Festival Rock y Ruedas de Avándaro explained

Music Festival Name:Avandaro
Location:Tenantongo, Valle de Bravo, State of Mexico, Mexico.
Years Active:Original festival held in 1971
Founders:PROMOTORA GO, S.A. (Eduardo Lopez Negrete, President)/TELESISTEMA MEXICANO (Luis de Llano Macedo, Producer).
Dates:September 11–12, 1971
Genre:Rock and folk, including jazz-rock, blues-rock, folk rock, latin rock, experimental rock and psychedelic rock styles.

The Festival Rock y Ruedas de Avándaro (also known as the Festival de Avándaro or simply Avándaro) was a historic Mexican rock festival held on September 11–12, 1971, on the shores of Lake Avándaro near the Avándaro Golf Club, in a hamlet called Tenantongo, near the town of Valle de Bravo in the central State of Mexico. The festival, organized by brothers Eduardo and Alfonso Lopez Negrete's company Promotora Go, McCann Erickson executive and sports promoter Justino Compean and Telesistema Mexicano producer Luis de Llano Macedo, took place at the height of La Onda and celebrated life, youth, ecology, music, peace and free love,[1] [2] has been compared to the American Woodstock festival[3] for its psychedelic music, counterculture imagery and artwork, and open drug use. A milestone in the history of Mexican rock music, the festival has drawn anywhere from an estimated 100,000 to 500,000 concertgoers.[4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]

The festival originally scheduled 12 bands booked by music impresarios Waldo Tena and Armando Molina Solis' agency, but a total of 18 acts performed outdoors during the first, sometimes rainy weekend, before a massive crowd.[10] The event was captured in film by, among others, Cinematográfica Marco Polo, Telesistema Mexicano, Cablevision and Peliculas Candiani. Audio was captured by Polydor Records and a live radio broadcast was sponsored by The Coca-Cola Company. Images of the festival were captured by professional photographers like Nadine Markova, Graciela Iturbide, Pedro Meyer and others.

The Super 8 short films Avándaro[11] produced by Gutiérrez y Prieto of Cablevision and directed by Alfredo Gurrola and Tinta Blanca en Avándaro produced by Raul Candiani of Peliculas Candiani and directed by Humberto Rubalcaba were the only films exclusively about the first festival. They were exhibited at international film festivals and theaters in 1972. Other movies, which partially used footage of the festival, were the Cinematográfica Marco Polo film "La verdadera vocación de Magdalena" produced by Anuar Badin and directed by Jaime Humberto Hermosillo and the Super 8 films "The year of the rat" by Enrique Escalona[12] and "La segunda primera matriz"[13] by Alfredo Gurrola.

An accompanying soundtrack with a selection of the live recordings produced by Luis de Llano's company LUDELL/BAKITA Records and named Avandaro, por fin... 32 años después (Avandaro, at last ... 32 years later), was finally released in 2003.[14]

Before Avandaro: Massive events, student repression and La Onda

By 1971 Mexico, ruled by the PRI, had organized two of the most important sporting events in the world: the 1970 FIFA World Cup and the 1968 Summer Olympics, gaining a fresh and modern image its government wanted to show to the outside world. At the same time, its government had violently repressed political youth movements known as the Tlatelolco massacre and the Halconazo, which in turn gave way to the so-called Mexican Dirty War of the early 1970s.[15]

The Mexican hippies, called "jipitecas" by Catholic priest and scholar Enrique Marroquin,[16] created a multidisciplinary movement called La Onda (The wave). In accordance to their hippie values, La Onda did not advocate a violent overthrow of the PRI, but it did advocate change. By 1969 the government had already banned the musical Hair after a unique performance of it in Acapulco, censuring the rock band Los Shakes (which included stars Pixie Hopkin,[17] Mayita Campos and Nono Zaldivar),[18] investigating impresario Alfredo Elias Calles (grandson of late president Plutarco Elias Calles) and deporting foreign actors and producers like Michael Butler, Gerome Ragni and James Rado. Such actions were heavily covered by local and American media like The New York Times and Time.[19] [20] [21] [22] [23] Writer Carlos Monsivais, who witnessed the event, wrote an extensive article about the incident in his book Dias de guardar.[24] Also in 1969, the band Pop Music Team had suffered censorship due to their hit "Tlatelolco" (which only had two weeks of radio airplay)[25] and in February 1971 in Monterrey, a collective band called Sierra Madre, led by Teja Cunningham, and a state-of-the-art lights spectacle named "Music and light show" had faced repression after a failed attempt to hold a three-day concert, called Concierto Blanco (white concert) inside the State government palace in Monterrey's main square. The violent incidents after the White concert, which were extensively covered by the media, seriously damaged then Nuevo Leon governor Eduardo Elizondo's political career.[26]

News from Cuba (Varadero '70), Colombia (Festival de Ancon), Argentina (Festival Buenos Aires Rock),[27] Chile (Festival de los Dominicos "Piedra Roja"),[28] England (Isle of Wight) and films from American festivals like "Monterey Pop" and "Woodstock" fueled the desire for the jipitecas to host their own major counterculture event. The opportunity arrived in the spring of 1971.

History

Trying to resurrect their popular auto racing spot, Circuito Avándaro, after being cancelled in 1969 as a result of the fatal accident of racing driver Moisés Solana, Promotora Go owners brothers Eduardo and Alfonso López Negrete in partnership with McCann vice-president Justino Compeán decided to organize a massive auto race with live rock music acts [29] [30] [31] [32] and consulted then Telesistema Mexicano promoter Luis de Llano Macedo to video-record the motoring event and to hire Javier Bátiz and La Revolución de Emiliano Zapata, two of the most popular Mexican rock acts of the time. Luis de Llano was at the time producing a section named La onda de Woodstock in the Jacobo Zabludovsky's program Hoy Domingo (Today Sunday). De Llano assembled a team of around 330 individuals to organize the music part of the festival, among them reporter/musicologist Jaime Almeida, screenwriter Armando Molina, publicist Carlos Alazraki, and MCs Roberto Naranjo and Eduardo Davis.[33] Molina, himself an impresario and musician from La Maquina del Sonido fame, was appointed Music Coordinator.[34] The music coordination was in the hands of the company ArTe, owned by Molina and Waldo Tena (of Los rebeldes del Rock fame). After many negotiations and declining invitations Molina proceeded to book 12 bands.Designer Joe Vera was hired to design the official poster and tickets were sold at AUTOMEX-Chrysler agencies across the country for MX$25.[35] Jacobo Zabludovsky heavily supported and promoted the festival in his daily news program "24hrs" and he was one of the few mainstream broadcasters to defend it in its aftermath.[36]

The venue

Expectations

According to Justino Compean, five hours were bought to live-broadcast the auto-race to be intercalated with the rock concert videotaped the previous night. As was reported in the Corpus Christi Caller-Times, a maximum of 25,000 attendees, 122 pilots with their staff (with their number expected to reduce after the technical inspections) and 12 Mexican bands with a possible last-minute inclusion of American bands to bolster the event was expected. The bands were going to play from Saturday 7 pm to Sunday 7 am, making way for the auto race to start in public roads around the lake. 2 weeks before the event, the 5 hotels in town were already booked.[37] In the TV Azteca documentary "Historias Engarzadas: Alex Lora" Alex Lora explained that this possible "inclusion of American bands" was going to be a surprise visit by Santana.

Live Radio Broadcasting

Sports promoter Justino Compean and Radio Juventud General Manager Ramiro Garza made a deal with then Coca-Cola Company Marketing Director, Vicente Fox Quezada, to sponsor the live radio broadcasting of the music and the live-TV broadcast of the auto racing event.[38]

Lighting and sound systems

Héctor Yaber from Telesistema Mexicano was in charge of the lighting system and Gustavo Cota from the company Audiorama S.A. of the PA system. All equipments were transported by the company Mudanzas Galván of José C. Galván Castro.

Security

The security was going to be in charge of the State of Mexico's Judicial Police chief Cuauhtémoc Cardenas (not the politician of the same name), who was going to receive support from 200 state troopers, 120 army troops and 50 Special Agents from the Secretariat of the Interior as well as Valle de Bravo's Fire Department. Nevertheless, reports of the total amount of security agents were mixed. Variety reported a total of 700 law-enforcement agents.[37] [39]

Terms between the organizers and mayor Montes de Oca

The festival president Eduardo Lopez Negrete and Valle de Bravo's then-mayor Juan Montes de Oca Loza agreed that no liquor was going to be sold. Beer would be sold only with a meal.[37] In an in-depth radio/video interview with radio host Rafael Catana, Armando Molina stated that mayor Montes de Oca suggested to Valle de Bravo's inhabitants to be polite with the hippie crowd as they felt being overwhelmed by the excessive numbers of them. In the end, not a single Valle de Bravo inhabitant complained about the hippies.

Cancellation of the auto race

Early Saturday morning it was decided, as stated by Alfonso Lopez Negrete, in an on-site interview made by a Telesistema Mexicano, to cancel the auto race due to the quantity of festival attendees which surpassed all expectations.[40]

The Circuito Avandaro auto-race was going to be suspended for decades to come since authorities tied the sport with massive crowds.[41]

The music

Pre-festival

As stated by Armando Nava, Alex Lora and De Llano in the Memorias de un cierto dia: Avandaro documentary, tens of thousands of jipitecas were already on-site since Thursday 9, so activities begun (Thursday) with special shows and even some impromptu concerts bands like El Amor, Dug Dug's and Three Souls in my Mind offered while doing their sound-check. By Saturday 11 at 6AM, the number of attendees were already in the hundreds of thousands, so Molina and De Llano decided to formally start the festival with a "Pre-festival". The acts which performed were:

Festival

La Fachada de Piedra concluded their act at approx. 5pm. After a brief pause the festival resumed as follows:

At around Sunday 9am, Three Souls in my Mind finished their act and the massive exodus started.

Festival development

As stated by Armando Molina in the official soundtrack (narration part)[42] and by his then assistant Jaime Almeida,[43] the whole festival was held in peace with the only problem being that the attendees destroyed the barricade and invaded reserved areas of the light towers and even the stage. In the official soundtrack desperate calls for order from Molina's assistant Roberto Naranjo and band members from Dug Dug's, El Epilogo, and Peace and Love can be heard. At one point, an attendee fainted and Tequila's world-class Mexican-American singer, Maricela Durazo, ordered the crowd to take good care and protect her. As many thousands of jipitecas were on-site since Friday 10, co-organizer Luis de Llano stated the famous phrase: "They survived for three days sharing rain and mud; that was in attempt to have an identity."[44]

Francisco Martinez Gallardo, chief of the medical team and voluntaries of the improvised in-site hospital stated: "There was one case of acute appendicitis, 20 intoxicated with pills, 50 with marijuana, 5 with alcoholic congestion, 5 cases of gastroenteritis and some with wounded heads, ankle fractures and burns."[45]

Photographer Nadine Markova's truck caught fire in the wee hours, with no casualties. Images of Valle de Bravo firefighters attending the debris were captured by Sergio Garcia and can be seen in the film Avandaro: Imagenes Ineditas. Luis de Llano also recalled the incident in his book and on the festival's 50th anniversary on the internet-TV program Platicando con Alazraki.

Exodus

State governor Carlos Hank agreed to send 300 buses to pick up some of the attendees. The news were cheered with a rarely seen approval for a Mexican president from his country's youth. Although wrongly crediting president Echeverria for sending the bues, Luis de Llano announced the news to the crowd:"Lets cheer up Luis Echeverria, who is gonna send 300 buses of 50 seats each so we can go back...is a good guy that fella" (un aplauso para Luis Echeverría que nos va a mandar 300 camiones de 50 pasajeros para el regreso ... a todo dar el chavo ese).[45] As can be seen in the Gurrola film, thousands upon thousands of hippies were walking from the site and many of them were overwhelming the buses.

Aftermath: Avandarazo and controversies

As can be heard in the soundtrack, the band Peace and Love performed the songs "Marihuana" and "We got the power", that were considered controversial to Mexican society. At the same time, Peace and Love front-man Ricardo Ochoa used some foul language in order to cheer up the crowd, echoing what Country Joe McDonald did at Woodstock. Since the festival was being broadcast live through Radio Juventud and relay stations all over the country, some segments of society took this as a direct threat to the establishment ("Marihuana" for advocating open drug-use and "We got the power" for wrongly associating it with a possible popular uprising). The possible association of jipitecas with subversive and radical political movements is what caused the so-called Avandarazo.[46] [47]

In the aftermath of the post-festival turmoil, several interviewed concertgoers stated that the whole festival was held in peace and without major incidents;[48] however, Moya Palencia, then Secretary of the Interior, accused the organizers of acting with intent and governor Hank González stated that the festival organizers "... were given permission to perform a sporting event, but instead they presented a rock festival"[49] [50] but, as stated by Armando Fuentes Aguirre Caton, his political opponents took this as an opportunity to destroy his presidential aspirations.[51] [52]

Opinions from the world of politics, religion and academia were deeply divided.While influential university professors and La Onda writers such as Parménides García and José Agustín mostly gave the festival a fairly positive review,[53] and some intellectuals like Paco Ignacio Taibo I, Elena Poniatowska, Octavio Paz and José Emilio Pacheco gave a fair evaluation.[54] Others such as Roberto Blanco Moheno and Eduardo "Rius" del Rio criticized it negatively, while Carlos Monsiváis gave the festival a negative review but changed his mind afterwards.[55] As Guadalajara Cardinal José Garibi y Rivera condemned it,[56] popular liberal priest and festival attendee Enrique Marroquin praised it, publishing in Piedra Rodante a controversial article in its defense called "God wants the rain so we can unite."[57] There was also a notable incident at La Profesa, when during mass in homage to Mexico's Independence figure Agustin de Iturbide, a group of about 250 individuals belonging to a conservative civil movement left the building in protest as mass was being served by Monsignor Rafael Vazquez Corona, a strong supporter of the festival.[58] Monsignor Vazquez Corona was then heavily criticized by then rector of the University of Guadalajara, Dr. Garibay Gutiérrez, in his 1972 book about the festival "El gran desafio: Volver a pensar".[59]

Union leader Fidel Velazquez simply called the festival "a Bacchanalia", Attorney General Ojeda Paullada labelled it as a "witches' Sabbath" and President of the Senate, Enrique Olivares Santana, yelled in a press conference: "Let there be no more Avandaros in the Republic!". Finally and under pressure, president Luis Echeverría made a strong statement against the festival, saying: "While we regret and condemn the phenomenon of Avándaro, it also encourages us in our belief that only a small part of our youth are in favor of such acts and entertainment."[60]

President Echeverria then proceeded to crack down La Onda. Some early 1970s hit-songs like "Avandaro" from Rosario, "Seguir al sol" by Pajaro Alberto and other songs which commemorated the event, were banned from radio air play,[61] [62] [63] [64] Radio Juventud DJs Félix Ruano Mendez, Jaime Marin and Agustín Meza de la Peña were temporarily suspended but, contrary to popular belief, they were not terminated.[65] [66] On the other hand, the influential Piedra Rodante magazine was indeed terminated in early 1972[67] [68] [69] and festival co-organizer Justino Compean left the country for a while.[70]

The band Tinta Blanca and other rock musicians tried, unsuccessfully, to hold a meeting with president Echeverria with a famous protest outside Los Pinos. After a short time the protest was peacefully dissolved.[71]

Films and TV

Short films

Documentaries

TV specials

The festival in documentaries about Mexican rock

Documentaries in production

The festival in movies and TV shows

The Telenovelas (soap operas)

In May 2009 and then in May 2014, Luis de Llano, of Televisa, formally announced that he was preparing a soap opera with the Avándaro festival as its background.[100] [101]

The Play

Literature exclusively about Avandaro

Books

Comics

Magazines

Among many others, the most notorious ones were:

"Avandaro". Reputable political magazine. While it did not approve some of the excesses committed by the jipitecas, it defended the position taken by then governor Hank and severely criticized the exaggerations of the media about the event. Mexico, 1971.

Soundtracks

Live soundtrack

Other soundtracks

Curiosities

La encuerada de Avandaro

In spite the spirit of the age and that many people were completely naked swimming in the lake, walking in the middle of the crowd or even on stage without a problem as can be seen in the film, one woman, as the band La Division del Norte was playing, performed a striptease and caught the attention of the cameras. Her strip-tease was captured in the Gurrola film and shots of her appeared in many other media. When the footage and pictures were shown, the public baptized the woman as La encuerada(the naked woman). The woman was interviewed on-site by Elena Poniatowska;[118] however, another interview, thought to have been real for decades, was published in the rock magazine Piedra Rodante in late 1971.[119] In 2001, a bitter dispute between the owner of the magazine Manuel Aceves and then collaborator and music critic Oscar Sarquiz about the veracity of the interview took place in La Jornada newspaper.[120] Finally, it was confirmed by Federico Rubli and further explained in the TV Azteca documentary that the interview was completely bogus.[121] A few years after the festival the band Three Souls in my Mind composed a song called La encuerada de Avandaro which would become a hit in the underground movement.[122]

The lost Telesistema Mexicano videotapes

Shot by Telesistema Mexicano cameramen under direction of Carlos Alazraki, those tapes were destined to become part of the planned TV special but were confiscated by their own company as soon as Luis de Llano showed up for work. Some footage of these tapes has been released since 1971 in movies and documentaries. In a 2001 interview, Luis de Llano recalled this situation and stated that may he find the tapes he will produce a movie with them though it is widely believed that they were sent to a storage in Tijuana, and that years later the whole place burnt out. He also made clear that, contrary to popular belief, the Secretariat of the Interior did not confiscate the tapes.[123] An independent investigation, as shown in the Las glorias de Avandaro documentary, made as a request through the Federal Institute of access to information (IFAI) produced the official document proving that, indeed, the government did not confiscate the tapes.

Booked acts who failed to show up

Acts who declined to participate

Legacy and Official Recognition in 2019

The festival remains a controversial issue in Mexican society.[125] After the festival, Mexican rock music was almost banned and was segregated to the so-called Hoyos Funkies, illegal gatherings in abandoned warehouses and supported mostly by the proletariat. A few years after the festival the hippie movement around the world collapsed and Mexico's La Onda was no exception, giving way to the ascension of other music genres of the mid-1970s such as Disco, Urban rock, Punk, Romantic Ballads, Heavy Metal, Progressive rock and, exclusively in the Mexican scene, the Rupestre movement championed by Rockdrigo Gonzalez.[126] [127]

The world-class quality of the bands that participated is generally praised by critics and public alike and the festival was little by little being acknowledged by official publications from respected institutions such as INEGI and COLMEX[128] [129] and in November 2019, right after the death of Armando Molina, Senator Marti Batres via Twitter gave his sympathies to the Molina family and made the announcement about the official recognition that the Senate would do to the Festival. On November 25, 2019, the Mexican Senate gave a formal recognition to different musicians who took part on the festival as well as a tribute to Molina, effectively putting an end to 48 years of Government censorship to Avandaro.[130] [131]

The festival is often regarded as a milestone in the history of rock music, the hippie movement and post-WWII Mexican society in general.[132] [133]

50th Anniversary

Three main events took place to commemorate the festival. One organized by Valle de Bravo's municipal government which included the participation of Luis de Llano and Carlos Alazraki as attendees. Other organized by the Mexico City government, which included the participation of Maricela Durazo and other Avandaro musicians together with the Symphony Orchestra of the National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico, conducted by Enrique Barrios, and another organized by producer Ricardo Ochoa -from Peace & Love- who organized several acts including live rock concerts with limited room capacity due to the Covid-19 pandemic, as well as live streaming events such as a conference by Luis de Llano, a videotaped message by filmmaker Alfredo Gurrola, an interview with father Enrique Marroquin, different contemporary rock bands, an Angel Blanco performance of Blas Galindo's electric guitar piece[134] and a special homage to Armando Molina.[135]

Picture gallery

Photographer Pedro Meyer, himself an Avandaro attendee, produced a collection named Avandaro 1971, available online.[136]

In 2016, the Museo Universitario del Chopo in Mexico City, exhibited a collection of Avandaro photographs taken by Graciela Iturbide.[137]

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Jimenez Izquierdo. Juan. Avandaro, mas que drogas y desnudos. 24 June 2014. El Universal. 12 December 2011. 14 July 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140714113005/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/815718.html. dead.
  2. Book: Monsivais, Carlos. Ana del . Sarto. Alicia. Ríos. Abril. Trigo. The Latin American Cultural Studies Reader. https://books.google.com/books?id=NW1CXsOKRc8C&pg=PA219. 2004. Duke UP. 9780822333401. 203–32. Would So Many Millions of People Not End Up Speaking English?: The North American Culture and Mexico.
  3. Book: Kramer, Michael J.. The Republic of Rock: Music and Citizenship in the Sixties Counterculture. 2013. Oxford UP. 9780195384864. 220–.
  4. Book: Anaya. Vicente. Avandaro: Aliviane o Movida?. 1971. Extemporaneos. 3 March 2015. etal.
  5. News: Rodriguez Florez. Juan. El sumo sacerdote del rock. 3 March 2015. The Houston Chronicle. 5 November 2004.
  6. News: Azul del Olmo. Luis Castaneda. De Avandaro al Vive Latino. 27 June 2014. Excelsior. 2 January 2012.
  7. Book: Zolov, Eric. Deborah Pancini. Hernandez. Héctor D. Fernández. l'Hoeste. Eric. Zolov. Rockin' Las Américas: The Global Politics of Rock in Latin/o America. https://books.google.com/books?id=-o51rAMJEUIC&pg=PA38. U of Pittsburgh P. 9780822972556. 22––42. La Onda Chicana: Mexico's Forgotten Rock Counterculture. 2004.
  8. Book: Colin M. . MacLachlan . William H. . Beezley. El Gran Pueblo: a history of greater Mexico. 23 August 2012. 9780131841147. 2004. Prentice Hall .
  9. News: Rubli Kaiser. Federico. Avándaro 1971: A 40 Años de Woodstock en Valle de Bravo. Nexos. 16 September 2011.
  10. News: Nava Durand. Pepe Nayeli. Lo que siempre quiso saber de Avandaro. 24 June 2014. El Universal. 10 September 2011. 14 July 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140714170716/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/espectaculos/107117.html. dead.
  11. Web site: IMDB. Avandaro. IMDb. 24 June 2014.
  12. Web site: Enrique Escalona. IMDB. 23 July 2017.
  13. Web site: La segunda primera matriz. IMDB. 23 July 2017.
  14. News: Cruz Barcenas. Arturo. Presentarán disco con 12 temas que se tocaron en Avándaro en 1971. 24 June 2014. La Jornada. 7 August 2003.
  15. News: Forero. Juan. Details of Mexico's Dirty Wars From 1960s to 1980s Released. 26 September 2014. The Washington Post. 22 November 2006.
  16. Book: Marroquin. Enrique. La contracultura como protesta. 1975. Ed. Joaquín Mortiz. Mexico. First.
  17. Web site: Pixie Hopkin. IMDB. 30 September 2014.
  18. News: Goff. Charlie. Pixie: A versatile star.. 30 September 2014. The News. 5 November 2013.
  19. News: Gerome Ragni; Co-Wrote Broadway Musical "Hair". 13 October 2014. L.A. Times. 15 July 1991.
  20. Dowling. Colette. Hair - Trusting the Kids and the Stars. Playbill. May 1971. 13 October 2014.
  21. News: Rebolledo. Anituy. Acapulco y Elvis.. 13 October 2014. El Sur. 30 August 2012.
  22. Butler. Michael. Hairzapoppin'. TIME. 12 December 1969. 13 October 2014.
  23. Mexico shuts hair and expels its cast after one showing. The New York Times. January 6, 1969. 88. 26 June 2014.
  24. Book: Monsivais. Carlos. Dias de Guardar. 1970. Era. Mexico. 9684111886. First.
  25. Book: Krauze. Enrique. Yo no era rebelde, Rock mexicano 1957-1971. 1999. ClioTV. Mexico.
  26. Teja Cunningham. Alfonso. 40 años del Concierto Blanco. La Quincena. February 2011. 88. 26 June 2014.
  27. News: Garcia Villegas. Juan José. Ancón 71, el festival hippie del amor y la paz. 26 June 2014. El colombiano. 2005.
  28. News: Munoz. Arturo Alejandro. Piedra Roja, el 'Woodstock' chileno que los abuelos de hoy tratan de ocultar y que el viejo milicaje fascista tiembla al recordarlo. 26 June 2014. Kaos en la red. 18 March 2014.
  29. Book: Zolov. Eric. Refried Elvis. 1999. 202. 1st. 20 November 2017.
  30. News: EDGAR VALERO Y ENRIQUE BERMÚDEZ. Sería un suicidio alejar a las familias de los estadios: Justino Compeán. 20 November 2017. Cronica. 2007-02-02. 2017-12-01. https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031340/http://www.cronica.com.mx/notas/2007/283868.html. dead.
  31. News: Gomez Zuniga . Anahi . Avandaro tenia aval de Televisa y del gobierno. . 28 August 2018 . El Universal . 11 September 2017.
  32. Ochoa. Raúl. Las andanzas de Compeán. Proceso. September 3, 2006. 26 August 2014.
  33. News: Almeida. Jaime. Avándaro: 40 años de mito y leyenda. 7 October 2014. Las Tres y un cuarto. 11 September 2011.
  34. News: Hernandez. Ricardo. Avándaro, a 40 años de distancia. 24 June 2014. Organizacion Editorial Mexicana. El sol de Mexico. 10 September 2011. 4 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060321/http://www.oem.com.mx/elmexicano/notas/n2222229.htm. dead.
  35. Web site: Roma. Tiziana. Joe Vera: El logo de una ciudad naciente. 26 August 2014. dead. https://archive.today/20140826041104/http://galucomunicacion.com.mx/joe-vera-el-logo-de-una-ciudad-naciente-por-tiziana-roma/. 26 August 2014.
  36. Web site: Amador. Diana. Jacobo Zabludovsky: con Dios y con el diablo. Diez4. 11 May 2015.
  37. News: Mexican village set for youths. 30 September 2014. Corpus Christi Caller-Times. 11 September 1971.
  38. El festival de rock y ruedas en Avandaro, en el olvido.. Proceso. Sep 16, 2006. 22 December 2016.
  39. Book: Zolov. Eric. Refried Elvis. registration. 1999. University of California Press. USA. 0520215141.
  40. News: Castellanos G.. Ernesto. Avándaro, a 39 años. 24 June 2014. OEM. Esto. 11 September 2011. 3 September 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140903042602/http://www.oem.com.mx/esto/notas/n1778125.htm. dead.
  41. Jalife Villalon. Carlos E.. Avándaro: primera pista internacional mexicana y último concierto masivo del siglo XX. Scuderia Hnos. Rodriguez. September 2006. 22. 26 June 2014.
  42. Book: Molina. Armando. Por fin...32 años después. 2003. Bakita-Ludell Records. Mexico.
  43. News: Almeida. Jaime. Avándaro: 40 años de mito y leyenda. 24 June 2014. Milenio. 7 July 2011.
  44. News: Pepe Navar. Nayeli Durand. Lo que siempre quiso saber de Avandaro. 26 June 2014. El Universal. 10 September 2011. 14 July 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140714170716/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/espectaculos/107117.html. dead.
  45. News: A 40 años, las otras anécdotas de Avándaro. El Universal. 26 June 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20110923180604/http://blogs.eluniversal.com.mx/weblogs_detalle14781.html. 23 September 2011. dead.
  46. Web site: Rock. Chava. Aváaaandaroooooooooo. A 39 años del festival más grande de México. 24 June 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140714125111/https://mx.musica.yahoo.com/blogs/blogcanrol/avaaandaroooooooooo-a-39-aos-del-festival-ms-grande-de-mxico.html. 14 July 2014. dead.
  47. News: Gutierrez Galaviz. Julio. A 43 años del 'Avandarazo'. https://archive.today/20140926202541/http://www.expreso.com.mx/estelar/estelar-musica/88554-a-43-anos-del-avandarazo.html. dead. September 26, 2014. 26 September 2014. EXPRESO. 15 September 2014.
  48. Book: Arana. Federico. Guaraches de ante azul. 1986. Ed. Posada. Mexico. 9786076100196. 26 June 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20110923180604/http://blogs.eluniversal.com.mx/weblogs_detalle14781.html. 23 September 2011. dead.
  49. Ochoa. Raul. Las andanzas de Compean. Proceso. 3 September 2006. 25 June 2014.
  50. News: Luna Pérez. Sandra. Avandaro: Del exhorto a la censura. 26 June 2014. Excelsior. 9 September 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20121108113253/http://www.inehrm.gob.mx/pdf/exc_img_avandaro.pdf. 8 November 2012. dead.
  51. News: Fuentes Aguirre Caton. Armando. Lo que hizo el rock. 25 June 2014. Frontera. 12 September 2011. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202953/http://www.frontera.info/EdicionDigital/Ediciones/20110912/pdfs/GENERAL_23.pdf. 14 July 2014.
  52. Web site: Catón remembers 40th anniversary of Mexico's Woodstock, Avándaro. Mexico Perspective. 25 June 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140714152518/http://mexicoperspective.com/caton-remembers-4o-th-anniversary-of-avandaro-mexican-woodstock.html. 14 July 2014. dead.
  53. Web site: Martinez Rodriguez. Jorge. Opinan profesores de la Universidad. 24 June 2014.
  54. Book: Schelonka (edited by Alejandro Madrid and Ignacio Corona). Greg. RockIn' La Frontera (from the book Postnational Musical Identities). 2008. Lexington Books. 978-0-7391-1821-4. 151–173. 1st. 2 March 2015.
  55. News: Figueroa. Fernando. Avandaro segun tres Monsivais. 25 June 2014. El Universal. 11 September 2011.
  56. News: Enérgica condena al festival de musica y vicio, en Avandaro. 21 March 2015. Excélsior. El Informador. 15 September 1971.
  57. Marroquin. Enrique. Dios quiere que llueva para unirnos. Piedra Rodante. 30 October 1971. 25 June 2014.
  58. News: Exaltacion de Iturbide como autor de la consumacion de la Independencia.. 20 March 2015. Excelsior. El Informador. 27 September 1971.
  59. Book: Garibay Gutiérrez. Luis. El gran desafio: Volver a pensar.. 1972. UAG. ITESO. 1st. https://archive.today/20150511024555/http://148.201.128.23:8991/F/AX3NJJBX67G77VUKU2VLLCQH5SKXV2B1CBTTKYSI3LHA5MYT9A-66111?func=full-set-set&set_number=000287&set_entry=000006&format=999. dead. 2015-05-11. 11 May 2015.
  60. Web site: Bizbera. Andrea. Cifras con historia. Los hijos de la Malinche. REFORMA. 3 March 2015.
  61. News: Poniatowska. Elena. El poeta Alberto Blanco. 27 September 2014. La Jornada. 18 November 2007.
  62. Book: Doggett. Peter. There's A Riot Going On: Revolutionaries, Rock Stars, and the Rise and Fall of '60s Counter-Culture. registration. 4 October 2007. Canongate Books Ltd.. UK. 978-1847671141. 431. 1st.
  63. Book: Pilcher. Jeffrey M.. The human tradition in Mexico. 2002. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. USA. 978-0842029766. 221. 24 June 2014.
  64. News: Lopez Segura. Eduardo. Avandaro y el festival de rock de 1971. 24 June 2014. Noticieros Televisa. Televisa. 12 September 2013. 14 July 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140714135529/http://noticieros.televisa.com/mexico/1309/avandaro-festival-rock-1971/. dead.
  65. Book: Galvan. Hugo. Rock Impop. 2013. 1st. 3 March 2015.
  66. News: Hernandez. Javier. Avándaro y la mentada que detuvo el tiempo. 3 March 2015. La Jornada. 13 September 2008.
  67. Book: Cabrera Lopez. Patricia. Una inquietud de amanecer. 2006. UNAM. UNAM. 970-722-485-1. 184–191. 1st. 3 March 2015.
  68. News: Martinez. Jose Luis. Recuerdos de la inquisición. 3 March 2015. MILENIO. 9 February 2014.
  69. News: Martinez Renteria. Carlos. Desagravio a la Piedra Rodante. 3 March 2015. La Jornada. 14 September 2001.
  70. News: Molina. Armando. PLATOS LASER: El Festival de Rock y Ruedas en Avándaro, en el olvido. 25 June 2014. Proceso. 16 September 2006. 14 July 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140714183353/http://www.proceso.com.mx/?p=221358. dead.
  71. News: Cortés.. David. La vida despues de Avandaro. 27 September 2014. MILENIO. 18 September 2014.
  72. Web site: IMDB. Luis Gutierrez y Prieto. IMDb. 28 June 2014.
  73. Web site: IMDB. Alfredo Gurrola. IMDb. 28 June 2014.
  74. Garcia Michel. Sergio. Toward a fourth cinema. Wide Angle. 1999. 21. 3. 70–175. 26 June 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20150924073645/http://www.pitzer.edu/academics/faculty/lerner/wide_angle/21_3/213garcia_s.htm. 24 September 2015. dead. 10.1353/wan.2003.0005. 167676295.
  75. Book: Anuario de la producción cinematográfica mexicana 1972. 1972. Banco Nacional Cinematográfico. 183. 1st. 24 February 2015.
  76. Web site: Filmoteca . Filmoteca de la UNAM . 23 August 2018.
  77. News: IV Festival Internacional Guadalajara de Cortometraje . 28 August 2018 . El Informador . November 23, 1972.
  78. News: Una pelicula alemana triunfo en el IV festival del corto metraje . 28 August 2018 . El Informador . November 26, 1972.
  79. Homenaje póstumo a Sergio García Michel. Cine Toma. 15 January 2014. 13 January 2015.
  80. Web site: El cineasta independiente Sergio García Michel será recordado con retrospectiva y mucho rock. CONACULTA. 13 January 2015.
  81. Web site: Angela Reginato. IMDB. 13 January 2015.
  82. News: Quiriarte. Xavier. Arturo Lara celebra los 45 de Avandaro.. 22 December 2016. MILENIO. 14 October 2016.
  83. Hoy Canal 9 presenta.. El Informador. September 23, 1971. 10–B. 28 July 2016.
  84. News: Neto. Tavo. De Avándaro a Johnny Laboriel. 9 February 2015. Vanguardia. 20 September 2013.
  85. News: Hidalgo. Juan Carlos. Avándaro y la Ceremonia de la música. 9 February 2015. MILENIO. 18 September 2013.
  86. Web site: Krauze. Enrique. Yo no era un Rebelde: Rock mexicano 1957-1971. ClioTV. 24 June 2014.
  87. Web site: de la Parra. Fito. Rock n Roll made in Mexico: From evolution to revolution. IMDb. 25 June 2014.
  88. Web site: Los Jefes del Rock. IMDB. 15 December 2015.
  89. Web site: Gimme the Power. IMDB. 24 February 2015.
  90. Web site: Padilla. Franciso Javier. Francisco Javier Padilla. IMDb. 25 June 2014.
  91. News: Pérez Raigosa. Veronica. Retratará Javier "Panda" Padilla el Festival de Avándaro en documental. 24 June 2014. Publimetro. 10 September 2012.
  92. News: CRESPO ARRONA. Juana. Prepara 'Panda' proyectos para 2014.. 12 May 2015. AM. 29 Dec 2013.
  93. Web site: IMDB. La verdadera vocacion de Magdalena. IMDb. 24 June 2014.
  94. Web site: Catana. Rafael. Pueblo de Patinetas: Armando Molina. YouTube. 26 June 2014.
  95. Web site: Alonso Ruizpalacios. IMDB. 15 December 2015.
  96. Web site: GUEROS. IMDB. 15 December 2015.
  97. News: Huerta Ortiz . Cesar . ¿De qué va la película "Avándaro: la leyenda del Mexican Woodstock"? . 25 July 2023 . El Universal . 2023.
  98. News: Perea. Arturo. En Avándaro inicia su maleficio. 12 March 2015. REFORMA. 11 February 2015.
  99. Web site: Azteca America announces the premiere of Así en el Barrio como en el Cielo. Hispanicad. 12 March 2015. 4 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033049/http://hispanicad.com/el-blog/television/azteca-america-announces-premiere-as%C3%AD-en-el-barrio-como-en-el-cielo. dead.
  100. News: De Llano regresa a Avandaro.. 24 October 2014. Mundo 52. 15 May 2009.
  101. News: Luis de Llano prepara telenovela sobre el festival de Avandaro. 27 June 2014. NOTIMEX. 12 May 2014.
  102. Rivera . Niza . Microteatro 32: Rock con servicio a la carta. . Proceso . April 5, 2018 . 23 August 2018.
  103. Web site: Microteatro despide su 32º temporada "Por Rock". . La Escaleta . 23 August 2018 . 24 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180824002322/http://www.laescaleta.mx/microteatro-despide-su-32o-temporada-por-rock/ . dead .
  104. Web site: CONCLUYE MUSEO DE CULTURAS POPULARES EXPOSICIÓN DE ROCK. EI. 8 February 2015. 8 February 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150208103449/http://edomexinforma.com/2014/11/concluyeexposicionderock/. dead.
  105. News: Quirarte. Xavier. Avándaro, un testimonio. 8 February 2015. MILENIO. 21 Jan 2015.
  106. Web site: Recibe Luis Fernando el Reconocimiento de Caricatura Gabriel Vargas . Cultura CDMX . 14 January 2019.
  107. News: Mendoza Mocino. Arturo. Entrevista Avándaro... 30 años después. Lo que se dijo y lo que no se había dicho. 26 June 2014. La Jornada. 14 September 2001.
  108. Book: de Llano Macedo . Luis . AVANDARO. Cuando el rock mexicano perdió la inocencia . 2021 . Ediciones del Lirio . 9786078785575 . First.
  109. Web site: Baca. Carlos. Aliviane a la Madre Tierra. 24 June 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141015165446/http://www.carlosbaca.mx/comic_portaditas.html. 15 October 2014. dead.
  110. Avándaro: el Infierno. Casos de Alarma. 24 November 1971. 5889.
  111. News: Hernandez. Javier. EN EL CHOPO. 28 February 2015. La Jornada. 28 August 2004.
  112. PLATOS LÁSER: Editan disco sobre Avándaro. Proceso. August 9, 2003. 7 July 2016.
  113. Web site: Discogs. Los Soul Masters en Avandaro Valle de Bravo. Discogs. 24 June 2014.
  114. Ortiz . Enrique . From the music capitals of the world . Billboard . 1972 . 84 . 15 . 23 August 2018.
  115. Web site: Discogs. Rock en Avandaro Valle de Bravo. Discogs. 24 June 2014.
  116. Web site: Discos y Cintas Denver . DISCOGS . 23 August 2018.
  117. News: Garcia Barcenas. Arturo. Lanzan Ecos de Avandaro, con primicias en cidi del rock chicano. 24 June 2014. La Jornada. 11 July 2007.
  118. Web site: Los muchachos de entonces, entrevista con Elena Poniatowska. NEXOS. 16 August 2016.
  119. Web site: Benitez. José Luis. Entrevista a la encuerada de Avandaro. Piedra Rodante. 24 June 2014.
  120. News: Sarquiz. Oscar. De Sarquiz a Aceves-De Aceves a Sarquiz. Entrevista Armando Molina. 24 June 2014. La Jornada. 14 September 2001.
  121. Book: Rubli K.. Federico. Estremécete y Rueda. 2007. Casa Veerkamp. 978-9685546027. First.
  122. News: Woldberg. José. La encuerada de Avandaro. 24 June 2014. El Debate. 9 August 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20141006092216/http://www.debate.com.mx/eldebate/noticias/default.asp?IdArt=11282159&IdCat=6115. 6 October 2014. dead.
  123. News: Mendoza Mocino. Arturo. Gracias a Zabludovsky y Timbiriche, la llama del rock sigue viva: Luis de Llano. 24 June 2014. La Jornada. 14 September 2001.
  124. Web site: Lara Lozano. Arturo. Javier Martin del Campo en el documental de Avandaro. Enciclopedia del rock mexicano. 25 June 2014.
  125. News: A 30 de años de Avándaro.. 24 February 2015. NOTIMEX. IMAGEN. 11 September 2001.
  126. Web site: Villarreal. Rogelio. La larga noche de Avándaro. Clarimonda. 29 June 2014.
  127. Web site: Canales. Miriam. ROCK MEXICANO: DEL HOYO FUNKIE A LA LUZ. SIN EMBARGO. 6 April 2013 . 24 February 2015.
  128. Book: Historia minima de México ilustrada. 2008. COLMEX-Secretaria de edicacion del gobierno del DF. COLMEX. 513. 1st. 11 March 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150809231901/http://www.colmex.mx/pdf/historiaminima.pdf. 9 August 2015. dead.
  129. Book: 125 años de la DGE. 2009. INEGI. INEGI. 978-970-13-5159-8. 141. 1st. 3 March 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20120528181141/http://www.inegi.org.mx/. 28 May 2012. dead.
  130. News: Ponce . Roberto . Muere Armando Molina, creador del Festival de Avándaro; Batres prepara tributo . 9 December 2019 . PROCESO . 23 November 2019.
  131. News: Cayetano . Pilar . Senado homenajea a Armando Molina, promotor del Festival de Avándaro . 9 December 2019 . POLITICO . 25 November 2019.
  132. News: de Llano Macedo. Luis. Avándaro: mitos, hechos, dichos y actualidad. 27 June 2014. ESMAS. 13 September 2010. 4 July 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140704164038/http://www2.esmas.com/entretenimiento/musica/noticias/203665. dead.
  133. Web site: Cisneros. Ernesto. Avándaro: ¿cuarenta años de qué?. Sonnigetage. 28 June 2014. 2011-11-16.
  134. News: Galindo Mendoza . Carlos-Blas . Se tocará el Concertino para guitarra eléctrica y orquesta sinfónica,de Blas Galindo, en el 50 aniversario del festival de Avándaro. . 25 July 2023 . Paraje Tunero . 11 September 2021.
  135. News: Festival Avándaro celebrará su 50 aniversario en la Faro Cosmos de la CDMX . 25 July 2023 . Capital 21 . 3 September 2021.
  136. Web site: Meyer. Pedro. Avandaro 71. Pedro Meyer. 26 June 2014.
  137. News: Avandaro, bajo la mirada de Iturbide. 22 December 2016. El Universal. 13 September 2016.

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