Avestan alphabet explained

Avestan
Time:400 - 1000 CE
Fam1:Egyptian hieroglyphs[1]
Sample:Bodleian_J2_fol_175_Y_28_1.jpg
Unicode:U+10B00 - U+10B3F
Iso15924:Avst

The Avestan alphabet (Avestan: {{script|Avst| transliteration:, Middle Persian: transliteration:, transcription: Pahlavi: dēn dēbīrē, Persian: دین دبیره|translit=din dabire) is a writing system developed during Iran's Sasanian era (226 - 651 CE) to render the Avestan language.

As a side effect of its development, the script was also used for Pazend, a method of writing Middle Persian that was used primarily for Zend commentaries on the texts of the Avesta. In the texts of Zoroastrian tradition, the alphabet is referred to as "the religion's script" (Pahlavi: dēn dibīrih in Middle Persian and Persian: din dabireh in New Persian).

History

The development of the Avestan alphabet was initiated by the need to represent recited Avestan language texts correctly. The various text collections that today constitute the canon of Zoroastrian scripture are the result of a collation that occurred in the 4th century, probably during the reign of Shapur II (309 - 379). It is likely that the Avestan alphabet was an ad hoc[2] innovation related to this—"Sassanid archetype"—collation.

The enterprise, "which is indicative of a Mazdean revival and of the establishment of a strict orthodoxy closely connected with the political power, was probably caused by the desire to compete more effectively with Buddhists, Christians, and Manicheans, whose faith was based on a revealed book". In contrast, the Zoroastrian priesthood had for centuries been accustomed to memorizing scripture—following by rote the words of a teacher-priest until they had memorized the words, cadence, inflection and intonation of the prayers. This they passed on to their pupils in turn, so preserving for many generations the correct way to recite scripture. This was necessary because the priesthood considered (and continue to consider) precise and correct enunciation and cadence a prerequisite of effective prayer. Further, the recitation of the liturgy was (and is) accompanied by ritual activity that leaves no room to attend to a written text.

The ability to correctly render Avestan did, however, have a direct benefit: By the common era, the Avestan language words had almost ceased to be understood, which led to the preparation of the Zend texts (from Avestan zainti "understanding"), commentaries on and translations of the canon. The development of the Avestan alphabet allowed these commentaries to interleave quotation of scripture with explanation thereof. The direct effect of these texts was a "standardized" interpretation of scripture that survives to the present day. For scholarship these texts are enormously interesting, since they occasionally preserve passages that have otherwise been lost.

The 9th - 12th century texts of Zoroastrian tradition suggest that there was once a much larger collection of written Zoroastrian literature, but these texts—if they ever existed—have since been lost, and it is hence not known what script was used to render them. The question of the existence of a pre-Sassanid "Arsacid archetype" occupied Avestan scholars for much of the 19th century, and, "[w]hatever may be the truth about the Arsacid Avesta, the linguistic evidence shows that even if it did exist, it can not have had any practical influence, since no linguistic form in the Vulgate can be explained with certainty as resulting from wrong transcription and the number of doubtful cases is minimal; in fact it is being steadily reduced. Though the existence of an Arsacid archetype is not impossible, it has proved to contribute nothing to Avestan philology."

Genealogy and script

The Pahlavi script, upon which the Avestan alphabet is based, was in common use for representing various Middle Iranian languages, but was not adequate for representing a religious language that demanded precision since Pahlavi was a simplified abjad syllabary with at most 22 symbols, most of which were ambiguous (i.e. could represent more than one sound).

In contrast, Avestan was a full alphabet, with explicit characters for vowels, and allowed for phonetic disambiguation of allophones. The alphabet included many characters (a, i, k, t, p, b, m, n, r, s, z, š, xv) closely resembling Book Pahlavi of the early Islamic Persia, while some (ā, γ) are characters that only exist in the older (6th–7th c. AD) Psalter Pahlavi script (in later cursive Pahlavi γ and k have the same symbol).[3] Some of the vowels, such as ə appear to derive from Greek cursives. Avestan o is a special form of Pahlavi

l that exists only in Aramaic signs. Some letters (e.g. ŋ́, , , v), are free inventions.[4]

Avestan script, like Pahlavi script and Aramaic script also, is written from right to left. In Avestan script, letters are not connected, and ligatures are "rare and clearly of secondary origin".

Letters

In total, the Avestan alphabet has 37 consonants and 16 vowels. There are two main transcription schemes for Avestan, the newer orthography used by Karl Hoffmann and the older one used by Christian Bartholomae.

Avestan alphabet
LetterTranscription[5] IPAUnicode
Hoff.Bar.
aapronounced as //a//U+10B00: AVESTAN LETTER A
āāpronounced as //aː//U+10B01: AVESTAN LETTER AA
å - pronounced as //ɒ//U+10B02: AVESTAN LETTER AO
ā̊åpronounced as //ɒː//U+10B03: AVESTAN LETTER AAO
ąąpronounced as //ã//U+10B04: AVESTAN LETTER AN
ą̇ - pronounced as //ãː//U+10B05: AVESTAN LETTER AAN
əəpronounced as //ə//U+10B06: AVESTAN LETTER AE
ə̄ə̄pronounced as //əː//U+10B07: AVESTAN LETTER AEE
eepronounced as //e//U+10B08: AVESTAN LETTER E
ēēpronounced as //eː//U+10B09: AVESTAN LETTER EE
oopronounced as //ɔ//U+10B0A: AVESTAN LETTER O
ōōpronounced as //oː//U+10B0B: AVESTAN LETTER OO
iipronounced as //ɪ//U+10B0C: AVESTAN LETTER I
īīpronounced as //iː//U+10B0D: AVESTAN LETTER II
uupronounced as //ʊ//U+10B0E: AVESTAN LETTER U
ūūpronounced as //uː//U+10B0F: AVESTAN LETTER UU
kkpronounced as //k//U+10B10: AVESTAN LETTER KE
xxpronounced as //x//U+10B11: AVESTAN LETTER XE
pronounced as //xʲ//, pronounced as //ç//U+10B12: AVESTAN LETTER XYE
pronounced as //xʷ//U+10B13: AVESTAN LETTER XVE
ggpronounced as //ɡ//U+10B14: AVESTAN LETTER GE
ġ - pronounced as //ɡʲ//, pronounced as //ɟ//U+10B15: AVESTAN LETTER GGE
γγpronounced as //ɣ//U+10B16: AVESTAN LETTER GHE
cčpronounced as //t͡ʃ//U+10B17: AVESTAN LETTER CE
jǰpronounced as //d͡ʒ//U+10B18: AVESTAN LETTER JE
ttpronounced as //t//U+10B19: AVESTAN LETTER TE
θθpronounced as //θ//U+10B1A: AVESTAN LETTER THE
ddpronounced as //d//U+10B1B: AVESTAN LETTER DE
δδpronounced as //ð//U+10B1C: AVESTAN LETTER DHE
pronounced as //t̚//[6] U+10B1D: AVESTAN LETTER TTE
pppronounced as //p//U+10B1E: AVESTAN LETTER PE
ffpronounced as //f//U+10B1F: AVESTAN LETTER FE
bbpronounced as //b//U+10B20: AVESTAN LETTER BE
βwpronounced as //β//U+10B21: AVESTAN LETTER BHE
ŋŋpronounced as //ŋ//U+10B22: AVESTAN LETTER NGE
ŋ́ŋ́pronounced as //ŋʲ//U+10B23: AVESTAN LETTER NGYE
- pronounced as //ŋʷ//U+10B24: AVESTAN LETTER NGVE
nnpronounced as //n//U+10B25: AVESTAN LETTER NE
ń - pronounced as //ɲ//U+10B26: AVESTAN LETTER NYE
n, mpronounced as //ŋ//
U+10B27: AVESTAN LETTER NNE
mmpronounced as //m//U+10B28: AVESTAN LETTER ME
- pronounced as //m̥//, pronounced as //mʰ//
U+10B29: AVESTAN LETTER HME
ypronounced as //j//U+10B2A: AVESTAN LETTER YYE
ypronounced as //j//U+10B2B: AVESTAN LETTER YE
iipronounced as //ii̯//U+10B0C: AVESTAN LETTER I (doubled)
vvpronounced as //w//
U+10B2C: AVESTAN LETTER VE
uupronounced as //uu̯//U+10B0E: AVESTAN LETTER U (doubled)
rrpronounced as //r//U+10B2D: AVESTAN LETTER RE
llpronounced as //l//U+10B2E: AVESTAN LETTER LE
sspronounced as //s//U+10B2F: AVESTAN LETTER SE
zzpronounced as //z//U+10B30: AVESTAN LETTER ZE
ššpronounced as //ʃ//U+10B31: AVESTAN LETTER SHE
žžpronounced as //ʒ//U+10B32: AVESTAN LETTER ZHE
š́špronounced as //ɕ//U+10B33: AVESTAN LETTER SHYE
ṣ̌pronounced as //ʂ//
U+10B34: AVESTAN LETTER SSHE
hhpronounced as //h//U+10B35: AVESTAN LETTER HE
LetterHoff.Bar.IPAUnicode
Transcription

Later, when writing Middle Persian in the script (i.e. Pazend), another consonant was added to represent the pronounced as //l// phoneme that didn't exist in the Avestan language.

Ligatures

Four ligatures are commonly used in Avestan manuscripts:

U+200C ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER can be used to prevent ligatures if desired.For example, compare (U+10B31 10B00) with (U+10B31 200C 10B00).

Fossey[7] lists 16 ligatures, but most are formed by the interaction of swash tails.

Digits

Digits and numbers can be seen on the Faulmann chart above.

Punctuation

Words and the end of the first part of a compound are separated by a dot (in a variety of vertical positions). Beyond that, punctuation is weak or non-existent in the manuscripts, and in the 1880s Karl Friedrich Geldner had to devise one for standardized transcription. In his system, which he developed based on what he could find, a triangle of three dots serves as a colon, a semicolon, an end of sentence or end of section; which is determined by the size of the dots and whether there is one dot above and two below, or two above and one below. Two above and one below signify—in ascending order of "dot" size—colon, semicolon, end of sentence or end of section.

Avestan punctuation[8]
MarkFunctionUnicode
word separatorU+2E31: WORD SEPARATOR MIDDLE DOT
U+00B7: MIDDLE DOT
U+002E: FULL STOP
abbreviation or repetitionU+10B39: AVESTAN ABBREVIATION MARK
colonU+10B3A: TINY TWO DOTS OVER ONE DOT PUNCTUATION
semicolonU+10B3B: SMALL TWO DOTS OVER ONE DOT PUNCTUATION
end of sentenceU+10B3C: LARGE TWO DOTS OVER ONE DOT PUNCTUATION
alternative mark for end of sentence
(found in Avestan texts but not used by Geldner)
U+10B3D: LARGE ONE DOT OVER TWO DOTS PUNCTUATION
end of section
(may be doubled for extra finality)
U+10B3E: LARGE TWO RINGS OVER ONE RING PUNCTUATION
alternative mark for end of section
(found in Avestan texts but not used by Geldner)
U+10B3F: LARGE ONE RING OVER TWO RINGS PUNCTUATION

Unicode

See main article: Avestan (Unicode block).

The Avestan alphabet was added to the Unicode Standard in October, 2009 with the release of version 5.2.

The characters are encoded at U+10B00 - 10B35 for letters (ii and uu are not represented as single characters, but as sequences of characters) and U+10B38 - 10B3F for punctuation.

External links

Bibliography

Notes and References

  1. Himelfarb . Elizabeth J. . January–February 2000 . First Alphabet Found in Egypt . Newsbriefs . Archaeology . 53 . 1 . 21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141207212302/http://archive.archaeology.org/0001/newsbriefs/egypt.html . 2014-12-07.
  2. .
  3. .
  4. .
  5. Gippert . Jost . Jost Gippert . 2012 . The Encoding of Avestan – Problems and Solutions . dead . Journal for Language Technology and Computational Linguistics . 27 . 2 . 1–24 . 10.21248/jlcl.27.2012.160 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220529193925/https://jlcl.org/content/2-allissues/11-Heft2-2012/1Gippert.pdf . 2022-05-29 . 2021-11-04.
  6. Encyclopedia: 1996 . Aramaic Scripts for Iranian Languages . The World's Writing Systems . Oxford University Press . Skjærvø . Pods Octor . Prods Oktor Skjaervo . Daniels . Peter T. . 527-528 . 978-0195079937 . Peter T. Daniels . Bright . William . William Bright . registration.
  7. .
  8. Web site: March 2020 . The Unicode Standard, Chapter 10.7: Avestan . Unicode Consortium.