Rockstar Games Explained

Rockstar Games, Inc.
Logo Alt:A capital "R" in black with a five-pointed, white star with a black outline appended to its lower-right end. They lay on an orange square with a black outline and rounded corners.
Type:Subsidiary
Industry:Video games
Predecessor:BMG Interactive
Hq Location City:New York City
Hq Location Country:US
Num Employees:>2,000
Num Employees Year:2018
Parent:Take-Two Interactive
Subsid:See

Rockstar Games, Inc. is an American video game publisher based in New York City. The company was established in December 1998 as a subsidiary of Take-Two Interactive, using the assets Take-Two had previously acquired from BMG Interactive. Founding members of the company were Terry Donovan, Gary Foreman, Dan and Sam Houser, and Jamie King, who worked for Take-Two at the time, and of which the Houser brothers were previously executives at BMG Interactive. Sam Houser heads the studio as president.[1]

Since 1999, several companies acquired by or established under Take-Two have become part of Rockstar Games, such as Rockstar Canada (later renamed Rockstar Toronto) becoming the first one in 1999, and Rockstar Dundee the most recent in 2020. All companies organized under Rockstar Games bear the "Rockstar" name and logo. In this context, Rockstar Games is sometimes also referred to as Rockstar New York, Rockstar NY or Rockstar NYC. Rockstar Games also sports a motion capture studio in Bethpage, New York.

Rockstar Games predominantly publishes games in the action-adventure genre, while racing games also saw success for the company. One of such action-adventure game franchises is Grand Theft Auto, which Rockstar Games took over from BMG Interactive, which published the series' original 1997 entry. The most recent main game in the series, Grand Theft Auto V, has sold over 200 million copies since its release in September 2013, making it the second-best-selling video game of all time.[2] Other popular franchises published by Rockstar Games are Red Dead, Midnight Club, Max Payne, and Manhunt.[3]

History

On March 12, 1998, Take-Two Interactive announced its acquisition of the assets of dormant British video game publisher BMG Interactive from BMG Entertainment (a unit of Bertelsmann). In exchange, Take-Two was to issue 1.85 million shares (around 16%) of its common stock to BMG Entertainment.[4] [5] Through this acquisition, Take-Two obtained several of BMG Interactive's former intellectual properties, including DMA Design's Grand Theft Auto and Space Station Silicon Valley.[6] [7] The deal was announced to have closed on March 25.[8] Three BMG Interactive executives—Dan Houser, Sam Houser, and Jamie King—as well as Gary Foreman of BMG Interactive and Terry Donovan of BMG Entertainment's Arista Records record label, subsequently moved to New York City to work for Take-Two Interactive.[9] [10] In a restructuring announced that April, Sam Houser was appointed as Take-Two's "vice president of worldwide product development".[11] In December 1998, the Houser brothers, Donovan and King established Rockstar Games as the "high-end" publishing label of Take-Two.[12] [13] [14] The formation was formally announced on January 22, 1999.[15]

In January 2007, Take-Two announced that Donovan, until then managing director for Rockstar Games, had left the company following a four-month leave of absence.[16] He was succeeded by Gary Dale, who became chief operating officer.[17] Dale previously worked with the Houser brothers and King at BMG Interactive, but left the company when it was acquired by Take-Two Interactive, and joined Capcom's European operations as managing director in 2003.[18] [19]

As of February 2014, Rockstar Games titles have shipped more than 250 million copies,[20] the largest franchise being the Grand Theft Auto series, which alone has shipments of at least 250 million as of November 2016.[21] Grand Theft Auto V shipped the highest number of units within the series' and the company's history, with over 170 million copies,[22] making it the second best-selling video game of all time.[23]

At the 10th British Academy Games Awards in March 2014, Rockstar Games was honored with the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award for "creating intricately layered interactive worlds that have kept the company at the forefront of the gaming industry for over a decade, both critically and commercially".[24] [25] Jennifer Kolbe, who started at the front desk of Take-Two, acts as Rockstar Games' head of publishing and oversees all development studios.[26] Simon Ramsey is the company's head of PR and communications.

In May 2019, Rockstar Games announced that they were acquiring Dhruva Interactive from Starbreeze Studios for, with the sale being finalized later that month and the Dhruva team merged into Rockstar India.[27] [28]

In September 2019, Rockstar Games announced that they had released their own game launcher, a digital distribution, digital rights management, multiplayer and communications service.[29] After having taken an extended break following the release of Red Dead Redemption 2 in early 2019, Dan Houser left Rockstar Games on March 11, 2020.[30]

The company acquired the Scottish studio Ruffian Games in October 2020, rebranding the studio as Rockstar Dundee.[31]

In September 2022, Rockstar was the target of a data breach in which 90 videos from the development of Grand Theft Auto VI were leaked.[32] [33] Rockstar described the leak as a "network intrusion", and noted that it was "extremely disappointed" by the manner in which the game was first demonstrated, but that it did not anticipate long-term effects on development.[34]

In August 2023, Rockstar acquired Cfx.re (CitizenFX), the team behind the modding platforms FiveM and RedM for Grand Theft Auto V and Red Dead Redemption 2 respectively.[35] [36] [37] Michael Unsworth, vice president of writing, departed the company in 2023 after sixteen years.[38]

Company philosophy

In October 2011, Dan Houser told Famitsu that Rockstar Games was intentionally avoiding developing games in the first-person shooter genre, because "it is in our DNA to avoid doing what other companies are doing ... the goalpoint of Rockstar is to have the players really feel what we're trying to do."[39] [40] Houser went on to say "Our games up to now have been different from any genre that existed at the time; we made new genres by ourselves with games like the GTA series. We didn't rely on testimonials in a business textbook to do what we've done. ... If we make the sort of games we want to play, then we believe people are going to buy them."[41]

The company has been involved with charitable work ranging from supporting Movember and offering appearances in games as a raffle prize, to charity live streams.[42] [43]

Games

See main article: List of video games published by Rockstar Games.

Other projects

Rockstar Loft

In 1999, Donovan and Sam Houser cooperated with John Davis to establish the Rockstar Loft club night. Davis had co-founded and been the promoter for Body & Soul, a "no-guestlist, no velvet rope party" held weekly at Tribeca's Club Vinyl. When Rockstar Games' founder originally arrived in New York City, former DJ Donovan was particularly impressed with Body & Soul, and they became close with the club night's team, including Davis and its other founder, DJ François K. Davis had sought to establish further such events, while Donovan and Houser wanted to get publicity for the young Rockstar Games, thus they established Rockstar Loft. According to Donovan, the event was to serve as an alternative those that were overly expensive or had attendees "bulldozed by security". He precluded video game installations at the venue to focus on the music and highlight the artists.[44]

As it could not afford frequent television advertisements, Rockstar Games resorted to guerrilla marketing teams distributing fly posters and stickers. Tickets for Rockstar Loft were originally not sold in advance. Instead, potential guests were to call a phone number and face seven questions regarding their personality. If answered to the liking of the operator, the caller would receive their entry ticket in the mail. The first Rockstar Loft was held in western Chelsea, Manhattan, on October 30, 1999, with Andi Hanley (a regular of Body & Soul), Bob Sinclar, and Dimitri from Paris as headlining DJs.[45] Thereafter, it was held "every few months", with one happening on February 19, 2000.[46] Later that year, Rockstar Loft was wound down.

Films

Kirk Ewing—a friend of the Houser brothers who had worked with Rockstar Games on State of Emergency—stated that, around the release of Grand Theft Auto III in 2001, Rockstar Games had been offered for a film based on the Grand Theft Auto franchise. He had received a phone call from a producer in Los Angeles requesting the rights for a film to be directed by Tony Scott of Top Gun and starring rapper Eminem. When he relayed this proposal to Sam Houser, Houser said that he was not interested.[47] In 2004, Rockstar Games produced the sports drama film The Football Factory. Based on the book of the same name by John King, the film revolves around organized football hooliganism in the United Kingdom.[48] The company also produced Sunday Driver, a documentary about the Majestics Lowrider Club in Compton, California, and The Introduction, an animated film that details the events leading up to . Both were bundled with the game's special edition released in 2005.[49]

CircoLoco Records

In May 2021, Rockstar Games launched the record label CircoLoco Records in collaboration with Circoloco, an Ibiza-based dance party. The collaboration grew from a friendship between Sam Houser and Circoloco's promoter, Antonio Carbonaro. According to Nick Benedetti, the party's manager, Rockstar Games and Circoloco intended to "contribute something new and meaningful" to the dance music scene, which had faced hardships because of the lockdowns brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic.[50] CircoLoco Records' first release, Monday Dreamin, was released as a series of extended plays starting in June 2021.

Studios

Outside of its New York City headquarters, Rockstar Games operates nine subsidiary studios.[51] All studios use the Rockstar Games logo with individual colors.[52] As of 2018, the company employs more than 2,000 people across all offices.[53] The studios frequently collaborate and were collectively credited as Rockstar Studios in Max Payne 3,[54] and simply as Rockstar Games in Red Dead Redemption 2.[55] [56]

LogoNameLocationFoundedAcquiredNotes
Rockstar DundeeDundee, Scotland20082020
Rockstar IndiaBangalore, India2016
Rockstar LASanta Monica, California, US[57]
Rockstar LeedsLeeds, England19972004Developer of , Liberty City Stories, and Vice City Stories
Rockstar LincolnLincoln, England19922002Handles localization and quality assurance
Rockstar LondonLondon, England2005Developer of Manhunt 2 and
Rockstar New EnglandAndover, Massachusetts, US19992008Developer of
Rockstar NorthEdinburgh, Scotland19872002Developer of the Grand Theft Auto series and Manhunt
Rockstar San DiegoCarlsbad, California, US19842002Developer of the Red Dead, Smuggler's Run, and Midnight Club series
Rockstar TorontoOakville, Ontario, CanadaEarly 1980s1999Developer of The Warriors and several Windows ports
Cfx.re20162023Developer of the FiveM and RedM projects

Former

LogoNameLocationFoundedAcquiredClosedNotes
Rockstar VancouverVancouver, Canada199820022012Developer of Bully and Max Payne 3; merged into Rockstar Toronto in July 2012.
Rockstar ViennaVienna, Austria199320032006Developer of several Xbox ports; closed down in May 2006

Software

RAGE

See main article: Rockstar Advanced Game Engine. Rockstar Advanced Game Engine (RAGE) is a game engine developed by the Rockstar San Diego-internal RAGE Technology Group, created to facilitate game development on all platforms since 2006.[58] RAGE is used in most of Rockstar Games's titles for personal computers and consoles, including Red Dead Redemption, Grand Theft Auto IV, Max Payne 3, Grand Theft Auto V, and Red Dead Redemption 2.[59] [60]

Rockstar Games Social Club

Rockstar Games Social Club is an online gaming service created by Rockstar Games for authentication and multiplayer applications within their games.[61] Most branding relating to Social Club was removed from Rockstar's website by November 2023.[62]

Rockstar Games Launcher

Rockstar Games released its own games launcher for Windows on September 17, 2019. The launcher integrates with the user's Social Club account, allowing them to download and buy games that they have previously purchased through Rockstar's store, as well as launch Rockstar games available from other services, like Steam, from the launcher.[63]

Notes and References

  1. Web site: How the West Was Digitized: The making of Rockstar Games' Red Dead Redemption 2 . Harold . Goldberg . October 14, 2018 . . October 16, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181017150109/http://www.vulture.com/2018/10/the-making-of-rockstar-games-red-dead-redemption-2.html . October 17, 2018 . live.
  2. Web site: Valentine . Rebekah . 2024-05-16 . Grand Theft Auto 5 Surpasses 200 Million Units Sold . 2024-05-18 . IGN . en.
  3. News: 2020: Grand Theft Auto 5 has now sold 140m copies . . February 9, 2021 . February 10, 2021 . April 2, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220402115102/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2021-02-09-grand-theft-auto-5-has-now-sold-140m-copies . live .
  4. Web site: Take 2 Takes BMG . Chris . Johnston . March 12, 1998 . . https://web.archive.org/web/19981201222429/http://headline.gamespot.com/news/98_03/12_taketwo/index.html . December 1, 1998 . dead.
  5. Web site: BMG Interactive Acquired by Take-Two Interactive . March 16, 1998 . Telecompaper . December 10, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170908070006/https://www.telecompaper.com/news/bmg-interactive-acquired-by-taketwo-interactive--132878 . September 8, 2017 . live.
  6. Web site: Rockstar Games: Multimedia Designers . . January 22, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160927090953/http://design.designmuseum.org/design/rockstar-games.html . September 27, 2016 . dead.
  7. Web site: Take 2's Take . Kelly . Rickards . March 16, 1998 . . https://web.archive.org/web/19981203020418/http://headline.gamespot.com/news/98_03/16_taketwovg/index.html . December 3, 1998 . dead.
  8. Web site: Take 2 Deal Complete . Harley . Jebens . March 25, 1998 . . https://web.archive.org/web/19990203145000/http://headline.gamespot.com/news/98_03/25_taketwovg/index.html . February 3, 1999 . dead.
  9. January 2018 . Graftgold Creative Software . 68 . . . April 9, 2022 .
  10. Web site: Rockstar's Houser: "It has to hurt more" . Weber . Rachel . . . September 9, 2013 . April 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130912052642/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2013-09-09-rockstars-houser-it-has-to-hurt-more . September 12, 2013 . live .
  11. Web site: Take-Two Restructuring . Harley . Jebens . April 28, 1998 . . https://web.archive.org/web/19990210060536/http://headline.gamespot.com/news/98_04/28_taketwo/index.html . February 10, 1999 . dead.
  12. Web site: Sam Houser: His-Story . August 15, 2008 . . March 17, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161220065823/http://www.develop-online.net/analysis/sam-houser-his-story/0116226 . December 20, 2016 . dead.
  13. Web site: GTA, Rockstar co-founding brothers squeeze into Britain's 1,000 richest people list with £90 million . Emanuel . Maiberg . May 18, 2014 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20170710051025/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/gta-rockstar-co-founding-brothers-squeeze-into-britain-s-1-000-richest-people-list-with-ps90-million/1100-6419714/ . July 10, 2017 . live.
  14. Web site: Grand Theft Auto's Reclusive Genius Sam Houser Can't Get Away . September 10, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170911102025/http://www.playboy.com/articles/grand-theft-auto-sam-houser-interview . Harold . Goldberg . November 15, 2013 . . September 11, 2017 . dead.
  15. Web site: Press Release 1/22/99 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20000604162456/http://www.take2games.com/public/news/article.jhtml?articleid=30 . June 4, 2000 . dead.
  16. Web site: Terry Donovan leaves Rockstar . Sinclair . Brendan . . January 12, 2007 . February 14, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160416061844/http://www.gamespot.com/articles/terry-donovan-leaves-rockstar/1100-6164173/ . April 16, 2016.
  17. Web site: Capcom exec leaves to join Rockstar . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170622090841/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/capcom-exec-leaves-to-join-rockstar/1100-6163690/ . June 22, 2017.
  18. Web site: Rockstar Hires New COO – The Escapist . www.escapistmagazine.com . January 4, 2007 . January 2, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072606/http://www.escapistmagazine.com/news/view/67318-Rockstar-Hires-New-COO . January 3, 2018 . live.
  19. Web site: Dale drives back to Rockstar as COO . The Hollywood Reporter . January 2, 2007 . January 2, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072534/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/dale-drives-back-rockstar-as-127071 . January 3, 2018 . live.
  20. Web site: Rockstar titles have now shipped 250 million copies to date . February 4, 2014 . . February 7, 2014 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140207111044/http://www.gamespot.com/articles/rockstar-titles-have-now-shipped-250-million-copies-to-date/1100-6417508/ . February 7, 2014.
  21. Web site: Grand Theft Auto life-time sales hit 250 million, GTA 5 and GTA Online ships 70 million units . Cragg . Oliver . November 3, 2016 . . February 6, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170207112809/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/grand-theft-auto-life-time-sales-hits-250-million-gta-5-gta-online-ships-70-million-units-1589687 . February 7, 2017.
  22. Web site: 2022-11-07 . Take-Two losses deeper than forecast . 2022-12-04 . GamesIndustry.biz . en . November 30, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221130212848/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/take-two-losses-deeper-than-forecast . live .
  23. Web site: Rockstar Games Cleaned Up Its Frat-Boy Culture — and Grand Theft Auto, Too . Schreier . Jason . Jason Schreier . . . July 27, 2022 . December 6, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221205232812/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-07-27/gta-6-release-date-rockstar-cleans-up-image-after-employee-backlash . December 5, 2022 . live . subscription .
  24. News: Bafta fellowship for Rockstar Games . BBC News . March 3, 2014 . July 21, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180111101212/http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-26417488 . January 11, 2018 . live.
  25. Web site: Rockstar Games to receive BAFTA Fellowship award . Dave . Tach . March 3, 2014 . Polygon . January 2, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072551/https://www.polygon.com/2014/3/3/5465544/rockstar-games-bafta-fellowship-gta . January 3, 2018 . live.
  26. Web site: Inside Rockstar Games' Culture Of Crunch . Jason . Schreier . October 23, 2018 . . October 24, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181024094359/https://kotaku.com/inside-rockstar-games-culture-of-crunch-1829936466 . October 24, 2018 . live.
  27. Web site: Rockstar acquires Dhruva Interactive from Starbreeze for $7.9m . Rebekah . Valentine . May 13, 2019 . May 13, 2019 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20190513194338/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2019-05-13-rockstar-acquires-dhruva-from-starbreeze-for-usd7-9m . May 13, 2019 . live.
  28. Web site: Starbreeze has closed the transaction of Indian subsidiary Dhruva . Starbreeze . May 22, 2019 . . September 17, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190707232628/https://www.starbreeze.com/2019/05/starbreeze-has-closed-the-transaction-of-indian-subsidiary-dhruva/ . July 7, 2019 . live.
  29. Web site: Rockstar has its own game launcher, and GTA: San Andreas is free . Nicole . Carpenter . September 17, 2019 . September 17, 2019 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190917221237/https://www.polygon.com/2019/9/17/20870668/rockstar-games-launcher-pc-store-gta-san-andreas-free . September 17, 2019.
  30. Web site: Rockstar Games co-founder Dan Houser leaving the company . Colin . Campbell . February 4, 2020 . . February 4, 2020 . September 18, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200918155332/https://www.polygon.com/2020/2/4/21123170/dan-houser-departs-rockstar-games-red-dead-gta . live .
  31. Web site: Rockstar has taken over Master Chief Collection developer Ruffian Games . Andy . Robinson . October 12, 2020 . October 12, 2020 . . December 8, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201208013522/https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/rockstar-has-taken-over-master-chief-collection-developer-ruffian-games/ . live .
  32. Web site: Rockstar owner issues takedowns after Grand Theft Auto VI leak . MacDonald . Keza . . 19 September 2022 . 20 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220919114036/https://www.theguardian.com/games/2022/sep/19/rockstar-owner-issues-takedowns-after-grand-theft-auto-vi-leak . 19 September 2022 . live .
  33. Web site: GTA 6 gameplay leaks online in 90 videos . Warren . Tom . . . 18 September 2022 . 18 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220918112405/https://www.theverge.com/2022/9/18/23359156/gta-6-leak-gameplay-footage-90-videos . 18 September 2022 . live .
  34. Web site: Rockstar comments on GTA 6 leak and claims project won't be delayed . Robinson . Andy . . . 19 September 2022 . 19 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220919133034/https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/rockstar-comments-on-gta-6-leak-and-claims-project-wont-be-delayed/ . 19 September 2022 . live .
  35. Web site: Games . Rockstar . Roleplay Community Update . 2023-08-11 . Rockstar Games . en-us . November 10, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231110111629/https://www.rockstargames.com/newswire/article/8971o8789584a4/roleplay-community-update . live .
  36. Web site: Wesley . Yin-Poole . 2023-08-11 . Rockstar Officially Working With GTA Roleplay Server Team, Sparking Fresh Excitement About GTA 6 . 2023-08-11 . IGN . en . October 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231024121938/https://www.ign.com/articles/rockstar-officially-working-with-gta-roleplay-server-team-sparking-fresh-excitement-about-gta-6 . live .
  37. Web site: With GTA 6 on the way, the FiveM devs are 'expanding the possibilities of user-generated content' at Rockstar . Bailey . Dustin . . November 9, 2023 . March 25, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231109002149/https://www.gamesradar.com/with-gta-6-on-the-way-the-fivem-devs-are-expanding-the-possibilities-of-user-generated-content-at-rockstar/ . November 9, 2023 . live .
  38. Web site: Red Dead Redemption series writer leaves Rockstar after 16 years . Robinson . Andy . . . August 28, 2023 . August 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230828170821/https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/red-dead-redemption-series-writer-leaves-rockstar-after-16-years/ . August 28, 2023 . live .
  39. Web site: Rockstar: Make Good Games and the Money Will Follow – The Escapist . Escapist Magazine. October 27, 2011 . January 2, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072638/http://www.escapistmagazine.com/news/view/113855-Rockstar-Make-Good-Games-and-the-Money-Will-Follow . January 3, 2018 . live.
  40. Web site: Rockstar Games Purposefully Avoiding First Person Shooters . October 27, 2011 . Game Rant . March 11, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180907144705/https://gamerant.com/rockstar-games-avoiding-first-person-shooters/ . September 7, 2018 . live.
  41. Web site: Rockstar Assures Gamers that the Studio's Priority is "Doing New Things" . October 26, 2011 . PlayStation LifeStyle . March 11, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180816110123/http://www.playstationlifestyle.net/2011/10/26/rockstar-assures-gamers-that-the-studios-priority-is-doing-new-things/ . August 16, 2018 . live.
  42. Web site: Rockstar sponsors Movember charity . Purchese . Robert . October 26, 2009 . . February 3, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170204085340/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/rockstar-sponsors-movember-charity . February 4, 2017.
  43. Web site: Rockstar offers game appearance prize for charity . . October 26, 2009 . February 3, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170204090542/http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/rockstar-offers-game-appearance-prize-for-charity . February 4, 2017.
  44. Web site: The Strange Tale of Rockstar Loft, Rockstar Games' Short-Lived Club Night . Jack . Yarwood . January 18, 2022 . Fanbyte . April 9, 2022 . April 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220409134417/https://www.fanbyte.com/features/the-strange-tale-of-rockstar-loft-rockstar-games-short-lived-club-night/ . live.
  45. Web site: Nightlife: House Party . Ethan . Brown . September 13, 1999 . . April 9, 2022 . April 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220409134431/https://nymag.com/nymetro/nightlife/barsclubs/features/1429/ . live.
  46. Web site: Silicon Alley 10003 . Vanessa . Grigoriadis . March 6, 2000 . . April 9, 2022 . April 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220409135822/https://nymag.com/nymetro/news/media/internet/2285/ . live.
  47. Web site: 'Grand Theft Auto': Rockstar Games rejected Eminem movie deal . Hollie . Geraghty . November 15, 2022 . . November 20, 2022 . November 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221120190145/https://www.nme.com/news/gaming-news/grand-theft-auto-rockstar-games-rejected-eminem-movie-deal-3349423 . live.
  48. Web site: England riots: A culture of voyeurism . Will . Gompertz . August 15, 2011 . . April 9, 2022 . April 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220409123618/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-14502671 . live.
  49. Web site: Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas Special Edition DVD (Sunday Driver, The Introduction) . Chris . Carle . November 2, 2005 . . April 9, 2022 . April 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220409125300/https://www.ign.com/articles/2005/11/02/grand-theft-auto-san-andreas-special-edition-dvd-sunday-driver-the-introduction . live.
  50. Web site: CircoLoco and Rockstar Games Join Forces for New Imprint, CircoLoco Records . Khal . Davenport . May 24, 2021 . . May 24, 2021 . May 24, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210524132840/https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/circoloco-rockstar-games-announce-circoloco-records . live.
  51. Web site: Crackdown 2 Makers Ruffian Games Are Now Rockstar's Newest Studio . Mathew . Olson . October 12, 2020 . . November 20, 2022 . November 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221120184636/https://www.usgamer.net/articles/crackdown-2-makers-ruffian-games-are-now-rockstars-newest-studio . live.
  52. Web site: 5 iconic game company logos that must not be messed with . Matt . Cundy . June 3, 2010 . . February 15, 2019 . January 24, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180124141548/http://www.gamesradar.com/5-iconic-game-company-logos-that-must-not-be-messed-with/ . live.
  53. Web site: Analyst expects Houser brothers to receive bulk of $538m Red Dead royalties . James . Batchelor . October 26, 2018 . . October 26, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181026172601/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2018-10-26-houser-brothers-expected-to-receive-bulk-of-usd538m-red-dead-royalties . October 26, 2018 . live.
  54. Max Payne 3 . . Rockstar Games . May 15, 2012 . . Opening credits.
  55. Web site: How Rockstar Is Making Its Open Worlds Even Better . Krupa . Daniel . . . May 4, 2018 . December 14, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230922231327/https://www.ign.com/articles/2018/05/04/how-rockstar-is-making-its-open-worlds-even-better . September 22, 2023 . live .
  56. Web site: The Story Behind the Story of 'Red Dead Redemption 2' . Crecente . Brian . . . October 24, 2018 . May 8, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190511004509/https://variety.com/2018/gaming/features/red-dead-redemption-2-narrative-interview-1202992401/ . May 11, 2019 . live .
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