| Mission1: | Azerbaijani embassy, Moscow |
| Mission2: | Russian embassy, Baku |
Russia and Azerbaijan are de facto and de jure allies in many different aspects, including military.[1] Bilateral relations exist between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Russian Federation. The Embassy of Azerbaijan is located in Moscow, Russia. The Embassy of Russia is located in Baku, Azerbaijan.
What is now Azerbaijan became part of the Russian Empire after Qajar Iran was forced to cede it alongside all of its other Caucasian territories following the Russo-Persian War (1804–13) and the resulting Treaty of Gulistan and the Russo-Persian War (1826–28) and its resulting Treaty of Turkmenchay. The area north of the Aras River, including the territory of the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan, had been Iranian territory until occupied by Russia.[2] [3] [4] After decades as a territory of the Russian Empire, Azerbaijan achieved independence, before subsequently being annexed into the Soviet Union in 1920.
After the collapse of the USSR in 1991, relations between the two countries grew closer due to Ayaz Mutallibov's foreign policy.[5] However, after the Armenian occupation of Khojaly, Mutallibov was forced to resign which resulted in Abulfaz Elchibey coming to power. During the one-year rule of Elchibey, Azerbaijan–Russia relations were damaged. Elchibay's politics have been described as "Anti-Russian."[6] When Heydar Aliyev came to power in 1993, he reestablished warmer relations with Russia. According to President Ilham Aliyev, Vladimir Putin gave his father, Heydar Aliyev, a lasting impression, particularly in their shared KGB background.[7]
At the beginning of 2009 Azerbaijani media published allegations that Russia had made extensive weapons transfers to Armenia throughout 2008 costing about $800 million. On January 12, 2009, the Russian ambassador was invited to the Azerbaijani Ministry of Foreign Affairs and asked about this information. On January 21, 2009, the Russian ministry of foreign relations officially denied the transfers.[8] According to the materials published by Wikileaks in December 2010, Azerbaijani defense minister Safar Abiyev claimed that in January 2009, during his visit to Moscow, his Russian counterpart Anatoliy Serdyukov had unofficially admitted to the weapon transfers although it was officially denied.[9]
A series of breakdowns in relations occurred throughout the 2010s, including the failed renewal of the lease of the Gabala Radar Station to Russia in December 2012, the consequent construction of a new Voronezh radar station, the Armavir Radar Station, in Russia's own Krasnodar Region, the decision by Russia to stop the transit of Azeri oil via the Baku-Novorossiysk pipeline, and the holding of the Azerbaijani tanker "Naphthalene" in Dagestan on suspicion of hauling contraband. Azerbaijan and Russia held discussions on the issues of Nagorno-Karabakh, the Caspian Sea, and cooperation in energy. Additionally, an agreement on cooperation and terms for oil supply was signed by the State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic (SOCAR) and Rosneft, and there was also an agreement on the construction of a new automobile bridge across the Samur River, on the Azerbaijani-Russian border. The visit took on added importance as it was read as leveraging Armenia–Azerbaijan relations in a warning in light of Armenia considering signing an Association Agreement with the European Union.[10]
Russia expressed reluctance to intervene against Azerbaijan during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, despite its formal alliance with Armenia. This was attributed to deteriorating Armenia-Russia relations following the 2018 Armenian revolution, as well as growing Russian ties with Azerbaijan.[11] [12] Russia facilitated peace talks between Azerbaijan and Armenia, culminating in a ceasefire on October 10,[13] though this was later disregarded by both sides.[14]
While relations tend to be tepid, many Azerbaijani opposition leaders had condemned Russia for its invasion of Ukraine that began in February 2022.[15] [16] Ukraine had accused Azerbaijan of evading sanctions against Russia.[17]
Russia has an embassy in Baku, and Azerbaijan has an embassy in Moscow and consulate-general in Saint Petersburg. Azerbaijan also announced that it will open another consulate-general in Yekaterinburg. There are more than half a million Azeris in Russia as well as a notable diaspora of Russians in Azerbaijan, which is the largest Russian diaspora in the region.[18] President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev stated that the peoples of Russia and Azerbaijan were tied with "closest friendship and trust links".[19] Relations between the two countries remain friendly and close but there are numerous disagreements such as in the first Nagorno-Karabakh War, the South Ossetian-Abkhazian conflict, and the legal status of the Caspian Sea. Azerbaijan supported Russia on the Chechnya issue and closed the office of Chechen rebel president Aslan Maskhadov's representative in Baku, as they faced a possible separatist movement by Lezghins (Lezgistan). Some analysts argued that Russia was neutral and somewhat supported Azerbaijan in the Karabakh conflict in the beginning of the 1990s until Elchibey's nationalist government took office, which caused Russia to sign many military agreements with Armenia.[20] These actions, along with the memory of Black January in 1990 during the dissolution of the Soviet Union, are sources of distrust of Russia in Azerbaijani society, mainly among nationalists. According to a poll taken in 2007, about of 80% of Azeris approved of the friendship with Russia. After the 2008 war with Georgia, this number dropped to 52%.[21] Russophobia had never been common in Azerbaijan and the government is also strongly committed to protecting the rights of ethnic Russians in Azerbaijan, but hostility exists toward Russians who are married to or otherwise connected with Armenians.[22] Azeris often face discrimination in Russia because of the common "Caucasophobia" that arose after the Chechen Wars, as it is believed Russians cannot differentiate between Azerbaijanis and other Caucasian nationalities.[23]
Russia is one of Azerbaijan's main suppliers of arms. "As of today, military and technical cooperation with Russia is measured at $4 billion and it tends to grow further," President Ilham Aliyev said after meeting with Russian President Vladimir Putin in Baku in 2013.[24] The leaders of the defense departments of both countries make guest visits on a regular basis. On 23–25 January 2006, Russian Minister of Defense Sergei Ivanov visited Baku, followed by Defense Minister Anatoly Serdyukov in November 2007.
On 25 January 2002, an agreement between Russia and Azerbaijan on the status, principles, and conditions for use of the Gabala Radar Station was signed, and on 28 November 2003, an intergovernmental protocol was signed. On June 8, 2007, at the G-8 summit in Heiligendamm, President Vladimir Putin made a proposal to use the Gabala Radar Station as a part of the U.S.-developed missile defense system. Gabala was suggested as an alternative to locations in Poland and the Czech Republic (both NATO members) as the US had planned, which Putin opposed despite US claims the system was not designed to counter a large-scale Russian missile attack, but rather that it was intended to defend against an attack from Iran or North Korea. The proposal to use Gabala was supported by the Azerbaijani leadership, which considered it a concrete contribution to stability and security in the region. The US, however, rejected the proposal as unsuitable.
Trade and economic cooperation between Russia and Azerbaijan is on the rise. In 2008, the trade turnover between the two countries increased annually by 39.3%, totalling US$2.403 billion, exports grew by 42.6% up to $1.9911 billion, and imports increased by 25.4% up to $411.4 million. Despite the end of Russian gas deliveries to Azerbaijan on January 1, 2007, Russian-Azerbaijani trade has kept a positive trend, and its structure has evolved towards an increasing share of non-primary goods.
Russian–Azerbaijani relations in culture and education are developing steadily.[25] In December 2006, the two countries adopted a program of interstate cooperation in the humanitarian sphere for 2007–2009. 2005 was the "Year of Azerbaijan" in Russia and 2006 was the "Year of Russia" in Azerbaijan; the two countries held 110 special cultural events during these two years. In 2008, in Baku, a branch of Moscow State University was established. In the universities of Azerbaijan, over 15 thousand students are involved in Russian language education. In Azerbaijan, there are over 50 Russian-language newspapers and 10 Russian news agencies.