| Awankari | |
| States: | Pakistan |
| Region: | Punjab |
| Coordinates: | 32.91°N 72.17°W |
| Pushpin Map: | Pakistan |
| Familycolor: | Indo-European |
| Fam2: | Indo-Iranian |
| Fam3: | Indo-Aryan |
| Fam4: | Northwestern |
| Fam5: | Lahnda |
| Fam6: | Hindko |
| Isoexception: | dialect |
| Glotto: | avan1234 |
| Glottorefname: | Avankari Hindko |
Awankari (, in Panjabi; Punjabi pronounced as /əʋaːɳkaːɾi/) is a dialect of the Hindko. It is spoken mostly in parts of Chakwal District in the north-west of the Pakistani province of Punjab.
The rest of this article is based entirely on Hardev Bahri's work of the 1930s. It is possible that the geographic extent, the division into subdialects, and the linguistic characteristics might have changed since then.
Awankari is spoken primarily in the Awankari tract, which occupies the western half of Chakwal District in northwestern Punjab. To the north, the Sohan River separates it from the Ghebi dialect, although Awankari extends beyond the river in Tarap and Injra. The eastern boundary roughly coincides with the East Gabhir stream (beyond which is found the Dhanochi dialect), while the Salt Range forms the fuzzy southern border with Shahpuri. To the west, the West Gabhir stream separates it from Thali, with Awankari also spoken beyond the river in Danda Shah Bilawal and Lawa.[1]
Hardev Bahri, who did linguistic work on Awankari in the 1930s, identifies three subdialects. Waṇāḍhī is spoken in the eastern half of Awankari's territory, in the plains of the Wanadh region centred on the town of Talagang. The Ankar stream separates it from the two western dialects: Reshī in the north-west (named after the stream of Resh), and Pākhṛī in the southwest, the two divided by a series of groves locally known as Rakhs.
Bahri also noted the differences of vocabulary between the speech forms of Muslims and Hindus. For example, "Thursday" is pronounced as //zʊmerɑt// among Muslims and pronounced as //ʋirʋar// among Hindus, "to bathe" is pronounced as //ɖʱɑʋʊɳ// among Muslims and pronounced as //nɦɔɳ// among Hindus; Muslims have pronounced as //kʌttʰe// for "where?" and Hindus have pronounced as //kɪttʰe//. A further difference was that the retroflex lateral pronounced as //ɭ// (see below) was generally only kept distinctive in the speech of Muslims, with Hindus pronouncing it the same way as the "normal" alveolar lateral pronounced as //l//.
This section follows Bahri's description of Awankari as spoken at the end of the 1930s.
| Close | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| Mid | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| Open | pronounced as /link/ |
The following words illustrate the contrasts between the vowels: pronounced as //mɪl// 'meet', pronounced as //mil// 'mile', pronounced as //mʊl// 'price', pronounced as //mul// 'principal (sum)', pronounced as //mel// 'marriage, guests', pronounced as //mɛl// 'dirt', pronounced as //mʌl// 'rub', pronounced as //mɑl// 'cattle', pronounced as //polɑ// 'soft', pronounced as //pɔlɑ// 'shoe'. Some speakers pronounce pronounced as //ɔ// as a diphthong. The three vowels pronounced as //ɪ//, pronounced as //ʊ// and pronounced as //ʌ// are short.
Nasal vowels are relatively rare, but contrastive: pronounced as //lu// 'a type of hot wind' contrasts with pronounced as //lũ// 'hair', and pronounced as //kʰɪɖɑ// 'make one play' – with pronounced as //kʰɪ̃ɖɑ// 'scatter'.Non-phonemic nasalisation occurs under the influence of adjacent nasal consonants. A vowel will get nasalised before a nasal consonants unless this consonant is in a different, unstressed, syllable (for instance, there is nasalisation in pronounced as //kʰɑ̃ɳ// 'mine', but not in pronounced as //bɪ.mɑr// 'ill'). A vowel is also nasalised after a nasal consonant provided the vowel is unstressed and at the end of a word of more than one syllable (pronounced as //sonɑ̃// 'gold').
The position of stress is usually predictable. In words of three or more syllables, there is a prominent stress on the second syllable from the end. In words of two syllables, stress will depend on the relative length of the vowels: if the vowels in the two syllables are both long or both short, then both syllables get equal stress; if the first vowel is long and the second short, then there is a slight stress on the first syllable; if the first syllable is short and the second one long, then there is a prominent stress on the second syllable. There are exceptions; for example in compound words, the position of stress depends on the type of compound involved. Stress is particularly prominent in the southwestern Pakhri subdialect, where it is accompanied by a jerk of the head and a rise of the larynx. It is so prominent that speakers of other dialects have described Pakhri as a "loud and vigorous language" whose speakers "throw stones of sounds".
Unlike most other Indo-Aryan languages, Awankari possesses a system of contrastive tone, which is however simpler than that of Punjabi.Hardev Bahri has described the following tones: 1) the level tone characteristic of most syllables, 2) a tone realised as falling in the Wanadhi dialect and as high in Reshi, 3) a low rising tone found in only about a dozen words. Tone is contrastive: pronounced as //mɑ̂l// (falling tone) 'rope' vs. pronounced as //mɑl// (level tone) 'property'; pronounced as //bʱɑ̂// (falling tone) 'fire' vs. pronounced as //bʱɑ// (level tone) 'rate', pronounced as //kʰô// (falling tone) 'to snatch' vs. pronounced as //kʰo// (level tone) 'bad habit', and pronounced as //ʌnɑ̀rɑ// 'darkness' (low rising tone) vs. pronounced as //ʌnɑrɑ// 'a personal name' (level tone). Each word can have only one contrastive tone.In the analysis of Kalicharan Bahl, the rare low rising tone is treated as a non-phonemic effect that accompanies medial pronounced as //ɦ//. Awankari is then regarded as having two tones: a level tone and a falling tone (or rising tone, depending on the dialect).
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /pʰ/ pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /bʱ/ | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /tʰ/ pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /dʱ/ | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /ʈʰ/ pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /ɖʱ/ | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /cʰ/ pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /ɟʱ/ | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /kʰ/ pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /ɡʱ/ | ||
| Fricative | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ (pronounced as /link/) | pronounced as /link/ | ||
| Nasal | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | (pronounced as /link/) | (pronounced as /link/) | ||
| Rhotic | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| Lateral | pronounced as /link/ | (pronounced as /link/) | |||||
| Approximant | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ |
The plosive consonants of Awankari come with four phonation types: voiceless (pronounced as //p//), aspirated (pronounced as //pʰ//), voiced (pronounced as //b//), and voiced aspirated (pronounced as //bʱ//. In the western dialects there is a tendency for the loss of aspiration (in both voiced and voiceless plosives) in certain contexts : compare Wanadhi pronounced as //ɡʊtthi// with Reshi pronounced as //ɡʊtti// 'pocket'.
The phonemes /pronounced as /c//, /pronounced as /cʰ//, /pronounced as /ɟ// and /pronounced as /ɟʰ// are plosives (not affricates) articulated with the front of the tongue touching the palate, with the tongue's blade against the alveolars. The aspirated pronounced as //cʰ// is more front than pronounced as //c//. The plosives pronounced as //t//, pronounced as //tʰ//, pronounced as //d//, and pronounced as //dʰ// are dental, while pronounced as //n// and pronounced as //l// are alveolar.
Among the fricatives, pronounced as //f//, pronounced as //z//, pronounced as //x// and pronounced as //ɣ// are less common: they are found in about a hundred words each. The uvular fricatives /pronounced as /x// (as in pronounced as //nɪxtɑ// 'came out') and /pronounced as /ɣ// (pronounced as //roɣʊn// 'paint') are articulated further back in the throat than the velar plosives, but not as far back as in Persian; pronounced as //ɣ// is not always distinguished from pronounced as //ɡ//. The palatal /pronounced as /link// (as in pronounced as //ɕɪkɑru// 'hunter') is articulated against the hard palate, with the tongue blade touching the upper teeth and tongue tip reaching the lower teeth.
Of the nasals, only the bilabial pronounced as //m// and the alveolar pronounced as //n// occur in all positions. The retroflex pronounced as //ɳ// occurs in the middle or at the end of words: pronounced as //kɑɳɑ// 'one-eyed', pronounced as //bʰɛɳ// 'sister'). The palatal (pronounced as /link/) and velar (pronounced as /link/) nasals are usually found only before the corresponding plosive (pronounced as //ɖɪŋɡɑ// 'curved', pronounced as //ɪɲɟe// 'for nothing'). Exceptions are found in the Reshi sub-dialect, which for example has pronounced as //ʋʌŋŋã// 'bangles', where the Wanadhi dialect has pronounced as //ʋʌŋɡã//).
The retroflex lateral pronounced as //ɭ// (as in pronounced as //mɑɭi// 'gardener'), a sound described by Bahri as "important and peculiar" to Awankari, is of uncertain phonemic status. It is not found at the start of a word. Its articulation is accompanied by a widening of the pharynx and raising of the epiglottis. Hardev Bahri observed in the 1930s that it was generally not pronounced by the Hindus, especially in the big villages, who substituted it with the alveolar pronounced as //l//. For those speakers who do pronounce it, it can occur in the middle and at the end of words, in contrast to the alveolar pronounced as //l// which is found only word-initially.
The retroflex /pronounced as /link// (pronounced as //kuɽ// 'lie') is a flap consonant and it only occurs in the middle or at the end of the word. The alveolar /pronounced as /link// (as in pronounced as //dur// 'distant') is a trill (a "rolled r"). In its articulation the tongue normally makes two contacts, but the number varies depending on the context: it is greater in a stressed position or before a high-falling tone, a long vowel, or pronounced as //l//. It is smaller if followed by either a plosive, or the sibilants pronounced as //s// and pronounced as //ɕ//, or if occurring in a syllable that precedes the stressed syllable.