Aviadvigatel PD-14 explained

The Aviadvigatel PD-14 (previously known as PS-12) is a high-bypass turbofan that was developed by Aviadvigatel to power the Yakovlev MC-21 twin-jet airliner. It is a 14 tf (30,865 lbf) thrust powerplant.

Development

In December 2009, the PD-14 was developed to be 15% more efficient than its PS-90A2 predecessor and to be installed on the MC-21 and the Ilyushin Il-276.^[1]

The PD-14 was announced in early 2010 with its development cost estimated at RUB 35 billion (US$1.1 billion).^[2] In April 2010, Aviadvigatel was expecting to start its certification procedure in 2012.^[3] Its core was first tested on 26 November 2010.^[4] It was displayed for the first time at the 2013 MAKS air show.^[5]

Flight tests began in 2015 on an Ilyushin Il-76.^[6] Between December 2016 and May 2017, the PD-14 operational performance and working efficiency at all altitudes and speeds were assessed on the Il-76 testbed aircraft at Gromov Flight Research Institute near Moscow.^[7] After two years exploring performance at most altitudes, airspeeds and operating modes, the first and second testing stages confirmed its basic operating parameters. A third phase of flight tests debuted in January 2018 from the GFRI Zhukovsky Airfield, conducted in co-operation with certification specialists to formally confirm the pre-certification efforts findings.

Ground tests will continue in parallel, and United Engine Corporation claims that the engine matches the performance of products from foreign competitors and surpasses them for noise and emissions.^[8] Bird strike tests on the fan, including high-speed video and vibration measurements, were conducted together with fan blade strength tests. The successful results are expected to reduce the time and cost of attaining full certification status.^[9]

United Engine was to deliver five PD-14s to Irkut by the end of 2018, and after Rosaviatsia certification, to start flight tests on the MC-21 in 2019 for type certification of the variant in 2021.^[10] EASA certification is expected when it will enter series production.^[11] In October 2018, Rosaviatsia granted certification to the PD-14, and deliveries of the first engines for two MC-21s were expected by the end of 2018. European certificate validation was planned for 2019.^[12]

In January 2020, Irkut received the first PD-14 engines to be installed on the MC-21 airliner,^[13] and the first PD-14-powered MC-21-310 made its maiden flight on 15 December 2020 from Irkutsk.^[14]

In October 2021, the engine successfully passed landmark volcanic ash exposure tests. According to Anatoly Serdyukov, the thrust of the PD-14 “practically did not decrease” after the engine was exposed to the presence of the ash for 1 hour.^[15]

Design

The 1.9 m (75 in) fan has 18 titanium alloy blades, providing an 8.5:1 bypass ratio significantly improved from previous Russian engines, but below the CFM LEAP's 10:1 or the Pratt & Whitney PW1000G's 12:1 for the MC-21 from 2017.The 3D aerodynamics shaped first high-pressure turbine stage has advanced cooling channels.^[5] Twenty new materials were developed for the powerplant, including monocrystalline alloys for vanes, and high-strength nickel and titanium alloys for shafts and disks.^[12]

Developed from the PS-12 (an uprated PS-90A), the 122–153 kN (27,500-34,500 lbf) thrust powerplant is designed by Aviadvigatel and manufactured by the Perm Engine Company.The two-shaft turbofan has a high-pressure core from the PS-12 with an eight-stage compressor and a two-stage turbine, and four low-pressure stages.The high-bypass engine does not employ an exhaust mixer, fuel burn should be reduced by 10–15% from the CFM International CFM56 and it could power an upgraded Tupolev Tu-204.

Proposed derivatives

• PD-8 is a derated model at 78 kN (17,500 lbf) for the SSJ-100, Beriev Be-200, and Ilyushin Il-212.^{[16] [17] [18]} As of mid-2022, a PD-8 prototype had successfully completed ground testing, and had conducted its first flight test installed on an Ilyushin Il-76 aircraft.^{[19] [20]} As of mid-2024, the engine manufacturer was implementing a strategy of using a computer model of the PD-8 for testing in order to reduce the number of required real engine tests, so as to accelerate PD-8 certification.^[21]
• PD-8V turboshaft 6.8 7.68 – 9680 shp for Mi-24/35 8/17 and other medium heavy heli
• PD-10 is a derated model for the SSJ-130 at .^[22]
• PD-12V: turboshaft variant for the Mil Mi-26 heavy lift helicopter, development started in 2016,^[23] 11,500 shp (up to 14,500 shp).^[24]
• PD-14А, derated modification of the engine to for Yakovlev МС-21-200, also it could replace 12 tf Soloviev D-30 powering the Beriev A-40 aircraft.
• PD-14M, uprated to, and PD-16, uprated to, with more compressor and turbine stages, for the Yakovlev МС-21-400 stretch to 230-seat and its long-range derivative with a cruise Thrust-specific fuel consumption; and could replace the 16-tf PS-90A powering the Tupolev Tu-204/214 narrowbody, the Ilyushin Il-96-300 widebody, and the Il-76M-90A freighter.^[25]
• PD-18R geared turbofan,^{[5] [26]}, it could reach a cruise Thrust-specific fuel consumption of and could replace the PS-90A1 on the Il-96-400T freighter.^[25]
• PD-35: for the CRAIC CR929, possibly for Antonov An-124, and its replacement Ilyushin Il-106 PAK VTA.

PD-35

Launched in the summer of 2016 by United Engine Corporation through Aviadvigatel and NPO Saturn, the thrust PD-35 was to be developed until 2025^[27] for 180 billion rubles ($3 billion) including 60 billion for test benches and laboratory equipment, to power future wide-body aircraft including the since-shelved Russo-Chinese CRAIC CR929.The long engine will weigh, its fan was planned to be in diameter and its scaled up PD-14 core to have a nine-stage high-pressure compressor and two-stage turbine.^[28]

On 19 January 2018, the Russian government awarded UEC-Aviadvigatel a ₽64.3 billion ($1.13 billion) contract to develop a PD-35-1 demonstrator by 2023, including wide-chord composite fan blades and fan case, a 23:1 compressor pressure ratio, ceramic matrix composites – silicon carbide-silicon carbide (SiC-SiC) and carbon-silicon carbide (C-SiC) – and advanced cooling for 1,450 °C (2,640 °F) temperatures.It could power the Ilyushin IL-96-400, the Il-76 airlifter, Il-78 tanker and an Antonov An-124 replacement Ilyushin Il-106 PAK VTA.^[29] A de-rated version would meet the An-124 thrust requirements.^[30]

At the end of 2022, the PD-35 was postponed until at least 2029.^[31]

Applications

• PD-8: SJ-100, Beriev Be-200, Ilyushin Il-212
• PD-10: SJ-130
• PD-12V: Mil Mi-26
• PD-14: Yakovlev MC-21, Ilyushin Il-276
• PD-35 : CRAIC CR929, Ilyushin Il-96, Ilyushin Il-106 PAK VTA

Specifications

The PD-14 Engine and Advanced Engines Family

Model	PD-8	PD-10	PD-14A	PD-14	PD-14M	PD-35
Configuration	Twin-spool high bypass turbofan
Take-off thrust
Dry weight
Fan diameter
Compressor		1 fan + 1 LP + 8 HP	1 fan + 3-stage LP + 8-stage HP		1 fan + 4 LP + 8 HP
Combustor	Annular
Turbine		2 HP + 5 LP	2-stage HP + 6-stage LP
BPR^[32]			8.6	8.5	7.2
OPR			38	41	46
TSFC		in cruise
Thrust-to-weight ratio
Application		Superjet 130	МС-21-200	MC-21-310	MC-21-400

External links

• • Web site: Turbofan Engine Family for Regional Jet . UEC Perm Engines . August 1, 2019.
• News: Aviadvigatel proposes new PS-14 engine for MS-21 . Flightglobal . 2009-03-11.
• Web site: PD-14A . deagel.

Notes and References

1. News: Russian aircraft designers tested yesterday's engine . 16 Dec 2009 . RusBusinessNews.
2. News: Russia firms 'PD-14' domestic engine concept for MS-21 . Tom Zaitsev . Flight Global . 2 Feb 2010.
3. In 2011 Aviadvigatel OJSC will develop PD-14 engine demonstrator . 19 April 2010 . UEC-Aviadvigatel.
4. News: PD-14: core engine tests launched . Take-off . Feb 2011.
5. News: Stephen Trimble . MAKS: Russia lifts veil on PD-14 demonstrator, latest engine technology . Flightglobal . 29 Aug 2013.
6. News: Russian Engine for Irkut MC-21 Wins Certification . October 18, 2018 . Vladimir . Karnazov . AINonline.
7. News: UAC completes PD-14 second-stage flight testing for MC-21 . Aviation Week Network . May 26, 2017 . Polina Montag-Girmes.
8. News: New round of flight tests take PD-14 closer to certification . 2 Jan 2018 . David Kaminski Morrow . Flightglobal.
9. News: PD-14 fan undergoes bird-strike testing . 18 Jan 2018 . David Kaminski Morrow . Flightglobal.
10. News: Irkut signs for MC-21's initial PD-14 flight-test engines . 26 Jan 2018 . David Kaminski Morrow . Flightglobal.
11. News: MC-21 narrowbody to sport Russian PD-14 engines from 2019 . March 8, 2018 . Russian Aviation Insider.
12. News: PD-14 engine for MC-21 secures Russian certification . 19 Oct 2018 . David Kaminski Morrow . Flightglobal.
13. News: Irkut receives first PD-14 engines for installation on MC-21 . Flightglobal . 29 January 2020 . David Kaminski-Morrow . 29 August 2023 . 29 January 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200129143922/https://www.flightglobal.com/engines/irkut-receives-first-pd-14-engines-for-installation-on-mc-21/136421.article . live .
14. News: MC-21 with Russian-built PD-14 engines carries out maiden flight . Flightglobal . 15 December 2020 . David Kaminski-Morrow . 29 August 2023 . 15 December 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201215073929/https://www.flightglobal.com/air-transport/mc-21-with-russian-built-pd-14-engines-carries-out-maiden-flight/141607.article . live .
15. Web site: PD-14 engine for MC-21 passes landmark volcanic ash exposure test. flightglobal.com. 28 October 2021.
16. Web site: Rostec continues working in the PD-8 engine and it may power the Beriev BE-200. February 2022 . Ismael Awad-Risk, Aviacionline, January 2, 2022. March 11, 2022.
17. Web site: Powerful and light: details about the new military transport aircraft Il-212 become known. www1.ru, October 14, 2023. October 27, 2023.
18. Web site: IL-112V aircraft will receive PD-8 engine . 19 July 2023 . RuAviation, July 19, 2023. October 27, 2023.
19. Web site: Sukhoi tests 100% Russian Aviadvigatel PD-8 engine on an Ilyushin Il-76. 14 May 2022. Pable Diaz, Aviacionline, May 14, 2022. May 19, 2022.
20. Web site: Sukhoi Начались лётные испытания двигателя ПД-8. addministr, arscomp.ru, May 14, 2022. Dec 27, 2022.
21. Web site: Digital twin will speed up certification of the PD-8 engine. 7 May 2024. RuAviation, May 7, 2024. July 15, 2024.
22. Web site: The PD-14 Engine and Advanced Engines Family . UEC-Aviadvigatel.
23. PD-12V helicopter engine project discussions in Aviadvigatel . UEC-Aviadvigatel . 28 April 2016.
24. News: New Engines For Russia's Heavy-lift Helicopter . Aviation International News . 2 June 2016.
25. News: Aviadvigatel Mulls Higher-thrust PD-14s To Replace PS-90A . Vladimir Karnozov . August 19, 2019 . AIN Online.
26. Web site: Information and Technical Newsletter . January 2011 . Perm Aircraft Engines . 11.
27. News: Moscow starts developing heavy engine for joint Chinese-Russian airliner . June 20, 2016 . TASS.
28. News: Russian PD-35 engine to enter market in six years . June 8, 2017 . Russian Aviation Insider .
29. News: Contract docs reveal plans for Russia's new widebody engine . 19 Jan 2018 . Stephen Trimble . Flightglobal.
30. News: Freighter Growth And Possible An-124 Reengining Boost CF6 Prospects . Oct 10, 2018 . Guy Norris . Aviation Week & Space Technology.
31. Web site: Russia: PD-35 engine postponed until at least 2029. 5 December 2022 . Aviation Direct. May 4, 2023.
32. PD-14: New generation engine for MC-21 . Take-off . 20–21 . December 2011 . Andrey . Fomin.