Azadinium spinosum explained

Azadinium spinosum is a species of dinoflagellates that produces azaspiracid toxins (toxins associated with shellfish poisoning),^[1] particularly AZA 1, AZA 2 and an isomer of AZA 2.^[2]

Description

It measures 12–16 μm in length and 7–11 μm wide, is a peridinin-containing photosynthetic dinoflagellate with a thin theca. Its large nucleus is spherical and present posteriorly, whereas its single chloroplast is parietal, lobed, and extends into the epi- and hyposome.

Further reading

• Jauffrais. Thierry. Kilcoyne. Jane. Séchet. Véronique. Herrenknecht. Christine. Truquet. Philippe. Hervé. Fabienne. Bérard. Jean Baptiste. Nulty. Cíara. Taylor. Sarah. Tillmann. Urban. Miles. Christopher O.. Hess. Philipp. Production and Isolation of Azaspiracid-1 and -2 from Azadinium spinosum Culture in Pilot Scale Photobioreactors. Marine Drugs. 10. 12. 2012. 1360–1382. 1660-3397. 10.3390/md10061360. 22822378. 3397445 . free .
• Jauffrais. Thierry. Contreras. Andrea. Herrenknecht. Christine. Truquet. Philippe. Séchet. Véronique. Tillmann. Urban. Hess. Philipp. Effect of Azadinium spinosum on the feeding behaviour and azaspiracid accumulation of Mytilus edulis. Aquatic Toxicology. 124-125. 2012. 179–187. 0166-445X. 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.08.016. 22982497.
• Jauffrais. Thierry. Herrenknecht. Christine. Séchet. Véronique. Sibat. Manoella. Tillmann. Urban. Krock. Bernd. Kilcoyne. Jane. Miles. Christopher O.. McCarron. Pearse. Amzil. Zouher. Hess. Philipp. Quantitative analysis of azaspiracids in Azadinium spinosum cultures. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 403. 3. 2012. 833–846. 1618-2642. 10.1007/s00216-012-5849-2. 22367288. 10379/12076. 2088649 . free.
• Tillmann. Urban. Elbraechter. Malte. Cell division in Azadinium spinosum (Dinophyceae). Botanica Marina. August 1, 2013. 56. 4. 399–408. 10.1515/bot-2013-0022. 85414718 .

Notes and References

1. Salas. Rafael. Tillmann. Urban. John. Uwe. Kilcoyne. Jane. Burson. Amanda. Cantwell. Caoimhe. Hess. Philipp. Jauffrais. Thierry. Silke. Joe. The role of Azadinium spinosum (Dinophyceae) in the production of azaspiracid shellfish poisoning in mussels. Harmful Algae. 10. 6. 2011. 774–783. 1568-9883. 10.1016/j.hal.2011.06.010.
2. Tillmann. Urban. Elbrächter. Malte. Krock. Bernd. John. Uwe. Cembella. Allan. Azadinium spinosumgen. et sp. nov. (Dinophyceae) identified as a primary producer of azaspiracid toxins. European Journal of Phycology. 44. 1. 2009. 63–79. 0967-0262. 10.1080/09670260802578534. 2009EJPhy..44...63T . free.