| BA-20 | |
| Type: | Armored car |
| Is Vehicle: | yes |
| Service: | 1936-1945 |
| Used By: | Spanish Second Republic Spanish Nationalists (captured)  Finland (captured)(captured) |
| Wars: | Spanish Civil War Soviet–Japanese border conflicts Winter War World War II |
| Number: | 2,066 |
| Crew: | 2-3 |
| Length: | 4.31m (14.14feet) |
| Width: | 1.74m (05.71feet) |
| Height: | 2.13m (06.99feet) |
| Weight: | 2.27 tonnes |
| Armour: | 6-9 mm |
| Primary Armament: | 7.62 mm DT machine gun[1] |
| Engine: | GAZ-M1 |
| Engine Power: | 50 hp (37 kW) |
| Suspension: | wheeled |
| Speed: | 80km/h[2] |
| Pw Ratio: | 20 hp/tonne |
| Vehicle Range: | 350km (220miles) |
The BA-20 (Russian: Broneavtomobil 20|italic=yes) was an armored car developed in the Soviet Union in 1934.[3] It was intended to replace the FAI and its field trials were completed in 1935.[4] The BA-20 was then used in the early stages of World War II.
The BA-20 armored car was developed in 1934 for use by HQ staffs, reconnaissance and communications units. It was derived from the civilian GAZ-M1 car using its chassis,[3] which was itself a modified version of a Ford design, produced by the Nizhny Novgorod-based vehicle manufacturer GAZ. Full production of the BA-20 started in 1935. The chassis was built at the Nizhny Novgorod factory; the body was built at the Vyksinskiy plant, where final assembly of the BA-20 occurred as well.
The principal use of the BA-20 was as a scout vehicle. The BA-20's tires were designed to be resistant to bullets and shrapnel by the simple expedient of filling them with spongey rubber. A variant, the BA-20ZhD, could travel on railway lines by replacing the normal wheels with flanged metal rail-type wheels.
The vehicle was exported to the Spanish Republican side in the Spanish Civil War,[3] although the vast majority of BA-20s built served with the Soviet Red Army. They first saw combat in the conflict with Japan in 1939 on the Khalkin Gol[5] river in Mongolia (see Battle of Khalkin Gol). The BA-20 was used by the Red Army in the Soviet invasion of Poland later in 1939 and the Winter War against Finland between 1939 and 1940 in which Finland captured 18 designating them as BAB B,[6] [3] as well as the early stages of Operation Barbarossa in 1941. Production was ended that same year, with some 2066 BA-20s having been constructed by that time.
In common with most armored cars derived from civilian car models, the BA-20 was largely roadbound. The lack of all-wheel drive, high ground pressure, and low power prevented it from moving cross-country except on very firm ground. The armor was too thin to stop anything other than fragments or small-arms fire, and the 7.62 mm machine gun was not adequate to penetrate other scout vehicles. The Red Army produced very few wheeled armored fighting vehicles in the war, but replaced the BA-20 with the BA-64.
The BA-20 is often mistaken for the very similar FAI armoured car. The main recognition feature is the flat roof of the BA-20; the FAI has two dome-shaped covers over the driver's and co-driver's stations. Early BA-20s (built in 1936–37) had the same vertical-sided turret as the FAI, although most vehicles had a conical-shaped turret.