Provinces of Italy explained

Provinces of Italy
Category:Regionalised unitary state
Territory:Italian Republic
Current Number:107
Population Range:81,415 (Province of Isernia) – 4,231,451 (Metropolitan City of Rome Capital)
Area Range:212.5sqkm (Province of Trieste) –
7691.75sqkm (Province of Sassari)
Government:Provincial Government, Regional Government, National Government
Subdivision:Comuni

The provinces of Italy (Italian: province d'Italia) are the second-level administrative divisions of the Italian Republic, on an intermediate level between a municipality (Italian: [[comune]]) and a region (Italian: regione). Since 2015, provinces have been classified as "institutional bodies of second level".[1]

There are currently 107 institutional bodies of second level in Italy, including 80 ordinary provinces, 2 autonomous provinces, 4 regional decentralization entities, 6 free municipal consortia, and 14 metropolitan cities, as well as the Aosta Valley region (which also exercises the powers of a province).

Italian provinces (with the exception of the current Sardinian provinces) correspond to the NUTS 3 regions.[2]

Overview

A province of the Italian Republic is composed of many municipalities (Italian: comune). Usually several provinces together form a region; the region of Aosta Valley is the sole exception—it is not subdivided into provinces, and provincial functions are exercised by the region.

The three main functions devolved to provinces are:

The number of provinces in Italy has been steadily growing in recent years, as many new ones are carved out of older ones. Usually, the province's name is the same as that of its capital city.

According to the 2014 reform, each province is headed by a President (or Commissioner) assisted by a legislative body, the Provincial Council, and an executive body, the Provincial Executive. President (Commissioner) and members of Council are elected together by mayors and city councilors of each municipality of the province. The Executive is chaired by the President (Commissioner) who appoint others members, called Italian: [[assessor (Italy)|assessori]]. Since 2015, the President (Commissioner) and other members of the council will not receive a salary.[3]

In each province, there is also a Prefect (Italian: [[prefetto]]), a representative of the central government who heads an agency called Italian: prefettura-ufficio territoriale del governo. The Questor (Italian: questore) is the head of State Police (Italian: [[Polizia di Stato]]) in the province and his office is called Italian: questura. There is also a provincial police force depending from local government, called provincial police (Italian: polizia provinciale).

The Aosta Valley region is not divided into provinces due to its size, but straight to the comune level.

South Tyrol and Trentino are autonomous provinces, unlike all other provinces they have the same legislative powers as regions and are not subordinated to Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, the region they are part of.

Type

Based on the most recent legislation, contained in the law of 7 April 2014 n. 56,[4] the council and the presidents of the provinces of the regions with ordinary statute are elected by restricted suffrage by the mayors and councilors of the province's municipalities, while in the metropolitan cities, the equivalent of the president of the province is the (elective) mayor of the capital, called "metropolitan mayor".

There are other types of entities similar to the provinces in the regions with special statutes: the free municipal consortia in Sicily and the Sardinian provinces are governed by extraordinary commissioners appointed by the respective regional administrations, the autonomous provinces of Trentino-Alto Adige each elect its own president, and finally, in Aosta Valley, the functions of the province are carried out by the regional administration (whose president is elected by the regional council).

List of provinces

List

Note: the data is updated as of 1 January 2021

TypeProvinceCapitalCodeRegionMacroregionComuniEstablished
align=center AgrigentoAgrigentoAGSicilyInsular416,1813052.82abbr=onNaNabbr=on136431861
align=center AlessandriaAlessandriaALPiedmontNorth-West409,392 3558.78abbr=onNaNabbr=on1151871861
align=center AnconaAnconaANMarcheCentre464,4191963.21abbr=onNaNabbr=on237471861
align=center AostaAostaAOAosta ValleyNorth-West124,0893260.85abbr=onNaNabbr=on38741927
align=center ArezzoArezzoARTuscanyCentre336,5013232.99abbr=onNaNabbr=on104361861
align=center Ascoli PicenoAscoli PicenoAPMarcheCentre203,4251228.19abbr=onNaNabbr=on166331861
align=center AstiAstiATPiedmontNorth-West209,3901510.17abbr=onNaNabbr=on1391181935
align=center AvellinoAvellinoAVCampaniaSouth402,929 2805.96abbr=onNaNabbr=on1441181861
align=center BariBariBAApuliaSouth1,230,1583862.73abbr=onNaNabbr=on318411861
align=center Barletta-Andria-TraniBarletta, Andria, TraniBTApuliaSouth381,0911542.93abbr=onNaNabbr=on247102004
align=center BellunoBellunoBLVenetoNorth-East199,7043609.98abbr=onNaNabbr=on55611866
align=center BeneventoBeneventoBNCampaniaSouth266,7162080.37abbr=onNaNabbr=on128781861
align=center BergamoBergamoBGLombardyNorth-West1,103,5562754.86abbr=onNaNabbr=on4012431861
align=center BiellaBiellaBIPiedmontNorth-West170,724913.27abbr=onNaNabbr=on187741992
align=center BolognaBolognaBOEmilia-RomagnaNorth-East1,015,6083702.25abbr=onNaNabbr=on274551861
align=center BresciaBresciaBSLombardyNorth-West1,255,7094785.48abbr=onNaNabbr=on2622051861
align=center BrindisiBrindisiBRApuliaSouth381,9461861.33abbr=onNaNabbr=on205201927
align=center CagliariCagliariCASardiniaInsular421,4881248.66abbr=onNaNabbr=on338171861
align=center CaltanissettaCaltanissettaCLSicilyInsular253,6882138.47abbr=onNaNabbr=on119221861
align=center CampobassoCampobassoCBMoliseSouth212,8792925.28abbr=onNaNabbr=on73841861
align=center CasertaCasertaCECampaniaSouth901,9032651.28abbr=onNaNabbr=on 3401041861
align=center CataniaCataniaCTSicilyInsular1,074,0893573.51abbr=onNaNabbr=on301581861
align=center CatanzaroCatanzaroCZCalabriaSouth344,4392415.41abbr=onNaNabbr=on143801861
align=center ChietiChietiCHAbruzzoSouth375,2152599.53abbr=onNaNabbr=on1441041861
align=center ComoComoCOLombardyNorth-West596,4561279.02abbr=onNaNabbr=on4661481861
align=center CosenzaCosenzaCSCalabriaSouth676,1196709.62abbr=onNaNabbr=on1011501861
align=center CremonaCremonaCRLombardyNorth-West352,2421770.41abbr=onNaNabbr=on 1991131861
align=center CrotoneCrotoneKRCalabriaSouth164,0591735.65abbr=onNaNabbr=on95271992
align=center CuneoCuneoCNPiedmontNorth-West581,7986894.83abbr=onNaNabbr=on842471861
align=center EnnaEnnaENSicilyInsular157,6902574.67abbr=onNaNabbr=on61201927
align=center FermoFermoFMMarcheCentre169,710862.75abbr=onNaNabbr=on197402004
align=center FerraraFerraraFEEmilia-RomagnaNorth-East342,0612627.38abbr=onNaNabbr=on130211861
align=center FlorenceFlorenceFITuscanyCentre998,4313513.65abbr=onNaNabbr=on284411861
align=center FoggiaFoggiaFGApuliaSouth602,3947007.33abbr=onNaNabbr=on86611861
align=center Forlì-CesenaForlìFCEmilia-RomagnaNorth-East392,6422378.32abbr=onNaNabbr=on165301861
align=center FrosinoneFrosinoneFRLazioCentre472,5593246.96abbr=onNaNabbr=on146911927
align=center GenoaGenoaGELiguriaNorth-West823,6121833.75abbr=onNaNabbr=on449671861
align=center GoriziaGoriziaGOFriuli-Venezia GiuliaNorth-East139,070475.4abbr=onNaNabbr=on293251923
align=center GrossetoGrossetoGRTuscanyCentre217,8464503.17abbr=onNaNabbr=on48281861
align=center ImperiaImperiaIMLiguriaNorth-West209,2441154.76abbr=onNaNabbr=on181661861
align=center IserniaIserniaISMoliseSouth81,4151535.16abbr=onNaNabbr=on 53521970
align=center L'AquilaL'AquilaAQAbruzzoSouth290,8115047.34abbr=onNaNabbr=on581081861
align=center La SpeziaLa SpeziaSPLiguriaNorth-West215,887881.38abbr=onNaNabbr=on245321924
align=center LatinaLatinaLTLazioCentre566,2242256.14abbr=onNaNabbr=on251331934
align=center LecceLecceLEApuliaSouth776,2302798.88abbr=onNaNabbr=on277961861
align=center LeccoLeccoLCLombardyNorth-West333,569805.6abbr=onNaNabbr=on414841992
align=center LivornoLivornoLITuscanyCentre328,9961213.52abbr=onNaNabbr=on271191861
align=center LodiLodiLOLombardyNorth-West227,343 782.97abbr=onNaNabbr=on 290601992
align=center LuccaLuccaLUTuscanyCentre383,9571774.04abbr=onNaNabbr=on216331861
align=center MacerataMacerataMCMarcheCentre307,4102779.31abbr=onNaNabbr=on111551861
align=center MantuaMantuaMNLombardyNorth-West406,0612341.35abbr=onNaNabbr=on173641866
align=center Massa-CarraraMassaMSTuscanyCentre189,8361154.6abbr=onNaNabbr=on164171861
align=center MateraMateraMTBasilicataSouth192,6403478.84abbr=onNaNabbr=on55311927
align=center MessinaMessinaMESicilyInsular603,9803266.07abbr=onNaNabbr=on 1851081861
align=center MilanMilanMILombardyNorth-West3,241,8131575.49abbr=onNaNabbr=on2,0581331861
align=center ModenaModenaMOEmilia-RomagnaNorth-East703,6962687.88abbr=onNaNabbr=on262471861
align=center Monza and BrianzaMonzaMBLombardyNorth-West870,113405.41abbr=onNaNabbr=on2,146552004
align=center NaplesNaplesNACampaniaSouth2,986,7451178.94abbr=onNaNabbr=on2,533921861
align=center NovaraNovaraNOPiedmontNorth-West362,925 1340.25abbr=onNaNabbr=on 271871861
align=center NuoroNuoroNUSardiniaInsular201,5175637.97abbr=onNaNabbr=on 36741927
align=center OristanoOristanoORSardiniaInsular152,4182990.41abbr=onNaNabbr=on51871974
align=center PaduaPaduaPDVenetoNorth-East932,6292144.12abbr=onNaNabbr=on4351021866
align=center PalermoPalermoPASicilyInsular1,208,8195009.21abbr=onNaNabbr=on 241821861
align=center ParmaParmaPREmilia-RomagnaNorth-East449,6283447.4abbr=onNaNabbr=on130441861
align=center PaviaPaviaPVLombardyNorth-West535,8012968.59abbr=onNaNabbr=on1801861861
align=center PerugiaPerugiaPGUmbriaCentre645,5066336.99abbr=onNaNabbr=on 102591861
align=center Pesaro and UrbinoPesaroPUMarcheCentre353,2722567.71abbr=onNaNabbr=on138501861
align=center PescaraPescaraPEAbruzzoSouth313,8821230.29abbr=onNaNabbr=on255461927
align=center PiacenzaPiacenzaPCEmilia-RomagnaNorth-East283,7422585.76abbr=onNaNabbr=on110461861
align=center PisaPisaPITuscanyCentre417,9832444.82abbr=onNaNabbr=on171371861
align=center PistoiaPistoiaPTTuscanyCentre290,245964.16abbr=onNaNabbr=on301201927
align=center PordenonePordenonePNFriuli-Venezia GiuliaNorth-East310,6342275.35abbr=onNaNabbr=on137501968
align=center PotenzaPotenzaPZBasilicataSouth352,4906594.28abbr=onNaNabbr=on531001861
align=center PratoPratoPOTuscanyCentre265,269 365.66abbr=onNaNabbr=on72571992
align=center RagusaRagusaRGSicilyInsular314,9101623.91abbr=onNaNabbr=on194121927
align=center RavennaRavennaRAEmilia-RomagnaNorth-East386,6431859.39abbr=onNaNabbr=on208181861
align=center Reggio CalabriaReggio CalabriaRCCalabriaSouth523,7913210.31abbr=onNaNabbr=on163971861
align=center Reggio EmiliaReggio EmiliaREEmilia-RomagnaNorth-East527,1402291.15abbr=onNaNabbr=on230421861
align=center RietiRietiRILazioCentre151,335 2750.24abbr=onNaNabbr=on55 731927
align=center RiminiRiminiRNEmilia-RomagnaNorth-East337,777865.01abbr=onNaNabbr=on390271992
align=center RomeRomeRMLazioCentre4,231,4515363.22abbr=onNaNabbr=on7891211870
align=center RovigoRovigoROVenetoNorth-East230,7631819.86abbr=onNaNabbr=on127501866
align=center SalernoSalernoSACampaniaSouth1,065,9674954.05abbr=onNaNabbr=on2151581861
align=center SassariSassariSSSardiniaInsular476,3577691.75abbr=onNaNabbr=on62921861
align=center SavonaSavonaSVLiguriaNorth-West269,7521546.27abbr=onNaNabbr=on174691927
align=center SienaSienaSITuscanyCentre263,8013820.81abbr=onNaNabbr=on69351861
align=center SondrioSondrioSOLombardyNorth-West178,7983195.68abbr=onNaNabbr=on56771861
align=center South SardiniaCarboniaSUSardiniaInsular338,2646530.67abbr=onNaNabbr=on521072016
align=center South TyrolBolzanoBZTrentino-South TyrolNorth-East534,9127397.86abbr=onNaNabbr=on721161927
align=center SyracuseSyracuseSRSicilyInsular386,0712124.19abbr=onNaNabbr=on182211861
align=center TarantoTarantoTAApuliaSouth561,9582467.33abbr=onNaNabbr=on228291924
align=center TeramoTeramoTEAbruzzoSouth301,1041954.34abbr=onNaNabbr=on154471861
align=center TerniTerniTRUmbriaCentre219,9462127.23abbr=onNaNabbr=on103331927
align=center TrapaniTrapaniTPSicilyInsular418,2772469.7abbr=onNaNabbr=on169251861
align=center TrentoTrentoTNTrentino-South TyrolNorth-East542,1666206.87abbr=onNaNabbr=on871661923
align=center TrevisoTrevisoTVVenetoNorth-East880,4172479.8abbr=onNaNabbr=on355941866
align=center TriesteTriesteTSFriuli-Venezia GiuliaNorth-East230,689212.5abbr=onNaNabbr=on1,08661923
align=center TurinTurinTOPiedmontNorth-West2,219,2066826.91abbr=onNaNabbr=on 3253121861
align=center UdineUdineUDFriuli-Venezia GiuliaNorth-East521,1174969.23abbr=onNaNabbr=on1051341866
align=center VareseVareseVALombardyNorth-West880,0931198.24abbr=onNaNabbr=on7341381927
align=center VeniceVeniceVEVenetoNorth-East843,5452472.88abbr=onNaNabbr=on341441866
align=center Verbano-Cusio-OssolaVerbaniaVBPiedmontNorth-West154,9262260.89abbr=onNaNabbr=on69741992
align=center VercelliVercelliVCPiedmontNorth-West166,5842081.6abbr=onNaNabbr=on80821927
align=center VeronaVeronaVRVenetoNorth-East927,8103096.28abbr=onNaNabbr=on300981866
align=center Vibo ValentiaVibo ValentiaVVCalabriaSouth152,1931150.62abbr=onNaNabbr=on146501992
align=center VicenzaVicenzaVIVenetoNorth-East854,9622722.45abbr=onNaNabbr=on3141141866
align=center ViterboViterboVTLazioCentre308,8303615.16abbr=onNaNabbr=on85601927
TotalItaly————59,236,213[5] 302068.26abbr=onNaNabbr=on1967,904—

Data

Maps

History

National unification

In 1861, at the birth of the Kingdom of Italy, there were 59 provinces. However, at that time the national territory was smaller than the current one: regions of Veneto, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and Lazio were not included in the kingdom.

In 1866, following the Third Independence War, territories of Veneto, Friuli and Mantua were annexed. There were therefore nine more provinces: Belluno, Mantua, Padua, Rovigo, Treviso, Venice, Verona, Vicenza and Udine, all previously part of the Austrian Empire. Eventually, in 1870, following the union of Rome and its province from the Papal States, the provinces rose in number to 69.

After the World War I, new territories were annexed to Italy. The province of Trento was created in 1923. Provinces of La Spezia and Trieste in 1923, while Ionio in 1924. In 1924 the new provinces of Fiume, Pola, and Zara were created, increasing the total number of provinces in Italy to 76.

Interwar period

In 1927, after a royal charter,[13] a general province rearrangement took place. 17 new provinces were created: Aosta, Vercelli, Varese, Savona, Bolzano, Gorizia, Pistoia, Pescara, Rieti, Terni, Viterbo, Frosinone, Brindisi, Matera, Ragusa, Castrogiovanni, Nuoro. In the same year, the Province of Caserta was dissolved, Girgenti was renamed Agrigento, and the institution of circondari, sub-provincial wards created before the unification, was abolished.

In 1930 Spezia became La Spezia, while in 1931 Bari delle Puglie became Bari. Province of Littoria (Latina) was created in 1934, and the Province of Asti in 1935. n 1939 the province of Aquila degli Abruzzi became the Province of L'Aquila, and in 1940 the province of Friuli was renamed the Province of Udine.

Following the annexation of a part of Yugoslavia in 1941, during the World War II, the province of Zara was enlarged and joined the Governorate of Dalmatia (comprising the province of Zara, and the new provinces of Spalato, and Cattaro), while in the occupied central part of the present-day Slovenia the new province of Ljubljana was created. This lasted only until 1945, when Yugoslavia regained the lost territories after the end of the World War II.

After World War II

In 1945, after the end of the World War II, the province of Aosta changed its name to Aosta Valley and Littoria to Latina; the new province of Caserta was recreated.

With the Paris Peace Treaties, signed on 10 February 1947, Italy lost the provinces of Fiume, Pola and Zara, and part of the provinces of Trieste and Gorizia.

Moreover, the province of Trieste was occupied by United States and British forces. The Italian Republic therefore had 91 provinces at its birth. The province of Ionio was renamed as Taranto in 1951, and in 1954 the province of Trieste was returned to Italy.

Recent history

The Province of Pordenone was created in 1968, the province of Isernia in 1970, and the Province of Oristano in 1974.In a reorganization in 1992 eight provinces were created: Verbano-Cusio-Ossola, Biella, Lecco, Lodi, Rimini, Prato, Crotone, and Vibo Valentia, while Forlì was renamed as Forlì-Cesena.

Four new provinces were created in Sardinia in 2001, with effect from 2005: Olbia-Tempio, Ogliastra, Medio Campidano and Carbonia-Iglesias. In 2004 three further provinces were created: Monza and Brianza, Fermo, and Barletta-Andria-Trani, making a total of 110 provinces.

Number of provinces
width=50% Yearwidth=50% Provinces
186159
186668
187069
192375
192476
192792
193493
193594
194195
194494
194593
194791
195492
196893
197094
197495
1992103
2001107
2004110
2016107

In May 2012, a referendum abolished the eight provinces of Sardinia, and this suppression was to take effect on 1 March 2013. On 6 July 2012, new plans were published to reduce the number of provinces by around half.[14] In January 2014 the Sardinian Regional Administrative Court declared "unconstitutional" the abolition of the Sardinian provinces, which occurred in 2013.

In 2014 the Delrio Law[15] transformed the provinces of Italy in a reduced number of broader administrative entities.[16]

In 2014 the Friuli-Venezia Giulia of Debora Serracchiani was the first Italian region to pass a law for abolishing its provinces, while implementing the national reform in the local administrative level. The Friuli region has multiplied four provinces in 18 unions of the Italian administrative unit called Comune.[17] After rejection of the 2016 Italian constitutional referendum, the provinces of Italy were still kept alive under provisions of the Delrio Constitutional Law to be merged in a smaller number of union of provinces.[18]

Former provinces

Historical abolished provinces

Provinces of Istria, Kvarner and Dalmatia

Provinces established during World War II

Colonial provinces

Theoretical provinces

Controversies

Provinces are often deemed useless by its critics, and many proposals have been made in the 2010s to eliminate them.[20] [21] [22] The difficulty of changing the Constitution of Italy and the opposition of groups of politicians and citizens halted any proposal of reform.[23] [24]

In 2013, during his speech to the Chamber of Deputies, Enrico Letta, the newly appointed Prime Minister of Italy, announced that a revision of the second part of the constitution was needed, in order to change the bicameral parliamentary system and to abolish the provinces. The proposal, presented during the Renzi government, was rejected in the 2016 Italian constitutional referendum held on 4 December.

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Addio alle vecchie province, è legge il Ddl Delrio . Il Sole 24 Ore. 3 April 2014. 15 August 2014.
  2. Web site: Glossario PAC. 28 April 2022. it.
  3. Web site: Le elezioni . Dipartimento per gli affari interni e territoriali . 15 August 2014 . 22 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171022032613/http://elezioni.interno.it/l56_2014.html . dead .
  4. Web site: Legge 7 aprile 2014, n. 56. 26 November 2022. it.
  5. Web site: Italia. 1 May 2022. it.
  6. Web site: Province, inizia il conto alla rovescia Gli enti scompariranno a febbraio 2013 - Cronache dalla Sardegna - L'Unione Sarda . Unionesarda.it . 17 August 2001 . 4 February 2013 . https://archive.today/20121205083747/http://www.unionesarda.it/Articoli/Articolo/274564 . 5 December 2012 . dead .
  7. Web site: Riordino province, incostituzionale secondo il TAR Sardegna . Giurdanella.it . 10 January 2014 . 15 August 2014.
  8. Web site: Enti locali: approvato nuovo assetto territoriale e nominati amministratori straordinari . Autonomous Region of Sardinia. 20 April 2016.
  9. Web site: Carbonia diventa capoluogo della provincia del Sud Sardegna. La Nuova Sardegna. 1 June 2016.
  10. http://www.gurs.regione.sicilia.it/Gazzette/g14-13o/g14-13o.pdf Legge 24 marzo 2014, n. 8.
  11. Web site: Soppressione delle province del Friuli-Venezia Giulia. Autonomous Region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia. 14 December 2016. 23 January 2018. 12 January 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180112062623/http://www.consiglio.regione.fvg.it/cms/hp/informazioni/0072.html. dead.
  12. http://lexview-int.regione.fvg.it/FontiNormative/xml/xmlLex.aspx?anno=2019&legge=21&ID=art30&lista=0&fx=leg Legge regionale 29 novembre 2019, n. 21.
  13. Regio Decreto Legislativo n. 1/1927, 3 January 1927, "Riordinamento delle circoscrizioni provinciali"
  14. Web site: Redazione Online . Spending review, province ridotte del 50% Patroni Griffi:«L'accorpamento è una svolta . Corriere.it . 4 February 2013.
  15. Legge 7 aprile 2014, n. 56. April 7, 2014. it. April 20, 2021. Gazzetta Ufficiale.
  16. Called "enti territoriali di area vasta." See Web site: L'attuazione della legge 56 in ambito regionale. 5 February 2016. The implementation of Law n. 56 in the Italian regions. it. April 20, 2021. https://archive.today/20210126051351/https://www.provinceditalia.it/lattuazione-della-legge-56-in-ambito-regionale/. January 26, 2021. live.
  17. Web site: Dal Friuli alla Sicilia: il caos nelle regioni . May 5, 2019. April 20, 2021. it. Il Fatto Quotidiano.
  18. Web site: Città metropolitane e province. 2. it. April 19, 2021. Italian Chamber of Deputies. https://web.archive.org/web/20190819104236/https://www.camera.it/temiap/documentazione/temi/pdf/1104880.pdf. 19 August 2019. live.
  19. Book: Fascism's European empire: Italian occupation during the Second World War. Davide Rodogno. Cambridge University Press. 0-521-84515-7. 2006. 89–92.
  20. News: Lombardo contro le Province "È giunto il momento di abolirle". 21 November 2011. la Repubblica. 26 July 2011.
  21. News: Pareggio di bilancio in Costituzione dal 2014 Addio Province (escluse Trento e Bolzano). 21 November 2011. la Repubblica. 8 September 2011.
  22. News: Più di un milione di persone a libro paga della Politica Spa. 21 November 2011. la Repubblica. 18 July 2011.
  23. News: Il presidente della Provincia di Varese "Via le Regioni come Molise e Umbria". 21 November 2011. la Repubblica. 16 July 2011.
  24. Web site: Fabrizzi. Federica. LA PROVINCIA: STORIA ISTITUZIONALE DELL'ENTE LOCALE PIÙ DISCUSSO.. federalismi.it. 21 November 2011.

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