The Azerbaijani alphabet (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan əlifbası, Azerbaijani: آذربایجان اَلیفباسؽ, Azerbaijani: Азəрбајҹан әлифбасы) has three versions which includes the Arabic, Latin, and Cyrillic alphabets.
North Azerbaijani, the official language of Republic of Azerbaijan, is written in a modified Latin alphabet. This superseded previous versions based on Cyrillic and Arabic scripts after the fall of Soviet Union.
In Iran, a modified Persian script has always been used and continues to be used for the South Azerbaijani language.[1]
Azerbaijanis of Dagestan still use the Cyrillic script.[2]
The Azerbaijani Latin alphabet consists of 32 letters.
| - | A | B | C | Ç | D | E | Ə | F | G | Ğ | H | X | I | İ | J | K | - | Q | L | M | N | O | Ö | P | R | S | Ş | T | U | Ü | V | Y | Z | - ! colspan="16" | Minuscule forms (lowercase/small letters) | - | a | b | c | ç | d | e | ə | f | g | ğ | h | x | ı | i | j | k | - | q | l | m | n | o | ö | p | r | s | ş | t | u | ü | v | y | z | - ! colspan="16" | Names[3] | - | a | be | ce | çe | de | e | ə | fe | ge | ğe | he | xe | ı | i | je | ke | - | qe | el | em | en | o | ö | pe | er | se | şe | te | u | ü | ve | ye | ze |
From the nineteenth century there were efforts by some intellectuals like Mirza Fatali Akhundov and Mammad agha Shahtakhtinski to replace the Arabic script and create a Latin alphabet for Azeri. In 1922, a Latin alphabet was created by Soviet Union sponsored Yeni türk əlifba komitəsi (New Turkic Alphabet Committee; Azerbaijani: Јени түрк əлифба комитəси) in Baku which hoped that the new alphabet would divide the Azerbaijanis in the USSR from those living in Iran.[4] An additional reason for the Soviet regime's encouragement of a non-Arabic script was that they hoped the transition would work towards secularizing Azerbaijan's Muslim culture and since language script reform, proposed as early as the 19th century by Azeri intellectuals (e.g. Mirza Fatali Akhundov), had previously been rejected by the Azeri religious establishment on the grounds that Arabic script, the language of the Koran, was "holy and should not be tampered with. [5] there was some historical basis for the reform which received overwhelming support at the First Turkology Congress in Baku during 1926 where the reform was voted for 101 to 7. The Azeri poet Samad Vurgun declared "Azerbaijani people are proud of being the first among Oriental nations that buried the Arabic alphabet and adopted the Latin alphabet. This event is written in golden letters of our history"[6] As a result, in the Soviet Union in 1926 the Uniform Turkic Alphabet was introduced to replace the varieties of the Arabic script in use at the time.[7] From 1922 to 1929, both Arabic and Latin scripts were used in Soviet Azerbaijani editions; in 1929, the Latin script was finally chosen. In 1933, the Azerbaijani Latin alphabet was reformed to match alphabets of other Soviet Turkic languages.[8] The reform changed glyphs for some letters and phonetic values for some other letters. In 1939 Joseph Stalin ordered that the Azeri Latin script used in the USSR again be changed, this time to the Cyrillic script in order to sever the Soviet Azerbaijani Turks' ties with the Turkish people in the Republic of Turkey.
When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 and Azerbaijan gained its independence, one of the first laws passed in the new Parliament was the adoption of a new Latin-script alphabet. The period from 1991 to 2001 was declared the transitional period, when both Latin and Cyrillic alphabet were accepted. Since 2001, the Azerbaijani Latin alphabet is the official alphabet of the Azerbaijani language in the Republic of Azerbaijan.[9] [10]
Aa, Bb, Cc, Çç, Dd, Ee, Əə, Ff, Gg, Ƣƣ, Hh, Ii,, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Ꞑꞑ, Oo, Ɵɵ, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Xx, Yy, Zz, Ƶƶ,, ʼ (apostrophe)
Aa, Bʙ, Cc, Çç, Dd, Ee, Əə, Ff, Gg, Ƣƣ, Hh, Ii, Ьь, Jj, Kk, Qq, Ll, Mm, Nn, Ꞑꞑ, Oo, Ɵɵ, Pp, Rr, Ss, Şş, Tt, Uu, Vv, Xx, Уy, Zz, Ƶƶ, ʼ (apostrophe)
Аа, Бб, Вв, Гг, Ғғ, Дд, Ее, Әә, Жж, Зз, Ии, Йй, Кк, Ҝҝ, Лл, Мм, Нн, Оо, Өө, Пп, Рр, Сс, Тт, Уу, Үү, Фф, Хх, Һһ, Цц, Чч, Ҹҹ, Шш, Ыы, Ээ, Юю, Яя, ʼ (apostrophe)
Аа, Бб, Вв, Гг, Ғғ, Дд, Ее, Әә, Жж, Зз, Ии, Ыы, Јј, Кк, Ҝҝ, Лл, Мм, Нн, Оо, Өө, Пп, Рр, Сс, Тт, Уу, Үү, Фф, Хх, Һһ, Чч, Ҹҹ, Шш, ʼ (apostrophe)
Aa, Ää, Bb, Cc, Çç, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Ğğ, Hh, Xx, Iı, İi, Jj, Kk, Qq, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Öö, Pp, Rr, Ss, Şş, Tt, Uu, Üü, Vv, Yy, Zz
Aa, Bb, Cc, Çç, Dd, Ee, Əə, Ff, Gg, Ğğ, Hh, Xx, Iı, İi, Jj, Kk, Qq, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Öö, Pp, Rr, Ss, Şş, Tt, Uu, Üü, Vv, Yy, Zz
| 1922 - 1933 | Aa | Bʙ | Cc | Çç | Dd | Ee | Əə | Ff | Ƣƣ | Gg | Hh | Xx | Ii | Ƶƶ | Kk | Ll | Mm | Nn | Ꞑꞑ | Oo | Ɵɵ | Pp | Rr | Ss | Tt | Yy | Uu | Vv | Jj | Zz | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1933 - 1939 | Çç | Cc | Gg | Ƣƣ | Ьь | Kk | Şş | Uu | Уy | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1939 - 1958 | Аа | Бб | Ҹҹ | Чч | Дд | Ээ | Әә | Фф | Ҝҝ | Ғғ | Һһ | Хх | Ыы | Ии | Жж | Кк | Гг | Лл | Мм | Нн | Оо | Өө | Пп | Рр | Сс | Шш | Тт | Уу | Үү | Вв | Йй | Зз | ||
| 1958 - 1991 | Ее | Јј | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1991 - 1992 | Aa | Bb | Cc | Çç | Dd | Ee | Ää | Ff | Gg | Ğğ | Hh | Xx | Iı | İi | Jj | Kk | Ll | Mm | Nn | Oo | Öö | Pp | Rr | Ss | Şş | Tt | Uu | Üü | Vv | Yy | Zz | |||
| 1992 - present | Əə | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| IPA | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ |
The sounds pronounced as /link/ and pronounced as /link/ in loanwords were rendered as respectively as q and ƣ in the Latin alphabet of 1933, but as к and г in Cyrillic and are rendered as k and q in the current Latin alphabet: Azerbaijani: ƣrafiqa (1933 Latin) — Azerbaijani: графика (Cyrillic) — Azerbaijani: qrafika (current Latin).
In translingual contexts (e.g. mathematics), the letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet are named in Azerbaijani in the following way:[11] a, be, ce (se),[12] [13] de, e, ef, qe, aş (haş), i, yot, ka, el, em, en, o, pe, ku, er, es, te, u, ve, dubl-ve, iks, iqrek, zet.
When the new Latin script was introduced on December 25, 1991, A-diæresis (Ä ä) was selected to represent the sound /æ/. However, on May 16, 1992, it was replaced by the grapheme schwa (Ə ə), used previously. Although use of Ä ä (also used in Tatar, Turkmen, and Gagauz) seems to be a simpler alternative as the schwa is absent in most character sets, particularly Turkish encoding, it was reintroduced; the schwa had existed continuously from 1929 to 1991 to represent Azeri's most common vowel, in both post-Arabic alphabets (Latin and Cyrillic) of Azerbaijan.
The development of a modern standardized Azerbaijani Arabic alphabet has been an ongoing project in Iran in the past several decades. Persian alphabet, without modification or standardization is not suitable for Azerbaijani as:
The first steps in the process of standardization started with the publication of Azerbaijani magazines and newspapers such as Varlıq from 1979. Azerbaijani-speaking scholars and literarians showed great interest in involvement in such ventures and in working towards the development of a standard writing system. These effort culminated in language seminars being held in Tehran, chaired by the founder of Varlıq, Javad Heyat in 2001 where a document outlining the standard orthography and writing conventions were published for the public. This standard of writing is today canonized by the official Persian–Azeri Turkish dictionary in Iran titled "Persian: lugat name-ye Turki-ye Azarbayjani".[14]
The use of Azerbaijani Arabic alphabet, is widespread. However, due to a failure by the Iranian government to implement the constitutionally-required formal education of Azerbaijani language in the Iranian education system, and due to the spread of use of computers and smartphones, and the ease of using Latin alphabet on these platforms, the Latin alternative from Iran's northern neighbor has been gaining popularity in the last two decades.
In Azerbaijani Arabic alphabet, nine vowels are defined. Six of those vowels are present in Persian, whereas three are missing. Diacritics (including hamza) in combination with the letters alef (Azerbaijani: ا), vav (Azerbaijani: و) or ye (Azerbaijani: ی) are used in order to mark each of these vowels.
Important to note that similar to Persian alphabet, vowels in the initial position require an alef (Azerbaijani: ا) all the time—and if needed, followed by either vav (Azerbaijani: و) or ye (Azerbaijani: ی). This excludes Arabic loanwords that may start with ʿayn (Azerbaijani: ع).
Below are the six vowel sounds in common with Persian, their representation in Latin and Arabic alphabets.
Below are the three vowels that don't exist in Persian, and are marked with diacritics.
| Front Azerbaijani: اینجه صائیتلر Azerbaijani: incə saitlər | Back Azerbaijani: قالین صائیتلر Azerbaijani: qalın saitlər | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unrounded | Rounded | Unrounded | Rounded | ||
| Close | Arabic | Azerbaijani: ای / ی | Azerbaijani: اوٚ / وٚ | Azerbaijani: ایٛ / یٛ | Azerbaijani: اوُ / وُ |
| Latin | Azerbaijani: İ i | Azerbaijani: Ü ü | Azerbaijani: I ı | Azerbaijani: U u | |
| IPA | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |
| Mid | Arabic | Azerbaijani: ائ / ئ | Azerbaijani: اؤ / ؤ | Azerbaijani: اوْ / وْ | |
| Latin | Azerbaijani: E e | Azerbaijani: Ö ö | Azerbaijani: O o | ||
| IPA | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||
| Open | Arabic | Azerbaijani: اَ / ـَ / ـه / ه | Azerbaijani: آ / ـا | ||
| Latin | Azerbaijani: Ə ə | Azerbaijani: A a | |||
| IPA | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
Like other Turkic languages, Azerbaijani has a system of vowel harmony. Azerbaijani's system of vowel harmony is primarily a front/back system. This means that all vowels in a word must be ones that are pronounced either at the front or at the back of the mouth.[15] In Azerbaijani there are two suffixes that make a plural. It is either Azerbaijani: -ـلَر Azerbaijani: -lər or Azerbaijani: -ـلار Azerbaijani: -lar, front and back vowels respectively. The same variety of options for suffixes exists across the board in Azerbaijani. Here is how vowel harmony works, in an example of a word in which the vowels are all frontal:
And below are examples for back vowels:
A secondary vowel harmony system exists in Azerbaijani language, which is a rounded/unrounded system. This applies to some (but not all) of the suffixes. For example, there are four variations for the common suffix Azerbaijani: لی- Azerbaijani: -lı/-li and Azerbaijani: -لو Azerbaijani: -lu/-lü.
In Persian or Arabic alphabets, Diacritics are usually not written out unless it's in beginner-language lesson books or in order to avoid confusion with a similarly written word.
In Azerbaijani Arabic alphabet, there are conventions with regards to writing of diacritics.
For Azerbaijani: A-a (Azerbaijani: آ / ـا), the vowel is always written and shown with alef.
For Azerbaijani: Ə-ə (Azerbaijani: اَ / ـَ / ـه / ه), the initial vowel is written with an alef. Vowels in the middle of the word are written in two ways.They are either shown, i.e. written with a diacritic, which usually needs not be written; or they are written with a final he (Azerbaijani: ـه / ه). The former is used in closed syllables (CVC), or in the first open syllable of the word. The latter is used in open syllables (CV) with the exception of the first syllable of the word. Note that the vowel he (Azerbaijani: ـه / ه) is not attached to the following letter, but is separated from it with a Zero-width non-joiner. For example, the word Azerbaijani: gələcəyim (gə-lə-cəy-im) is written as Azerbaijani: گلهجگیم. Note that the first syllable of the word is open, but it's not marked. The second syllable is open, and thus the vowel is marked with he (Azerbaijani: ـه / ه), not attached to the following letter. Also note the breakdown of the word into syllables – this is because the word is made up of Azerbaijani: gələcək plus possessive pronoun Azerbaijani: -im.
For E-e (ائ / ئ), the sound is shown with a hamzeh on top of a ye in almost all cases. The exceptions are loanwords of Persian, Arabic, or European origin. For example, Azerbaijani: enerji is written as Azerbaijani: انرژی. Writing it as Azerbaijani: ائنئرژی is incorrect. Other examples include Azerbaijani: تلویزیون Azerbaijani: televiziyon), Azerbaijani: علم Azerbaijani: elm, and Azerbaijani: قانع Azerbaijani: qane . In words, for both Azerbaijani and loanwords, if (E) and (Y) come side by side, both letters are written; e.g., Azerbaijani: قئید Azerbaijani: qeyd, Azerbaijani: شئیدا Azerbaijani: şeyda, Azerbaijani: ویئتنام Azerbaijani: Vyetnam, Azerbaijani: غئیرت Azerbaijani: ğeyrət. Loanwords from Persian or Arabic which contain the sound pronounced as /[i]/, but are adopted in Azerbaijani with an pronounced as /[e]/ sound, are shown with (Azerbaijani: ئ). Examples include Azerbaijani: تسبئح Azerbaijani: təsbeh, Azerbaijani: بئساواد Azerbaijani: besavad, Azerbaijani: پئشکش Azerbaijani: peşkəş.
For Azerbaijani: İ-i (Azerbaijani: ای / ی), the sound is always shown with ye (Azerbaijani: ی).
For Azerbaijani: I-ı (Azerbaijani: ایٛ / یٛ), the sound is shown with ye (Azerbaijani: ی) all the time. The writing of the diacritic is optional and not necessary, and is only ever actually done in beginner language lesson books or in order to avoid confusion with a similarly written word. Native speakers can usually read words without the use of diacritic, as they are aware of vowel harmony rules (meaning that they can interpolate the correct pronunciation of (Azerbaijani: ی) by the presence of other vowels in the word). In words like Azerbaijani: qızıl Azerbaijani: قیزیل, familiarity with the vocabulary helps native speakers.
For round vowels, Azerbaijani: O-o (Azerbaijani: اوْ / وْ), Azerbaijani: U-u (Azerbaijani: اوُ / وُ), Azerbaijani: Ö-ö (Azerbaijani: اؤ / ؤ), and Azerbaijani: Ü-ü (Azerbaijani: اوٚ / وٚ), it is recommended that the first syllable containing such vowel be marked with diacritic, while the rest can remain unmarked and solely written with a vav (Azerbaijani: و). This reduces the effort of marking vowels, while also providing readers with a clue with respect to vowel harmony, namely as to whether the vowels of the word are to be front or back. Examples include Azerbaijani: گؤرونوش Azerbaijani: görünüş, Azerbaijani: اوْغوز Azerbaijani: oğuz, Azerbaijani: دوٚیون Azerbaijani: düyün.
However, it is recommended new learners write diacritics on all round vowels, e.g., Azerbaijani: گؤروٚنوٚش Azerbaijani: görünüş, Azerbaijani: اوْغوُز Azerbaijani: oğuz, Azerbaijani: دوٚیوٚن Azerbaijani: düyün.
In daily practice, it is rare to see vowels other than Azerbaijani: Ö-ö (Azerbaijani: اؤ / ؤ) marked. This may be due to the fact that hamza is the only one of such symbols that's frequently written in Persian as well, and due to the fact that the inverted "v" diacritic for Azerbaijani: Ü-ü (Azerbaijani: اوٚ / وٚ) does not exist on typical Persian keyboards.
While Azerbaijani Latin alphabet has nine vowels and twenty-three consonants, Azerbaijani Arabic alphabet has thirty consonants, as there are sounds that are represented by more than one consonant. Highlighted columns indicate letters from Persian or Arabic that are exclusively used in loanwords, and not in native Azerbaijani words.
| No. | Letter | Latin Equivalent | IPA | Example | Latin spelling | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ب | B b | [b] | بالؽق بئل قاب | Balıq Bel Qab | fish dorsum plate | |
| 2 | پ | P p | [p/pʰ] | ایپک ساپ | İpək Sap | silk string | |
| 3 | ت | T t | [t/tʰ] | تلیس | Təlis | sack | |
| 4 | ث | S s | [s] | ثۆریّا | Sürəyya | Surayya (name) | |
| 5 | ج | C c | [d͡ʑ] | جئیران قوْجا کرپیج | Ceyran Qoca Kərpic | Gazelle old person brick | |
| 6 | چ | Ç ç | [t͡ɕ/t͡ɕʰ] | چای سئرچه قوْلچاق | Çay Serçə Qolçaq | river sparrow puppet | |
| 7 | ح1 | H h | [h/hˁ] | حۆریّت صاباح | Hürriyyət Sabah | freedom morning, tomorrow | |
| 8 | خ | X x | [x/χ] | خوْرتان آرخ توْخۇماق | Xortan Arx Toxumaq | boogeyman water stream to knit | |
| 9 | د | D d | [d̪] | داراقدامجؽ | Daraq Damcı | shoulder droplet | |
| 10 | ذ | Z z | [z] | اذیّت گۆذشت | əziyyət güzəşt | bothering forgiveness | |
| 11 | ر | R r | [ɾ/r] | بَرک قارا | Bərk Qara | hard black | |
| 12 | ز | Z z | [z] | زای مازالاق بالدؽز | Zay Mazalaq Baldız | rotten spinning top (toy) sister-in-law | |
| 13 | ژ | J j | [ʒ] | قؽژقؽرماق[16] ژاله | Qıjqırmaq Jalə | to go sour Zhaleh (name) | |
| 14 | س2 | S s | [s] | ساچ ترسَه | Saç Tərsə | hair bun in reverse | |
| 15 | ش | Ş ş | [ʃ/ʂ/ɕ] | شیش مئشه دؤش | Şiş Meşə Döş | skewer forest chest | |
| 16 | ص | S s | [s] | صاباح صۆلح ایصفاهان | Sabah Sülh İsfahan | morning, tomorrow peace Isfahan | |
| 17 | ض | Z z | [t/tʰ] | ضربه | Zərbə | hit | |
| 18 | ط | T t | [t̪] | طاماح | Tamah | greed | |
| 19 | ظ | Z z | [z] | ظالؽم | Zalım | tyrant | |
| 20 | غ3 | Ğ ğ | [ɣ/ʁ (ʕ/ʢ)] | آغرؽ یاغ | Ağrı Yağ | pain oil | |
| 21 | ف | F f | [f] | کۆفلنمیش | Küflənmiş | moldy | |
| 22 | ق4 | Q q | [g/ɢ] | قارقا قۇلاق قارپؽز | Qarqa Qulaq Qarpız | crow ear watermelon | |
| 23 | ک5 | K k | [c/cʰ/k (ç)] | کۆرک تیکان اؤرتۆک | Kürək Tikan Örtük | shoulder blade thorn bedsheet | |
| 24 | گ6 | G g | [ɟ] | گؤزل گَلین سۆپۆرگه | Gözəl Gəlin Süpürgə | beautiful bride broom | |
| 25 | ل | L l | [l/ɫ] | لاله سالخؽم اَل | Lalə Salxım Əl | tulip fruit bunch (e.g. grape) hand | |
| 26 | م | M m | [m] | مارال اَپریمک | Maral Əprimək | deer to rut or rust | |
| 27 | ن | N n | [n] | نارین | Narin | tiny | |
| 28 | و7 | V v | [v] | وئرمک سئوگی | Vermək sevgi | to give lov | |
| 29 | ه / هـ1,7 | H h | [h/hˁ] | هؤرمک | Hörmək | to braid | |
| 30 | ی7 | Y y | [j] | آیؽ آی | Ayı Ay | bear moon |
Notes
This section contains the national anthem of Azerbaijan, in the current Latin, Cyrillic, Jaŋalif, Georgian, and Arabic alphabets.
| Azerbaijani in Latin script 1992–Present | Azerbaijani in Arabic script (Modern convention) | English | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ey qəhrəman övladın şanlı Vətəni!Səndən ötrü can verməyə cümlə hazırız | Səndən ötrü qan tökməyə cümlə qadiriz!Üçrəngli bayrağınla məsud yaşa | Üçrəngli bayrağınla məsud yaşa! Minlərlə can qurban oldu,Sinən hərbə meydan oldu | Hüququndan keçən əsgər,Hərə bir qəhrəman oldu! Sən olasan gülüstan,Sənə hər an can qurban | Sənə min bir məhəbbətSinəmdə tutmuş məkan! Namusunu hifz etməyə,Bayrağını yüksəltməyəNamusunu hifz etməyə,Cümlə gənclər müştaqdır | Şanlı Vətən! Şanlı Vətən | Azərbaycan! Azərbaycan | Azərbaycan! Azərbaycan | Oh you glorious fatherland of the brave child!We are all together ready to give our lives for you | We are all together strong to sacrifice our blood for you!Live blessed with your three-coloured flag | Live blessed with your three-coloured flag! Thousands of lives were sacrificed,Your chest was an arena for battles | Soldiers gave their life for you!All of them became heroes | You shall be a garden full of roses,Every moment our life can be sacrificed for you!For you one-thousand-one carressesare constant in my chest | Guard your honor,To held up high your flag,Guard your honor,The whole youth is enthused!Honorable fatherland | Honorable fatherland!Azerbaijan | Azerbaijan!Azerbaijan | Azerbaijan! | |||||||||||||
| Azerbaijani in Latin script 1991-1992 | Azerbaijani in Cyrillic script 1958-1991 (Still used in Dagestan) | Azerbaijani in Cyrillic script 1939-1958 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ey qähräman övladın şanlı Vätäni!Sändän ötrü can vermäyä cümlä hazırız | Sändän ötrü qan tökmäyä cümlä qadiriz!Üçrängli bayrağınla mäsud yaşa | Üçrängli bayrağınla mäsud yaşa! Minlärlä can qurban oldu,Sinän härbä meydan oldu | Hüququndan keçän äsgär,Härä bir qähräman oldu! Sän olasan gülüstan,Sänä här an can qurban | Sänä min bir mähäbbätSinämdä tutmuş mäkan! Namusunu hifz etmäyä,Bayrağını yüksältmäyäNamusunu hifz etmäyä,Cümlä gänclär müştaqdır | Şanlı Vätän! Şanlı Vätän | Azärbaycan! Azärbaycan | Azärbaycan! Azärbaycan | Еј гәһрәман өвладын шанлы Вәтәни!Сәндән өтрү ҹан вермәјә ҹүмлә һазырыз | Сәндән өтрү ган төкмәјә ҹүмлә гадириз!Үчрәнҝли бајрағынла мәсуд јаша | Үчрәнҝли бајрағынла мәсуд јаша! Минләрлә ҹан гурбан олду,Синән һәрбә мејдан олду | Һүгугундан кечән әсҝәр,Һәрә бир гәһрәман олду! Сән оласан ҝүлүстан,Сәнә һәр ан ҹан гурбан | Сәнә мин бир мәһәббәтСинәмдә тутмуш мәкан! Намусуну һифз етмәјә,Бајрағыны јүксәлтмәјәНамусуну һифз етмәјә,Ҹүмлә ҝәнҹләр мүштагдыр | Шанлы Вәтән! Шанлы Вәтән | Азәрбајҹан! Азәрбајҹан | Азәрбајҹан! Азәрбајҹан | Эй гәһрәман өвладын шанлы Вәтәни!Сәндән өтрү ҹан вермәйә ҹүмлә һазырыз | Сәндән өтрү ган төкмәйә ҹүмлә гадириз!Үчрәнҝли байрағынла мәсуд яша | Үчрәнҝли байрағынла мәсуд яша! Минләрлә ҹан гурбан олду,Синән һәрбә мейдан олду | Һүгугундан кечән әсҝәр,Һәрә бир гәһрәман олду! Сән оласан ҝүлүстан,Сәнә һәр ан ҹан гурбан | Сәнә мин бир мәһәббәтСинәмдә тутмуш мәкан! Намусуну һифз этмәйә,Байрағыны йүксәлтмәйәНамусуну һифз этмәйә,Ҹүмлә ҝәнҹләр мүштагдыр | Шанлы Вәтән! Шанлы Вәтән | Азәрбайҹан! Азәрбайҹан | Азәрбайҹан! Азәрбайҹан | ||||||
| Azerbaijani in Latin script 1933-1939 | Azerbaijani in Latin script 1929-1933 | Azerbaijani in Arabic script until 1929 (Traditional) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ej qəhrəman ɵvladьn şanlь Vətəni!Səndən ɵtry çan verməjə çymlə hazьrьz | Səndən ɵtry qan tɵkməjə çymlə qadiriz!Уcrəngli ʙajraƣьnla məsud jaşa | Уcrəngli ʙajraƣьnla məsud jaşa! Minlərlə çan qurʙan oldu,Sinən hərʙə mejdan oldu | Hyququndan kecən əsgər,Hərə ʙir qəhrəman oldu! Sən olasan gylystan,Sənə hər an çan qurʙan | Sənə min ʙir məhəʙʙətSinəmdə tutmuş məkan! Namusunu hifz etməjə,Bajraƣьnь jyksəltməjəNamusunu hifz etməjə,Çymlə gənçlər myştaqdьr | Şanlь Vətən! Şanlь Vətən | Azərʙajçan! Azərʙajçan | Azərʙajçan! Azərʙajçan | Ej kəhrəman ɵvladn ɜanl Vətəni!Səndən ɵtru can verməjə cumlə hazrz | Səndən ɵtru kan tɵkməjə cumlə kadiriz!Uçrənƣli bajragnla məsyd jaɜa | Uçrənƣli bajragnla məsyd jaɜa! Minlərlə can kyrban oldy,Sinən hərbə mejdan oldy | Hukykyndan keçən əsƣər,Hərə bir kəhrəman oldy! Sən olasan ƣulustan,Sənə hər an can kyrban | Sənə min bir məhəbbətSinəmdə tytmyɜ məkan! Namysyny hifz etməjə,Bajragn juksəltməjəNamysyny hifz etməjə,Cumlə ƣənclər muɜtakdr | Ɜanl Vətən! ɜanl Vətən | Azərbajcan! Azərbajcan | Azərbajcan! Azərbajcan |
The Arabic, Latin, and Cyrillic alphabets each have a different sequence of letters. The table below is ordered according to the latest Latin alphabet:
| Arabic | Latin | Cyrillic | Latin | IPA | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1922–1933 | 1933–1939 | 1939–1958 | 1958–1991 | 1991–1992 | 1992–Present | |||
| آ-ا | A a | pronounced as /[ɑ]/ | ||||||
| ب | B b | B ʙ | Б б | B b | pronounced as /[b]/ | |||
| ج | C c | Ç ç | Ҹ ҹ | C c | pronounced as /[dʒ]/ | |||
| چ | Ç ç | C c | Ч ч | Ç ç | pronounced as /[tʃ]/ | |||
| د | D d | Д д | D d | pronounced as /[d]/ | ||||
| ائ | E e | Е е, Э э | Е е | pronounced as /[e]/ | ||||
| ه-ٱ-اَ | Ə ə | Ä ä | Ə ə | pronounced as /[æ]/ | ||||
| ف | F f | Ф ф | F f | pronounced as /[f]/ | ||||
| گ | Ƣ ƣ | G g | Ҝ ҝ | G g | pronounced as /[ɟ]/ | |||
| غ | G g | Ƣ ƣ | Ғ ғ | Ğ ğ | pronounced as /[ɣ]/ | |||
| ح, ه | H h | Һ һ | H h | pronounced as /[h]/ | ||||
| خ | X x | pronounced as /[x]/ | ||||||
| اؽ | Į į | Ь ь | Ы ы | I ı | pronounced as /[ɯ]/ | |||
| ای | I i | И и | İ i | pronounced as /[ɪ]/ | ||||
| ژ | Ƶ ƶ | Ж ж | J j | pronounced as /[ʒ]/ | ||||
| ک | Q q | K k | К к | K k | pronounced as /[c], [ç], [k]/ | |||
| ق | K k | Q q | Г г | Q q | pronounced as /[ɡ]/ | |||
| ل | L l | Л л | L l | pronounced as /[l]/ | ||||
| م | M m | М м | M m | pronounced as /[m]/ | ||||
| ن | N n | Н н | N n | pronounced as /[n]/ | ||||
| وْ | O o | pronounced as /[o]/ | ||||||
| ؤ | Ɵ ɵ | Ö ö | pronounced as /[œ]/ | |||||
| پ | P p | П п | P p | pronounced as /[p]/ | ||||
| ر | R r | Р р | R r | pronounced as /[r]/ | ||||
| ث, س, ص | S s | С с | S s | pronounced as /[s]/ | ||||
| ش | Ɜ ɜ | Ş ş | Ш ш | Ş ş | pronounced as /[ʃ]/ | |||
| ت, ط | T t | Т т | T t | pronounced as /[t]/ | ||||
| ۇ | Y y | U u | У у | U u | pronounced as /[u]/ | |||
| ۆ | U u | У y | Ү ү | Ü ü | pronounced as /[y]/ | |||
| و | V v | В в | V v | pronounced as /[v]/ | ||||
| ی | J j | Й й | Ј ј | Y y | pronounced as /[j]/ | |||
| یا | ЈА ја | Я я | ЈА jа | YA ya | pronounced as /[jɑ]/ | |||
| یئ | ЈE јe | Е е | ЈЕ је | YE ye | pronounced as /[je]/ | |||
| ئ | E e | pronounced as /[e]/ | ||||||
| یوْ | ЈO јo | Йо йо | ЈО јо | YO yo | pronounced as /[jo]/ | |||
| یۇ | JY jy | ЈU јu | Ю ю | ЈУ ју | YU yu | pronounced as /[ju]/ | ||
| ذ, ز, ض, ظ | Z z | З з | Z z | pronounced as /[z]/ | ||||
The Azeri Arabic alphabet originally contained the letter ڴ. Originally ڴ stood for the sound [ŋ], which then merged with [n]. Initial versions of the Azeri Latin alphabet contained the letter Ꞑꞑ, which was dropped in 1938. This letter no longer exists in the Azerbaijani Arabic orthographic conventions anymore either.
The letter Цц, intended for the sound [ts] in loanwords, was used in Azerbaijani Cyrillic until 1951. In Azerbaijani, like in most Turkic languages, the sound [ts] generally becomes [s].
The apostrophe was used until 2004 in loanwords from Arabic for representing the glottal stop or vowel length. Since 2004, the apostrophe is not used in Azerbaijani except in foreign proper names.