Blu-ray Disc recordable explained

Blu-ray Disc Recordable (BD-R) and Blu-ray Disc Recordable Erasable (BD-RE) refer to two direct to disc optical disc recording technologies that can be recorded on to a Blu-ray-based optical disc with an optical disc recorder. BD-R discs can only be written to once, whereas BD-RE discs can be erased and re-recorded multiple times, similar to CD-R and CD-RW for a compact disc (CD). Disc capacities are 25 GB for single-layer discs, 50 GB for double-layer discs,[1] 100 GB ("XL") for triple-layer, and 128 GB for quadruple-layer (in BD-R only).[2] [3]

The minimum speed at which a Blu-ray Disc can be written is 36 megabits (4.5 megabytes) per second.[4]

As of 2024, one of the primary pioneers of the Blu-ray disc, Sony, is winding down production of recordable Blu-ray discs in its plant in Tagajo, Japan. Sony plans to gradually cease its manufacturing of optical media, including recordable Blu-ray discs.[5]

Version

, there are five versions of BD-RE and four versions of BD-R formats. Each version includes three Parts (a.k.a. Books): Basic Format Specifications, File System Specifications, Audio Visual Basic Specifications. Each part has sub-versions (e.g. R2 Format Specification includes Part 3: Audio Visual Basic Specifications Ver.3.02, Part 2: File System Specifications Ver. 1.11, Part 1: Basic Format Specifications Ver. 1.3).[6]

Date RE Version R Version By Parts Changes
Part 1 Part 2 Part 3
2002 1.0[7] RE V1.0 RE V1.0 RE V1.0
  • BD File System (BDFS), computer-incompatible
  • BD Audio/Visual (BDAV) format
  • BD content protection (BDCP) [8] [9]
2005 2.0[10] 1.0 RE V2.1
R V1.3 		RE V2.1
R V1.1 		RE V2.1
  • New UDF 2.5 file system for computer use; UDF 2.6 also available for BD-R
  • Uses AACS[11]
  • Hybrid formats (inapplicable to recordable discs)[12]
  • New BD-R Low To High physical format.[13]
September 2006 3.0[14] 2.0[15] RE V2.1
R V1.3 		RE V2.1
R V1.1 		RE V3.0 +
ROM V2.4 (BDMV)
  • New camcorder sized (8 cm) discs
  • "Camcorder" added to product categories
  • BDMV (Blu-ray Disc Movie) application format
June 2010 4.0[16] 3.0[17] RE V3.0
R V2.0 		RE V3.0
R V2.0 		RE V4.0 +
RE V2.1		New BDXL definition:
  • Multi-layered BDAV rewritable/recordable disc with 2× and 4× speeds
  • 100 GB capacity
  • "Professional Device" added to BD product categories[18]
December 2017 5.0[19] 4.0[20] RE V3.1
R V2.2 		RE V4.0
R V3.0 		RE V5.0BDXL expansions:
  • New 128 GB BD-R capacity
  • Ultra HD broadcast recording support

Speed

, the following speeds are seen in Blu-Ray specifications for R/RE discs:[6]

Drive speedData rate25 GB BD-R(E) write time50 GB BD-R(E) DL (25 GB/layer) write time100 GB BD-R(E) XL TL (~33 GB/layer) write time
1×36 Mbit/s4.5 MB/s4.29 MiB/s~95 min.~190 min.~380 min.
2×72 Mbit/s9 MB/s8.58 MiB/s~47 min.~94 min.~188 min.
4×144 Mbit/s18 MB/s17.17 MiB/s~24 min.~48 min.~96 min.
6×216 Mbit/s27 MB/s25.75 MiB/s~16 min.~32 min.~64 min.
8×288 Mbit/s36 MB/s~34.32 MiB/s~11.25 min.~22.5 min.~45 min.
10×360 Mbit/s45 MB/s42.898 MiB/s~9 min.~18 min.~36 min.
12×432 Mbit/s54 MB/s~51.48 MiB/s~7.5 min.~15 min.~30 min.
14×504 Mbit/s63 MB/s~60 MiB/s~6.5 min.~13 min.~26 min.
16×576 Mbit/s72 MB/s~68.64 MiB/s~5.7 min.~11.5 min.~23 min.

2× speeds are mandatory for all formats, with 4× and 6× being optional for non-XL BD-R media. Since BD-RE 5.0/BD-R 4.0, a read speed of 4× is mandatory for UHD support.[6]

Note: Add extra time for disc verification phase and time for erasing the disc in the case of BD-RE.

Pricing

(approximate pricing):

Recording mechanisms

Instead of the pits and lands found on prepressed/prerecorded/replicated discs, BD-R and RE discs contain grooves which contain a wobble frequency that is used to locate the position of the reading or writing laser on the disc.[29] BD-R has an Optimum Power Calibrations (OPC) / Test Zone, which is used to calibrate (finely adjust) the power of the writing laser before and during writing, and it also has a Drive Calibration Zone (DCZ) at the outer edge of the disc, for optional high speed calibration. The calibration is necessary to allow for slight manufacturing defects, greatly reducing or completely eliminating rejected discs and drives, reducing costs and eliminating potential waste. The information below describes the different types of recording layers that may be used on BD-R and BD-RE discs.

HTL (high to low)

"Normal" BD-R discs use a composite (or, in the case of BD-RE, a phase-changing alloy) that decreases its reflectivity on recording, i.e. "High To Low".[30] Sony, for example, uses an inorganic[31] composite that splits into two laminar components with low reflectivity.[32] Composites used may include BiN, Ge3N4, and Pd-doped tellurium suboxide.[33] A pair of layers with copper alloy and silicon that combines on recording may alternatively be used.[34] Similar to CD-RW and DVD-RW, a phase transition alloy (often GeSbTe or InAgTeSb; copper silicate (CuSi) or other alloys can also be used, like Verbatim's proprietary MABL)[35] [36] is used for BD-RE discs. Melting the material with a very high power beam turns it into an amorphous state with low reflectivity, while heating at a lower power erases it back to a crystalline state with high reflectivity.[37]

In BD-RE discs, the data layers are surrounded by a pair of dielectric Zinc Sulfur-Silicon Dioxide layers.[3] [38] An adhesive spacer layer and a semi-reflective layer are used for multi-layer discs.[34] [39] The recording and dielectric layers are all deposited using Sputtering.[38] On multi-layer BD-RE discs, each GeSbTe recording layer is progressively thinner. So the first layer (L0) is 10 nm thick, L1 is 7.5 nm thick, L2 is 6 nm thick, and so on. The silver alloy reflective layers that are behind each recording layer also become progressively thinner, so the L0 silver layer is 10 nm thick, the L1 layer is 9 nm thick, the L2 layer is 7 nm thick, and so on. The separation layers that separate the recording layers from one another also progressively become thinner.[40] [41]

BD-R LTH (low to high)

BD-R LTH is a write-once Blu-ray Disc format that features an organic dye recording layer. "Low To High" refers to the reflectivity changing from low to high during the burning process, which is the opposite of normal Blu-rays, whose reflectivity changes from high to low during writing. The advantage of BD-R LTH is it can protect a manufacturer's investment in DVD-R/CD-R manufacturing equipment because it does not require investing in new production lines and manufacturing equipment. Instead, the manufacturer only needs to modify current equipment. This is expected to lower the cost of disc manufacturing.[42]

Old Blu-ray players and recorders cannot utilize BD-R LTH; however, a firmware upgrade can enable devices to access BD-R LTH. Panasonic released such a firmware update in November 2007 for its DMR-BW200, DMR-BR100 and MR-BW900/BW800/BW700 models.[43] Pioneer was expected to ship the first LTH BD drives in Spring 2008.[44] Sony upgraded the PlayStation 3 firmware enabling BD-R LTH reading in March, 2008.[45]

In 2011, France's Ministry of Culture and Communication conducted a study on the suitability of data archival of LTH (low to high) discs compared to HTL (high to low) discs. The data they collected indicated that the overall quality of LTH discs is worse than HTL discs.[46] [47]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Blu-ray FAQ: How much data can you fit on a Blu-ray disc? . blu-ray.com (not affiliated with the Blu-ray Disc Association) . 2010-01-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140214094715/http://www.blu-ray.com/faq/#bluray_capacity_data . 2014-02-14 . live .
  2. News: BDA approves BDXL quad-layer Blu-ray standard. AfterDawn.com. AfterDawn. 2017-02-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20170224220818/http://www.afterdawn.com/news/article.cfm/2010/06/28/bda_approves_bdxl_quad_layer_blu_ray_standard. 2017-02-24. live.
  3. Overview of Blu-Ray Disc™ recordable/Rewritable media technology . 10.1007/s12200-014-0413-7 . 2014 . Miyagawa . Naoyasu . Frontiers of Optoelectronics . 7 . 4 . 409–424 . 195208706 .
  4. Web site: Blu-ray FAQ: How fast can you read/write data on a Blu-ray disc? . blu-ray.com (not affiliated with the Blu-ray Disc Association) . 2010-06-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140214094715/http://www.blu-ray.com/faq/#bluray_speed . 2014-02-14 . live .
  5. News: 2024-06-29 . Sony Group to cut 250 jobs from recordable media business' key hub . 2024-07-17 . Mainichi Daily News . en-US.
  6. Web site: Blu-ray – All Books, As of December 2018. Blu-ray Disc Association.
  7. Web site: Blu-ray – All Books, As of June 2010 . Blu-ray Disc Association . 2010-06-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110721185802/http://www.blu-raydisc.info/docs/Spec_Info/Specification%20Book%20Chart.pdf . 2011-07-21 . live .
  8. Web site: RE1 Content Protection . Blu-ray Disc Association . 2010-06-10 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100702102116/http://www.blu-raydisc.info/content-protection/content-protection-re1.php . 2010-07-02 .
  9. Web site: RE (Key) 1 Content Protection . Blu-ray Disc Association . 2010-06-10 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100702102127/http://www.blu-raydisc.info/content-protection/content-protection-rek1.php . 2010-07-02 .
  10. Web site: Format Specification - RE2. www.blu-raydisc.info. 2017-02-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20100701011949/http://www.blu-raydisc.info/format-spec/re2-spec.php. 2010-07-01. live.
  11. Web site: RE 2 Content Protection . Blu-ray Disc Association . 2010-06-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100702101608/http://www.blu-raydisc.info/content-protection/content-protection-re2.php . 2010-07-02 . live .
  12. Web site: Hybrid Format Specification . Blu-ray Disc Association . 2010-06-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100702094811/http://www.blu-raydisc.info/format-spec/hybrid-spec.php . 2010-07-02 . live .
  13. http://www.cdrinfo.com/Sections/News/Details.aspx?NewsId=21422 LTH was included in the "Blu-ray Disc Recordable Format Ver.1.2" specifications.
  14. Web site: Format Specification - RE3. www.blu-raydisc.info. 2017-02-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20100701011954/http://www.blu-raydisc.info/format-spec/re3-spec.php. 2010-07-01. live.
  15. Web site: Format Specification - R2. www.blu-raydisc.info. 2017-02-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20100826230858/http://www.blu-raydisc.info/format-spec/r2-spec.php. 2010-08-26. live.
  16. Web site: RE4 Format Specification (BDXL) . Blu-ray Disc Association . 2010-06-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100628045310/http://www.blu-raydisc.info/format-spec/re4-spec.php . 2010-06-28 . live .
  17. Web site: R3 Format Specification (BDXL) . Blu-ray Disc Association . 2010-06-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100630000927/http://www.blu-raydisc.info/format-spec/r3-spec.php . 2010-06-30 . live .
  18. News: Portable Blu-Ray Players features. Staff Reporter. 2015-12-21. NotASingleDrop. 2017-02-24. en-US. https://web.archive.org/web/20170224220139/http://www.notasingledrop.org/top-10-best-portable-blu-ray-players-reviews/#1_Portable_Blu-Ray_Players. 2017-02-24. dead.
  19. Web site: RE5 Format Specification . Blu-ray Disc Association . 2018-04-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180422062556/http://www.blu-raydisc.info/format-spec/re5-spec.php . 2018-04-22 . live .
  20. Web site: R4 Format Specification . Blu-ray Disc Association . 2018-04-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180422062901/http://www.blu-raydisc.info/format-spec/r4-spec.php . 2018-04-22 . live .
  21. https://www.amazon.com/gp/search/ref=sr_nr_n_0?rh=n%3A172282%2Ck%3ABlu-ray+Burners%2Cn%3A%21493964%2Cn%3A541966&bbn=493964&keywords=Blu-ray+Burners&ie=UTF8&qid=1337211906&rnid=493964 Electronics, Computers & Accessories, Blu-ray Burners
  22. https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00IK46BJC PlexDisc 633-814 25 GB 6x Blu-ray Logo Top Single Layer Recordable Disc BD-R, 50-Disc Spindle
  23. Web site: 【铼德刻录盘】铼德（RITEK）BD-R蓝光光盘/刻录盘 10速25G 可打印 桶装50片. RITEK BD-R, 10x 25G printable, 50-disc spindle. Jingdong. 21 April 2018. zh-CN. https://web.archive.org/web/20180422062957/https://item.jd.com/726452.html. 22 April 2018. live.
  24. https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00KB53TF2 Smart Buy 50 Pack Bd-r Dl 50 gb 6x Blu-ray Double Layer Recordable Disc Blank Logo Data Video Media 50-discs Spindle...
  25. https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00HYOMPIA Verbatim Blu-ray Disc 50 pcs Spindle - 25 GB 2X BD-RE Rewritable Bluray - Inkjet Printable
  26. https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0056DUNLW 10 Verbatim Bluray Bd-re Dl 50 Gb Rewritable Blueray Original Spindle (Japan)
  27. Web site: 10 Verbatim Bluray 100gb BD-R XL Triple Layer 4x Speed Blu-ray Inkjet Printable Discs. Amazon. 2018-04-21.
  28. Web site: 3 Sony Blu Ray 100 GB BD-RE BDXL 3D Bluray Triple Layer Bluray Printable Disc. Amazon. 21 April 2018.
  29. http://www.blu-raydisc.com/Assets/Downloadablefile/White_Paper_BD-RE_5th_20180216.pdf White paper
  30. Web site: Not all Blu-ray discs are created equal, but does BD-R quality matter?. Digistor Blog. 29 May 2012. 16 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180412114302/http://blog.digistor.com/not-all-blu-ray-discs-are-created-equal-but-does-bd-r-quality-matter/. 12 April 2018. live.
  31. Web site: Recording/Playback Mechanism and Recording Materials. Sony Global. 16 April 2018. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20180417024733/https://www.sony.net/Products/Media/dvdmedia/Accucore/Blu-ray/outline/index_05.html. 17 April 2018. dead.
  32. Web site: Recording/Playback Mechanism(-R) "Laminar Phase Separation". Sony Global. 16 April 2018. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20180417024550/https://www.sony.net/Products/Media/dvdmedia/Accucore/Blu-ray/outline/index_06.html. 17 April 2018. dead.
  33. 10.1007/s12200-014-0413-7 . 195208706 . Overview of Blu-Ray Disc™ recordable/Rewritable media technology . 2014 . Miyagawa . Naoyasu . Frontiers of Optoelectronics . 7 . 4 . 409–424 .
  34. Web site: 14. Disc Construction and Manufacturing. Hugh's News BD FAQ. 16 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180417024708/http://www.hughsnews.ca/faqs/authoritative-blu-ray-disc-bd-faq/14-disc-construction-and-manufacturing. 17 April 2018. live.
  35. Web site: Enterprise Grade BD-R for Archive | MITSUBISHI KAGAKU MEDIA. October 26, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121026142905/http://www.mcmedia.co.jp/enterprise/spec_e.html. 2012-10-26.
  36. Thermal, Optical, and Microstructural Properties of Magnetron Sputter-Deposited CuSi Films for Application in Write-Once Blu-Ray Discs. Feng-Min. Lai. Yao-Tsung. Yang. Sin-Liang. Ou. April 21, 2019. Coatings. 9. 4. 260. 10.3390/coatings9040260. free.
  37. Web site: Recording Mechanism (-RE) "Phase-change material". Sony Global. 16 April 2018. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20180417024606/https://www.sony.net/Products/Media/dvdmedia/Accucore/Blu-ray/outline/index_07.html. 17 April 2018. dead.
  38. Web site: Solar Applied Materials Technology Corporation . 2020-04-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161115120940/http://www.solartech.com.tw/en/rd_product_development_ods.html . 2016-11-15 . live .
  39. Web site: Archived copy . docs-europe.electrocomponents.com . 22 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200413022441/https://docs-europe.electrocomponents.com/webdocs/0bdc/0900766b80bdcccf.pdf . 13 April 2020 . dead.
  40. Book: Data Storage at the Nanoscale: Advances and Applications. Gan. Fuxi. Wang. Yang. February 9, 2015. CRC Press. 9789814613200. Google Books.
  41. Web site: E\PCOS 2009. epcos.
  42. .
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  46. http://www.myce.com/news/french-research-avoid-blu-ray-lth-discs-for-data-archival-64265/ French research: Avoid Blu-ray LTH discs for data archival
  47. http://www.archivesdefrance.culture.gouv.fr/static/6187 Qualite des Disques Blu-Ray Enregistrables pour L’Archivage des Donnees Numeriques

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