Awithlaknakwe Explained

Awithlaknakwe (also known as stone warriors, or game of the stone warriors^[1]) is a strategy board game from the Zuni Native American Indians of the American Southwest. The board contains 168 squares with diagonal grids. Two or four may play, with players identified as North, West, South, and East.

The game was described by Stewart Culin in his book Games of the North American Indians (1907).

Equipment

The gameboard is a 12×12 square grid with six extra squares centered on each of the four sides, totaling 168 squares. Diagonal lines run through each square (the diagonal lines are called trails; the orthogonal lines are called canyons). Each player has six warriors, and a seventh piece not yet called the priest of the bow.

The historical board was cut into stone slabs, and pieces were small discs of pottery with tops either plain or having a hole in their centers to differentiate ownership. The priest of the bow was distinguished from friendly pieces by being somewhat larger.

Game rules

Each player starts the game with six warriors on their six nearest squares (the player's home rank). The goal is to bring one's pieces to the opponent's home rank, while capturing as many enemy pieces as possible. The winning condition for this ancient game is not completely defined (see

1. Incomplete rules

).

• Warriors move one square diagonally forward (along trails). Backward moves are not permitted.
• An enemy piece can be captured using the —by flanking it on both adjacent squares along a diagonal. Captured pieces are removed from the game.
• The first warrior of each player that is captured is removed and replaced by the player's priest of the bow, which is entered on the player's home rank. The priest of the bow can move one square orthogonally (straight right, left, or forward, crossing canyons) as well as diagonally forward like a warrior. It cannot move backward.

Two players

Players sit at opposite sides of the board; North plays against South.^[2]

Four players

North and West are partners against South and East. Each team owns one priest of the bow (not two).

Incomplete rules

The rules described by F. H. Cushing and reported by Culin, and subsequently by Bell and Murray, lack specificity on some points:

• How a player wins is unclear. One could conjecture that the total number of pieces that reach the opponent's home rank and the number of pieces captured are totaled to determine the winner. The same issue applies when four play.
• When four play, it isn't clear whether partners play a combined set of 12 warriors, or each plays a differentiated set of 6 warriors. (The implication is a combined, undifferentiated set.)
• It is unknown which player traditionally moves first, how the first player is chosen, and the order of turns when four play.

See also

• Bizingo

References

• Book: Parlett, David Sidney. David Parlett. The Oxford History of Board Games. registration. 1999. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-212998-7.

External links

• Book: Wilkins, Sally E. D.. Sports and Games of Medieval Cultures. 2002. Greenwood Publishing Group. 978-0-313-31711-8. 227.
• Web site: The Greatest Modern Board Game of Skill . John Savard's Home Page . 2019-10-10.

Notes and References

1. Book: Bell, R. C.. Robert Charles Bell. Board and Table Games from Many Civilizations. 2012. Courier Corporation. 978-0-486-14557-0. 49–50.
2. Book: Murray, Harold James Ruthven. H. J. R. Murray. A history of board-games other than chess. registration. 1952. Clarendon Press. 64.