| Autonomous okrug | |
| Map: | 1. Chukotka Autonomous Okrug 2. Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug 3. Nenets Autonomous Okrug 4. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug |
| Category: | Federated state |
| Territory: | Russian Federation |
| Current Number: | 4 |
| Population Range: | 42,090 (Nenets Autonomous Okrug) – 1,532,243 (Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug) |
| Area Range: | 68200abbr=onNaNabbr=on (Nenets Autonomous Okrug) - 289700abbr=onNaNabbr=on (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug) |
| Government: | Okrug government |
| Subdivision: | administrative: districts, cities and towns of okrug significance, towns of district significance, urban-type settlements of district significance, selsoviets; municipal: urban okrugs, municipal districts, urban settlements, rural settlements |
Autonomous okrugs (Russian: автономный округ, avtonomnyy okrug; more correctly referred to as "autonomous districts" or "autonomous areas") are a type of federal subject of the Russian Federation and simultaneously an administrative division type of some federal subjects. As of 2024, Russia has four autonomous okrugs of its 83 federal subjects. The Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is the only okrug which is not subordinate to an oblast. The Nenets Autonomous Okrug is a part of Arkhangelsk Oblast, the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug are parts of Tyumen Oblast.
According to the Constitution of the Soviet Union, in case of a union republic voting on leaving the Soviet Union, autonomous republics, autonomous oblasts, and autonomous okrugs had the right, by means of a referendum, to independently resolve whether they will stay in the USSR or leave with the seceding union republic, as well as to raise the issue of their state-legal status.[1]
Originally called national okrug, this type of administrative unit was created in the 1920s and widely implemented in the 1930s to provide autonomy to Indigenous peoples of the North, like the Karelian National Okrug for the Tver Karelians. The 1977 Soviet Constitution changed the term "national okrugs" to "autonomous okrugs" in order to emphasize that they were indeed autonomies and not simply another type of administrative and territorial division. While the 1977 Constitution stipulated that the autonomous okrugs were subordinated to the oblasts and krais, this clause was revised on December 15, 1990, when it was specified that autonomous okrugs were subordinated directly to the Russian SFSR, although they still could stay in the jurisdiction of a krai or an oblast to which they were subordinated before.
| Flag | Map | Name | Domestic names | Capital | Population (2010)[2] | Area | Formation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chukotka Autonomous Okrug | Russian: Чукотский Автономный Округ () Чукоткакэн Aвтономныкэн Округ () | Anadyr Russian: Анадырь () Кагыргын () | 50,526 | 1930-12-10 | ||||
| Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug | Russian: Ханты-Мансийский Автономный Округ () Khanty: Хӑнты-Мансийской Aвтономной Округ () Mansi: Ханты-Мансийский Автономный Округ () | Khanty-Mansiysk Russian: Ханты-Мансийск () Khanty: Ёмвоҷ () Mansi: Абга () | 1,532,243 | 1930-12-10 | ||||
| Nenets Autonomous Okrug | Russian: Ненецкий Автономный Округ () Ненёцие Aвтономной Ӈокрук () | Naryan-Mar Russian: Нарьян-Мар () Няръянa Mарˮ () | 42,090 | 1929-07-15 | ||||
| Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug | Russian: Ямало-Ненецкий Автономный Округ () Ямалы-Ненёцие Aвтономной Ӈокрук () | Salekhard Russian: Салехард () Саляʼ Xарад () | 522,904 | 1930-12-10 |
| Flag | Map | Name | Domestic names | Capital | Population | Area | Years | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug | Russian: Агинский Бурятский Автономный Округ () Buriat: Агын Буряадай Aвтономито Tойрог () | Aginskoye Russian: Агинское () Buriat: Ага () | 76,383 (2008) | 1937–2008 | ||||
| Evenk Autonomous Okrug | Russian: Эвенкийский Автономный Округ () Эведы Автомоды Округ () | Tura Russian: Тура () Typy () | 16,979 (2007) | 1930–2007 | ||||
| Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug | Russian: Коми-Пермяцкий Автономный Округ () Коми-Пермяцкöй Aвтономнöй Округ () | Kudymkar Russian: Кудымкар () Кудымкöр () | 132,824 (2005) | 1930–2005 | ||||
| Koryak Autonomous Okrug | Russian: Корякский Автономный Округ () Koryak: Чав’чываокруг () | Palana Russian: Палана () Koryak: Пылылъын () | 22,580 (2007) | 1930–2007 | ||||
| Taymyr Autonomous Okrug | Russian: Таймырский Автономный Округ () | Dudinka Russian: Дудинка () | 38,372 (2007) | 1930–2007 | ||||
| Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug | Russian: Усть-Ордынский Бурятский Автономный Округ () Buriat: Усть-Ордын Буряадай Aвтономито Tойрог () | Ust-Ordynsky Russian: Усть-Ордынский () Buriat: Ордын Адаг () | 134,320 (2008) | 1937–2008 |
In 1990, ten autonomous okrugs existed within the RSFSR. Between 2005 and 2008, the three autonomous okrugs in which the titular nationality constituted more than 30% of the population were abolished. Since then, three more have been abolished, leaving four. On 13 May 2020, the governors of Arkhangelsk Oblast and Nenets Autonomous Okrug announced their plan to merge following the collapse of oil prices stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic.[3] [4] The process was subsequently scrapped on July 2 following public outcry to the merger.[5]
The ten autonomous okrugs in 1990 were:
| Entity in 1990 | Status in August 2008 | |
|---|---|---|
| Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug | now Agin-Buryat Okrug of Zabaykalsky Krai | |
| Chukotka Autonomous Okrug within Magadan Oblast | no longer subordinated to Magadan Oblast | |
| Evenk Autonomous Okrug within Krasnoyarsk Krai | now Evenkiysky District of Krasnoyarsk Krai | |
| Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug within Tyumen Oblast | (no change) | |
| Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug | now Komi-Permyak Okrug of Perm Krai | |
| Koryak Autonomous Okrug within Kamchatka Oblast | now Koryak Okrug of Kamchatka Krai | |
| Nenets Autonomous Okrug within Arkhangelsk Oblast | (no change) | |
| Taymyr Autonomous Okrug within Krasnoyarsk Krai | now Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District of Krasnoyarsk Krai | |
| Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug within Irkutsk Oblast | now Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug of Irkutsk Oblast | |
| Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug within Tyumen Oblast | (no change) |
The table below also includes autonomous okrugs which have since changed status.
| Autonomous Okrug | titular nation | Russians | other[6] | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| year | 1979 | 1989 | 2002 | 2010 | 1979 | 1989 | 2002 | 2010 | 1979 | 1989 | 2002 | 2010 | |
| Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug[7] | ▲52,2 | ▲ 54,9 | ▲ 62,5 | ▲ 65,1 | ▼42 | ▼ 40,8 | ▼ 35,1 | ▼ 32,5 | |||||
| ▲61,6 | ▼ 60,2 | ▼ 59 | ▼34,9 | ▲ 36,1 | ▲ 38,1 | ||||||||
| Koryak Autonomous Okrug (all Indigenous) | 16,3 | ▲ 16,45 | ▲ 26,6 | ▲30,3 | 62,9 | ▼ 62 | ▼ 50,5 | ▼46,2 | 24,9 | ▲ 40,5 | ▲46,5 | ||
| Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Komi) | ▼12,8 | ▼ 11,9 | ▲ 18,6 | 18,6 | ▲66 | ▼ 65,8 | ▼ 62,4 | ▲ 66,1 | ▼11,1 | ▼ 9,5 | ▲ 10,8 | ▼ 9 | |
| Taymyr Autonomous Okrug (Dolgan and Nenets) | ▼9,6 | ▼ 8,9 | ▲ 13,8 | ▲ 15,7 | ▲68,9 | ▼ 67,1 | ▼ 58,6 | ▼ 50,0 | ▼5 | ▼ 4,4 | ▲ 7,6 | ▲ 10,1 | |
| ▲34,1 | ▲ 36,3 | ▲ 39,6 | ▲39,8 | ▼58,3 | ▼ 56,5 | ▼ 54,4 | ▼ 54,2 | ||||||
| ▼1,9 | ▼ 0,9 | ▲ 1,2 | ▲ 1,3 | ▼74,3 | ▼ 66,3 | ▼ 66 | ▲ 68,1 | ▼1,1 | ▼ 0,5 | ▲ 0,7 | ▲ 0,8 | ||
| Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (all Indigenous) | ▼8,1 | ▼ 7,3 | ▲ 23,4 | ▲ 26,7 | ▼68,6 | ▼ 66,1 | ▼ 51,8 | ▲ 52,5 | 9,6 | ▲ 30,8 | ▲ 35,3 | ||
| ▼20 | ▼ 14,1 | ▲ 21,5 | ▲ 22,0 | ▲62,5 | ▲ 67,5 | ▼ 61,9 | ▼ 59,4 | ||||||
| Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Nenets) | ▼10,7 | ▼ 4,2 | ▲ 5,2 | ▲ 5,9 | ▲59,1 | ▲ 59,2 | ▼ 58,8 | ▲ 61,7 | ▼1,5 | ▲ 1,7 | ▲ 1,9 |