B3GALT4 explained

Beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the B3GALT4 gene.^{[1] [2]}

This gene is a member of the beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase (beta3GalT) gene family. This family encodes type II membrane-bound glycoproteins with diverse enzymatic functions using different donor substrates (UDP-galactose and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine) and different acceptor sugars (N-acetylglucosamine, galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine). The beta3GalT genes are distantly related to the Drosophila Brainiac gene and have the protein coding sequence contained in a single exon. The beta3GalT proteins also contain conserved sequences not found in the beta4GalT or alpha3GalT proteins. The carbohydrate chains synthesized by these enzymes are designated as type 1, whereas beta4GalT enzymes synthesize type 2 carbohydrate chains. The ratio of type 1:type 2 chains changes during embryogenesis. By sequence similarity, the beta3GalT genes fall into at least two groups: beta3GalT4 and 4 other beta3GalT genes (beta3GalT1-3, beta3GalT5). This gene is oriented telomere to centromere in close proximity to the ribosomal protein S18 gene. The functionality of the encoded protein is limited to ganglioseries glycolipid biosynthesis.^[2]

Further reading

• Amado M, Almeida R, Schwientek T, Clausen H . Identification and characterization of large galactosyltransferase gene families: galactosyltransferases for all functions. . Biochim. Biophys. Acta . 1473 . 1 . 35–53 . 2000 . 10580128 . 10.1016/S0304-4165(99)00168-3.
• Otsuki T, Ota T, Nishikawa T . Signal sequence and keyword trap in silico for selection of full-length human cDNAs encoding secretion or membrane proteins from oligo-capped cDNA libraries. . DNA Res. . 12 . 2 . 117–26 . 2007 . 16303743 . 10.1093/dnares/12.2.117 . etal. free .
• Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA . The Status, Quality, and Expansion of the NIH Full-Length cDNA Project: The Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC) . Genome Res. . 14 . 10B . 2121–7 . 2004 . 15489334 . 10.1101/gr.2596504 . 528928 . etal.
• Mungall AJ, Palmer SA, Sims SK . The DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 6 . Nature . 425 . 6960 . 805–11 . 2003 . 14574404 . 10.1038/nature02055 . 2003Natur.425..805M . etal. free .
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH . Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 99 . 26 . 16899–903 . 2003 . 12477932 . 10.1073/pnas.242603899 . 139241 . 2002PNAS...9916899M . etal. free .
• Shiina T, Kikkawa E, Iwasaki H . The beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase-4 (B3GALT4) gene is located in the centromeric segment of the human MHC class II region . Immunogenetics . 51 . 1 . 75–8 . 2000 . 10663566 . 10.1007/s002510050012 . 35331402 . etal.
• Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB . Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery . Genome Res. . 6 . 9 . 791–806 . 1997 . 8889548 . 10.1101/gr.6.9.791 . free .
• Robinson WE, Montefiori DC, Mitchell WM . Evidence that mannosyl residues are involved in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pathogenesis . AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses . 3 . 3 . 265–82 . 1988 . 2829950 . 10.1089/aid.1987.3.265 .
• Kozarsky K, Penman M, Basiripour L . Glycosylation and processing of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope protein . J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. . 2 . 2 . 163–9 . 1989 . 2649653 . etal.
• Dewar RL, Vasudevachari MB, Natarajan V, Salzman NP . Biosynthesis and processing of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoproteins: effects of monensin on glycosylation and transport . J. Virol. . 63 . 6 . 2452–6 . 1989 . 2542563 . 10.1128/JVI.63.6.2452-2456.1989. 250699 .
• Pal R, Hoke GM, Sarngadharan MG . Role of oligosaccharides in the processing and maturation of envelope glycoproteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 86 . 9 . 3384–8 . 1989 . 2541446 . 10.1073/pnas.86.9.3384 . 287137 . 1989PNAS...86.3384P . free .
• Kalyanaraman VS, Rodriguez V, Veronese F . Characterization of the secreted, native gp120 and gp160 of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 . AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses . 6 . 3 . 371–80 . 1990 . 2187500 . 10.1089/aid.1990.6.371 . etal.

Notes and References

1. Amado M, Almeida R, Carneiro F, Levery SB, Holmes EH, Nomoto M, Hollingsworth MA, Hassan H, Schwientek T, Nielsen PA, Bennett EP, Clausen H . A family of human beta3-galactosyltransferases. Characterization of four members of a UDP-galactose:beta-N-acetyl-glucosamine/beta-nacetyl-galactosamine beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase family . J Biol Chem . 273 . 21 . 12770–8 . Jun 1998 . 9582303 . 10.1074/jbc.273.21.12770 . free .
2. Web site: Entrez Gene: B3GALT4 UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,3-galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 4.