeen or Bust, Riesel Sieve, and AP27 Search.
	Rosetta@home	2006-02-15	5548 volunteers^[58]	Windows, Linux, ARM, macOS, Android^[59]	GPU CPU	University of Washington	Molecular biology	Test project for Rosetta@home
Rosetta@home	181 papers^[60]	2005-10-06	1,373,480 volunteers^[61]	Windows, Linux, ARM, macOS, Android^[62]		University of Washington	Molecular biology	Protein structure prediction for disease research
	8 papers^[63]	2013-12-19	3,201 volunteers^[64]	Windows, Linux, macOS^[65]		University of Trento	Genetics	Currently deploying gene@home work to expand gene networks
Universe@Home	14 papers^[66]	2015-02-21	51,651 volunteers^[67]	Windows, Linux, ARM, macOS, Android^[68]		University of Warsaw	Astronomy	Research in Physics and Astronomy
World Community Grid	77 papers^[69]	2004-11-16	85,119 volunteers^[70]	Windows, Linux, ARM, macOS, Android^[71]	GPU CPU	Krembil Research Institute	Multiple applications	Subprojects: Open Pandemics - COVID-19. Clean Energy Project, GO Drug Search for Leishmaniasis, Fight Against Malaria, Computing for Clean Water, Discovering Dengue Drugs - Together, OpenZika, Help Cure Muscular Dystrophy, Help Defeat Cancer, Help Conquer Cancer, Help Fight Childhood Cancer, Smash Childhood Cancer, Human Proteome Folding Project, Uncovering Genome Mysteries, FightAIDS@Home, Let's outsmart Ebola together, Mapping Cancer Markers, Help Stop TB.
	9 papers^[72]	2007-07-19	94,236 volunteers^[73]	Windows, Linux, macOS, Android, ARM, Solaris, Sony Playstation 3^[74]		Independent	Multiple applications	Using the BOINC Wrapper with existing volunteer projects

Completed

Completed Projects that have a Wikipedia page!Project Name!Publications!Launched!Status!Operating System!GPU app!Sponsor!Category!Research Focus

SETI@home	12 papers^[75]	1999-05-17	1,808,938 volunteers^[76]	Windows, Linux, macOS, Android^[77]	GPU CPU	University of California, Berkeley	Astronomy	Analyzing radio frequencies from space to search for extraterrestrial life. Sub project: Astropulse
SETI@home beta	see above	2006-01-12			GPU CPU	University of California, Berkeley	Software testing	Test project for SETI@home
ABC@Home	paper^[78]	2006-11-21				Mathematical Institute of Leiden University	Mathematics	Find triples of the ABC conjecture
AQUA@home	4 papers^[79]	2008-12-10			GPU CPU	D-Wave Systems	Computer science
Artificial Intelligence System						Intelligence Realm Inc	Artificial intelligence	Simulate the brain using Hodgkin–Huxley models via an artificial neural network
Big and Ugly Rendering Project (BURP)	2 papers^[80]	2004-06-17				Independent	Rendering (computer graphics)	Use BOINC infrastructure with Blender (software) to render animated videos
Cell Computing						NTT Data	Biomedical sciences
	paper^[81]	2009-01-06^[82]	67,719 volunteers^[83]	Windows, Linux, macOS^[84]	GPU CPU	Independent	Mathematics	Study the unsolved Collatz conjecture^[85]
	5 papers^[86]	2011^[87]					Biology	Examining genome organization
Cosmology@Home	5 papers^[88]	2007-06-26	87,465 volunteers^[89]	Windows, Linux, macOS^[90]		Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris	Astronomy	Develop simulations that best describe The Universe
DistrRTgen		2008-01-12				Independent	Cryptography	Analysis of hash strength for password security by developing rainbow tables.
Docking@Home	20 papers^[91]	2006-09-11^[92]				University of Delaware	Molecular biology	Use the CHARMM program to model protein-ligand docking. The goal was the development of pharmaceutical drugs.
	12 papers^[93]	2009-10				MTA SZTAKI Laboratory of Parallel and Distributed Systems	Multiple applications	Support of scientific applications developed by the EGEE and EDGeS community
eOn	6 papers^[94]					University of Texas at Austin	Chemistry	Theoretical chemistry techniques to solve problems in condensed matter physics and materials science
Evolution@Home	6 papers^[95]						Evolutionary Biology	Improve understanding of evolutionary processes
FreeHAL		2006				Independent	Artificial intelligence	Compute information for software to imitate human conversation
GoofyxGrid@Home		2016				Independent	Mathematics	Mathematically implement the Infinite monkey theorem
HashClash	11 papers^[96]	2005-11-24				Eindhoven University of Technology	Cryptography	Find collisions in the MD5 hash algorithm
Ibercivis	18 papers^[97]	2008-06-22				Zaragoza, CETA-CIEMAT, CSIC, Coimbra	Multiple applications	Research in physics, material science and biomedicines
Leiden Classical	2 papers^[98]	2005-05-12				Leiden University	Chemistry	Classical mechanics for students and scientists
Malaria Control Project	26 papers^[99]	2006-12-19				Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute	Model Diseases	Stochastic modelling of clinical epidemiology and the natural history of Plasmodium falciparum malaria
uFluids@Home	3 papers^[100]	2005-09-19				Purdue University	Physics, Aeronautics	A computer simulation of two-phase flow behavior in microgravity and micro fluidics
OProject@Home	paper^[101]	2012-08-13				Olin Library, Rollins College	Mathematics	Algorithm analysis. The library is open and available in the Code.google.com SVN repository.
orbit@home	paper^[102]	2008-04-03				Planetary Science Institute	Astronomy	Monitor near-earth asteroids
		2004-06-02				1 Vassar College2 Spy Hill Research	Software testing	Mission 1: Test BOINC software and help to develop Einstein@Home screensaver^[103] Mission 2: Develop forum software for Interactions in Understanding the Universe^[104]
POEM@Home	5 papers^[105]	2007-13-11				University of Karlsruhe	Molecular biology	Model Protein folding using Anfinsen's dogma
Predictor@home	5 papers^[106]	2004-05-04				The Scripps Research Institute	Molecular biology	Test new methods of protein structure prediction and algorithms in the context of the Sixth Biannual CASP^[107] experiment
proteins@home	4 papers^[108]	2006-09-15				École polytechnique	Protein structure prediction	Contribute to a better understanding of many diseases and pathologies and to progress in Medicine and Technology
QMC@Home	7 papers^[109]	2006-03-03				University of Münster	Chemistry	Study the structure and reactivity of molecules using quantum chemistry and Monte Carlo techniques
Quake-Catcher Network	13 papers^[110]	2008-02-03				Stanford University, thenUniversity of Southern California	Seismology	Use accelerometers connected to personal computers and devices to detect earthquakes and to educate about seismology
Riesel Sieve							Mathematics	Prove that 509,203 is the smallest Riesel number by finding a prime of the form k × 2^n − 1 for all odd k smaller than 509,203
	8 papers^[111]	2011-09				Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences	Mathematics	Solve discrete problems by reducing them to the problem of satisfiability of Boolean formulas
SIMAP	5 papers^[112]	2006-04-26				University of Vienna	Molecular biology	Investigated protein similarities
SLinCA@Home		2010-09-14				National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine	Physics	Research in physics and materials science
Spinhenge@home	3 papers^[113]					Technion – Israel Institute of Technology	genetic linkage	Used genetic linkage analysis to find disease resistant genes
SZTAKI Desktop Grid	5 papers^[114]	2005-05-26				MTA SZTAKI Laboratory of Parallel and Distributed Systems	Mathematics	Find all the generalized binary number systems (in which bases are matrices and digits are vectors) up to dimension 11, understand basic universality classes of nonequilibrium system
	2 papers^[115]	2005-08-02^[116]				Tokyo University of Science	Molecular biology
The Lattice Project	16 papers^[117]	2004-06-30^[118]				University of Maryland, College Park	Life science	Multiple applications
theSkyNet	3 papers^[119]	2011-09-13				International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research	Astronomy	Analysis of radio astronomy data from telescopes

See also

• List of volunteer computing projects
• List of free and open-source Android applications
• List of grid computing projects
• List of citizen science projects
• List of crowdsourcing projects
• 3G Bridge
• Africa@home
• Citizen Cyberscience Centre
• distributed.net
• Folding@home
• Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search
• grid.org
• Gridcoin
• BOSSA

Notes and References

1. Web site: BOINC License. GitHub. 2021-07-27. 2021-01-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20210110205137/https://github.com/BOINC/boinc#license. live.
2. Anderson . David P. . 2020-03-01 . BOINC: A Platform for Volunteer Computing . Journal of Grid Computing . en . 18 . 1 . 99–122 . 10.1007/s10723-019-09497-9 . 67877103 . 1572-9184 . free . 1903.01699 .
3. Web site: Rosetta@home. 7 January 2007. Gonzalez. Laura Lynn. YouTube. Rosetta@home. 26 August 2015. 3 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150903080653/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GzATbET3g54. live.
4. News: Save the world using your PC or phone. CNET. 2017-06-01. en. 2017-05-20. https://web.archive.org/web/20170520183346/https://www.cnet.com/how-to/save-the-world-using-your-pc-or-phone/. live.
5. News: A Brief History of SETI@Home. Scoles. Sarah. The Atlantic. 2017-06-01. en-US. 2017-05-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20170523153545/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/05/aliens-on-your-packard-bell/527445/. live.
6. Web site: Projects - BOINC Projects . 2022-08-29 . boincsynergy.ca . en . 2022-08-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220828222950/https://boincsynergy.ca/wiki/index.php/Projects . live .
7. Web site: BOINC computing power. 2021-11-16. boinc.berkeley.edu. 2021-11-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20211116201046/https://boinc.berkeley.edu/computing.php. live.
8. Web site: TOP500 List - November 2021 TOP500. 2021-11-16. www.top500.org. 2022-04-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20220408175319/https://www.top500.org/lists/top500/list/2021/11/. live.
9. https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=0221529 Research and Infrastructure Development for Public-Resource Scientific Computing
10. https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=0438443 SCI: NMI Development for Public-Resource Computing and Storage
11. https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=0721124 SDCI NMI Improvement: Middleware for Volunteer Computing
12. Web site: Largest computing grid . Guinness World Records . 2016-01-04 . 2018-06-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163142/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-computing-grid . live .
13. Web site: Put your Android device to work on World Community Grid! . July 22, 2013 . July 31, 2013 . October 9, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131009022611/https://secure.worldcommunitygrid.org/about_us/viewNewsArticle.do?articleId=318 . live .
14. Web site: Manual sites of FreeBSD system . January 2, 2015 . April 23, 2015 . January 17, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150117023911/http://people.freebsd.org/~pav/boinc.html . live .
15. https://continuum-hypothesis.com/boinc_history.php#origins The Name and Logo
16. Web site: Anderson . David P. . Public Computing: Reconnecting People to Science . November 2003 . April 13, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070515150048/http://boinc.berkeley.edu/madrid.html . 2007-05-15 . dead .
17. Kamran . Karimi . Neil . Dickson . Firas . Hamze . High-Performance Physics Simulations Using Multi-Core CPUs and GPGPUs in a Volunteer Computing Context . International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications . 25 . 61–69 . 2010 . 10.1177/1094342010372928 . 1004.0023 . 2010arXiv1004.0023K . 14214535 .
18. Web site: Choosing BOINC projects. BOINC. April 14, 2022. January 3, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072445/https://boinc.berkeley.edu/projects.php. live.
19. Web site: 2021 BOINC Workshop. 2021-09-14. 2021 BOINC Workshop. en-US. 2021-09-14. https://web.archive.org/web/20210914073303/https://www.boincworkshop.org/. live.
20. Web site: GPU computing - BOINC. 2021-09-14. boinc.berkeley.edu. 2021-08-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20210803104847/https://boinc.berkeley.edu/wiki/GPU_computing. live.
21. Web site: . 12 April 2018 . Android FAQ . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180628205444/http://boinc.berkeley.edu/wiki/Android_FAQ . 28 June 2018 . 29 June 2018 . BOINC . UC Berkeley.
22. Web site: Projects . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20110320102821/http://boinc.berkeley.edu/projects.php . 2011-03-20 . 2018-01-27 . BOINC.
23. Anderson . David P. . September 2021 . Globally Scheduling Volunteer Computing . Future Internet . en . 13 . 9 . 229 . 10.3390/fi13090229 . 1999-5903. free .
24. Web site: Choosing BOINC projects . 2022-09-18 . boinc.berkeley.edu . 2018-01-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072445/https://boinc.berkeley.edu/projects.php . live .
25. Web site: Publications by BOINC Projects . live . 2022-12-24 . boinc.berkeley.edu . en . 2022-12-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221224113655/https://boinc.berkeley.edu/pubs.php#Climateprediction.net .
26. Web site: Project status . 2022-08-27 . www.cpdn.org . 2022-08-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220827113619/https://www.cpdn.org/cpdnboinc/server_status.php . live .
27. Web site: Applications . 2022-08-27 . www.cpdn.org . 2022-08-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220827113618/https://www.cpdn.org/cpdnboinc/apps.php . live .
28. Web site: Publications by BOINC Projects . live . 2022-12-24 . boinc.berkeley.edu . en . 2022-12-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221224113655/https://boinc.berkeley.edu/pubs.php#DENIS@home .
29. Web site: Project status . 2022-08-27 . denis.usj.es . 2022-08-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220827113618/https://denis.usj.es/denisathome/server_status.php . live .
30. Web site: Applications . 2022-08-27 . denis.usj.es . 2022-08-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220827144447/https://denis.usj.es/denisathome/apps.php . live .
31. Web site: Publications by BOINC Projects . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220814215143/https://boinc.berkeley.edu/wiki/Publications_by_BOINC_projects#Einstein@Home . 2022-08-14 . 2022-12-24 . boinc.berkeley.edu . en.
32. Web site: Einstein@Home server status page . 2022-08-27 . einsteinathome.org . 2022-08-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220822201356/https://einsteinathome.org/server_status.php . live .
33. Web site: Applications . 2022-08-27 . einsteinathome.org . 2022-08-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220822201354/https://einsteinathome.org/apps.php . live .
34. Web site: Publications by BOINC Projects . 2022-12-24 . boinc.berkeley.edu . en . 2022-12-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221224113655/https://boinc.berkeley.edu/pubs.php#Gerasim@home . live .
35. Web site: Server status . 2022-09-01 . gerasim.boinc.ru . 2022-09-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220901021701/https://gerasim.boinc.ru/users/server_status.aspx . live .
36. Web site: Project application . 2022-09-01 . gerasim.boinc.ru . 2022-09-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220901021703/https://gerasim.boinc.ru/users/viewApps.aspx . live .
37. Web site: Publications by BOINC Projects . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221119212019/https://boinc.berkeley.edu/pubs.php#GPUGrid.net . 2022-11-19 . 2022-08-16 . boinc.berkeley.edu . en .
38. Web site: Project status . 2022-08-27 . www.gpugrid.net . 2022-08-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220827160611/https://www.gpugrid.net/server_status.php . live .
39. Web site: Applications . 2022-08-27 . www.gpugrid.net . 2022-08-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220827160610/https://www.gpugrid.net/apps.php . live .
40. Web site: iThena Project: Distributed measurements and analysis of the global Internet - BOINC (Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing) and big data environment . 2022-11-06 . catalog.caida.org . 2022-11-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221106115246/https://catalog.caida.org/media/2020_lvee_online_edition_ithena . live .
41. Web site: September 26, 2019: Planned changes in virtualization . 2022-11-05 . root.ithena.net . 2022-11-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221105113907/https://root.ithena.net/usr/forum_thread.php?id=5#17 . live .
42. Web site: Project status . 2022-11-05 . root.ithena.net . 2022-11-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221105120914/https://root.ithena.net/usr/server_status.php . live .
43. Web site: Applications . 2022-11-05 . root.ithena.net . 2022-11-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221105113913/https://root.ithena.net/usr/apps.php . live .
44. Web site: Project status . 2022-11-05 . comp.ithena.net . 2022-11-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221105122415/https://comp.ithena.net/usr/server_status.php . live .
45. Web site: Applications . 2022-11-05 . comp.ithena.net . 2022-11-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221105113909/https://comp.ithena.net/usr/apps.php . live .
46. Web site: Publications by BOINC Projects . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221224113655/https://boinc.berkeley.edu/pubs.php#LHC@home . 2022-12-24 . 2022-12-24 . boinc.berkeley.edu . en .
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