Automobile manufacturers and brands of China explained

There are currently about 150 active brands in the Chinese automobile market. Among them are 97 Chinese domestic brands and 43 joint venture (JV) brands.[1] Before 2010, the traditional "Big Four" refers to the four major state-owned car manufacturers, SAIC, FAW, Dongfeng and Changan. Other Chinese car manufacturers, both from public and private sectors, like Geely, BAIC, BYD, Chery, GAC, Great Wall, JAC and Seres emerged as the major players with the expansion of Chinese automotive industry.

The article is the introduction of major manufacturers and brands of China, for the full list see List of automobile manufacturers of China.

Major manufacturers and brands

See also: List of automobile manufacturers of China.

Central state-owned manufacturers

Central state-owned manufacturer refers to manufacturer that directly owned by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council (SASAC) of the People's Republic of China. Currently, FAW, Dongfeng and Changan are owned and controlled by the Central Government.[2]

According to the civil service ranks of China, The central government controlled state-owned enterprises are ranked as Sub-Ministerial-Level Enterprise, which applies to FAW and Dongfeng. However, since Changan is the subsidiary of China South Industries Group Corporation, a Sub-Ministerial-Level Enterprise, Changan itself is ranked as Bureau-Director Level Enterprise.

Local state-owned manufacturers

Local state-owned manufacturer refer to manufacturer that owned by State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of local governments (instead of State Council). Most local government controlled manufacturers are ranked as Bureau-Director Level Enterprise or even lower level.

State-private mixed ownership manufacturer

Notable privately owned manufacturers

Notable smaller startup manufacturers

Year! colspan="8"
State-ownedPrivately ownedMixed
FAWDongfengChanganSAICGACBAICJACCheryGeelyBYDGWMLi AutoSeres
20101,038,290607,0681,239,9901,424,51345,065682,895442,547750,456425,194521,761415,779-226,198
2011907,337654,9911,025,2331,433,38744,056664,812466,459729,497857,006454,676518,965-243,053
2012718,327611,4461,053,6451,659,97371,505683,991448,813653,476905,083462,512672,234-202,991
2013723,969709,4701,152,5371,884,112124,001866,994495,737561,062979,691514,188803,449-205,019
2014627,006715,3441,363,4872,051,240146,694864,783446,802570,718878,818446,329767,825-277,000
2015505,849690,5311,504,9362,272,961207,890827,170588,052575,1081,025,287451,868871,315-275,316
2016505,711779,2981,682,7412,533,586375,723988,109643,342682,4741,333,077510,1571,086,639-381,636
2017572,862810,4071,597,5432,811,224508,797837,129510,892604,7081,938,057421,1581,085,654-400,038
2018543,986664,3131,270,1002,957,136535,323701,754462,477752,7592,276,846528,2981,072,529-347,837
2019589,832661,5851,331,8022,621,117384,792743,614421,241747,8062,194,145467,9601,097,4511,000325,381
2020779,403725,4751,503,6042,575,775353,597790,241456,125731,1172,150,134431,4471,111,59833,457273,590
2021846,803819,1721,754,7072,845,309447,207760,476524,224961,9262,189,409749,3251,280,99390,491266,614
2022555,406743,0321,874,5692,779,123633,704570,681500,4011,232,7272,312,6131,881,6691,067,523133,246267,246
2023732,328671,7022,097,7942,804,845886,508821,033592,4991,881,3162,790,0003,024,4171,230,704376,030253,181
Chinese major EV startup ventures sales!Year!Nio!Xpeng!Hozon!Leapmotor!HIMA[19] !Xiaomi
201811,3484821,206---
201920,56516,60811,2121,000--
202043,72827,04115,50910,266--
202191,42998,15569,67443,121--
2022122,486120,757152,073111,16876,180-
2023160,038141,601127,496144,15595,279-

Foreign and joint venture manufacturers

Following the Chinese economic reform, from 1994 to 2018, Chinese automotive policy mandated that foreign carmakers had to establish joint ventures with a Chinese counterpart to produce vehicles in the country, with the Chinese partner owning at least 50% of the venture. This measure was implemented to protect local manufacturers and provide it with the chance to bridge the technology gap and develop their brands.[20]

On April 17, 2018. The National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) of China announced that foreign ownership limits on automakers would be phased out over a 5-year period.[21] [22] On 28 July 2018, China lifted foreign ownership restrictions on new energy vehicle production, which benefited American electric car manufacturer Tesla, Inc. The company established a plant in Shanghai, becoming the first foreign automaker to open a wholly-owned manufacturing facility in China.[23] [24] The liberalization was followed by commercial vehicles in 2020 and passenger cars in 2022. The rule that prohibited foreign automakers from setting up more than two joint ventures in China was also lifted in 2022. Therefore, it became legally possible for the foreign automakers to buy out local partners from joint ventures. In 2022, BMW and Volkswagen had acquired 75% stake in their joint ventures.[25] [26]

Foreign manufacturers

The following are foreign manufacturers that operate in China either through wholly-owned manufacturing plants or joint ventures where they own more than 50 percent of the shares.

Summary

CompanyMarquesForeign-branded JVs
Central state-owned manufacturers
FAWHongqi, Jiefang, BestuneFAW-Toyota, FAW-Volkswagen (Volkswagen, Audi, Jetta)
DongfengVoyah, M-Hero, Aeolus, Forthing, NammiDongfeng-Honda (Honda, Lingxi), Dongfeng-Nissan (Nissan, Infiniti, Venucia), Dongfeng-Peugeot Citroën
ChanganChangan, Deepal, Avatr, KaiceneChangan Ford (Ford, Lincoln), Changan Mazda, Changan Ford NEV
Local state-owned manufacturers
SAICIM, Rising, MG, Roewe, Maxus, Baojun/Wuling (under SGMW)SAIC-Volkswagen (Volkswagen, Audi), SAIC-General Motors (Buick, Chevrolet, Cadillac)
GACTrumpchi, Aion, HyptecGAC-Toyota, GAC-Honda
BAICArcfox, Beijing, Beijing Off-road, Foton, StelatoBeijing-Benz, Beijing-Hyundai
CheryChery, Exeed, Jetour, iCar, Luxeed, Jaecoo, OmodaChery-Jaguar Land Rover
JACJAC, JAC Yiwei, JAC Refine, Maextro
State-private mixed ownership manufacturer
SeresSeres, AITO, Fengon, DFSK, Landian
Privately owned manufacturers
GeelyGeely, Livan, Lynk & Co, Zeekr, Volvo Cars, Polestar, Lotus, LEVC, Farizon, Radar, Ji Yue, Smart, Proton
BYDBYD Auto, Yangwang, Denza, Fangchengbao
Great WallGWM, Haval, Wey, Tank, OraMini (Spotlight)
Li AutoLi
Smaller startup manufacturers
NioNio,Onvo
XpengXpeng
LeapmotorLeapmotor
HozonNeta
XiaomiXiaomi

Joint venture manufacturers

The following are foreign manufacturers that operate in China through joint ventures where they hold a maximum of 50 percent ownership.

Reversed joint ventures

In the 1990s, Chinese automakers pursued Western technology through joint ventures. However, a reversal occurred in the 2020s, with Western manufacturers now seeking technological assistance from Chinese counterparts and invested in China through joint ventures.[30] Several Chinese electric vehicle startups have leveraged their technological advantages, attracting investments from traditional Western automotive giants such as Renault-Nissan, VW, BMW, Mercedes-Benz, Toyota and Stellantis.

See also: List of foreign brand vehicles developed and manufactured by automobile companies of China.

YearForeign manufacturerChinese manufacturerReversed joint venture / collaboration
2017Renault/NissanDongfeng
  • Producing Renault and Dacia brand EV based on Dongfeng's technology
eGT New Energy Automotive (25:25:50)
2019RenaultJMCG
  • 50% of JMEV acquired by Renault
  • Developing and producing JMEV and Mobilize brand EV
JMEV (50:37)
2019Mercedes-BenzGeely
  • 50% of Smart brand acquired by Geely
  • Producing Smart brand EV by Geely
Smart Automobile (50:50)
2020BMWGreat Wall Motor
  • Developing and producing Mini brand EV by GWM
Spotlight Automotive (50:50)
2020ToyotaBYD
  • Provide technical support for Toyota and supply the BYD-made battery, electric motor and electronic control unit for Toyota's EV.
BYD Toyota EV Technology (50:50)
2023VolkswagenXPeng
2023AudiIM Motors
  • Rebadging or technology transfer for Audi vehicles
2023StellantisLeapmotor
  • 20% of Leapmotor acquired by Stellantis
  • Rebadging/technology transfer for Stellantis vehicles
  • Setup of joint venture for the exclusive rights to sell Leapmotor vehicles outside China
Leapmotor International (51:49)
2023RenaultGeely
Horse (50:50)
2023FordChangan
  • Developing and producing Ford brand electric vehicles by Changan
Changan Ford NEV (30:70)
2024Jaguar Land RoverChery
  • Rebadging or technology transfer of Freelander vehicle

Involvement of Chinese technology industry in the automotive industry

Since the 2020s, Chinese technology corporations such as Huawei, Baidu, DJI with their advanced software or hardware technological capability started entering the automotive business by various approaches.

Huawei's partnership with automobile manufacturers has taken the form of three business models, from the standardized parts supply model, the "Huawei Inside" (HI) model, and the Harmony Intelligent Mobility Alliance (HIMA).[46] [47] Baidu and DJI has been providing autonomous driving system and hardware to automotive manufacturers.[48] [49] Qihoo 360 invested in the Chinese EV startup company Hozon Auto.[50] Geely collaborates with Baidu to set up joint venture brands, and acquired Chinese smartphone company Meizu for its Polestar and Lynk & Co brands with its auto OS and AR system. Xiaomi is the first and the only Chinese tech company that is directly involved in automotive design, development and manufacturing, and operates its factory in Beijing.[51]

Involvement of Chinese technology industry in the automotive industry!Tech company!Manufacturer!Collaborating brand!Note
Huawei(Yinwang/HIMA)SeresAITOCollaborated under the Harmony Intelligent Mobility Alliance (HIMA) model. Huawei provides a complete set of vehicle solutions and participates in product definition, design, marketing, user experience, quality control and delivery, while the manufacturers are responsible for vehicle manufacturing.
CheryLuxeed
JAC
BAIC BlueParkStelato
BAIC BlueParkArcfoxCollaborated under the Huawei Inside (HI) model. Huawei provide full-stack smart car solution and Huawei's smart cockpit to car manufacturers. In this mode, Huawei empowers vehicle intelligence through the supply of both software and hardware, but does not participate in the design, development, and marketing of the vehicles.
DongfengVoyah, M-Hero
ChanganAvatr
BaiduDongfengVoyahBaidu empowers Dongfeng's electric vehicle brand, Voyah, by equipping it with Baidu's Apollo autonomous driving system.
GeelyJidu Auto / Ji YueBaidu and Geely established two joint venture companies, Jidu Auto for automotive technology solution and Ji Yue for car manufacturing.[52]
DJISAIC-GM-WulingBaojunDJI provides autonomous driving system for several brands, including Baojun, Volkswagen,[53] and iCar.[54]
Volkswagen
CheryiCar
Qihoo 360HozonNetaCollaborated in a form of investment.
XiaomiXiaomi AutoDirectly invested and involved in automotive design, development and manufacturing.
MeizuGeelyLynk & Co, PolestarMeizu provides auto OS called Flyme Auto OS, and an AR system.[55]

Statistics

Historic sales volume of Chinese brand passenger vehicle!Year!Chinese brand passenger vehicle sales[56] !Domestic share of Chinese brand passenger vehicle !Global passenger vehicle sales[57] !Global share of Chinese brand passenger vehicle
20106,273,00045.6％58,239,49410.77%
20116,112,20042.2％59,897,27310.20%
20126,485,00041.9％63,081,02410.28%
20137,222,00040.3%65,745,40310.98%
20147,518,00038.1%67,782,03511.09%
20158,737,60041.3%68,539,51612.75%
201610,529,00043.2%72,105,43514.60%
201710,847,00043.9%73,456,53114.77%
20189,890,00042.1%70,498,38814.03%
20198,470,00039.2%64,033,46313.23%
20207,749,00038.4%53,915,92814.37%
20219,543,00044.4%56,437,80316.91%
202211,766,00049.9%57,485,37820.47%
202314,596,00056%65,272,36722.36%
Historic production data and notable milestones of Chinese automobile industry[58] [59] [60] !Year!Production!Global share!Milestones
195561Foundation of the First Automobile Works (FAW)
196022,574
197087,166
1978149,062Beginning of the Reform and Opening-up
1985443,377
1990509,242
19951,452,697
20023,250,0005.6%Accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO)
20055,710,0008.6%
200913,790,00025.0%Surpassing the United States as the world's largest automobile producer
201018,260,00024.2%The largest number of production by any nation in history
201524,500,00027.43%Became the world largest EV producer
201729,020,00030.19%
202227,021,00031.8%Surpassing Germany as the world's second largest car exporter
202330,161,00033.8%The highest production record in history, surpassing Japan as the world's largest car exporter
Automotive industry production capacity of China by province[61] !Region!Production share!Provincial!Production volume in 2023!Capacity utilization!Chinese brands!Foreign brands
Yangtze Delta28.1%Anhui2,250,74367.0%Chery, BYD, Changan, Sehol, JAC, JetourLand Rover, Jaguar
Jiangsu1,837,25239.3%Li Auto, BYD, Ora, Roewe, MG, Maxus, Deepal, HiPhiVolkwagen, Kia, Mazda
Shanghai1,810,67969.6%IM Motors, Roewe, Rising, BYDCadillac, Audi, Tesla, Buick, Mercedes-Benz
Zhejiang1,368,00529.7%Geely, Zeekr, Geely Galaxy, Lynk & Co, Polestar, Aion, Neta, Leapmotor, BYDVolkswagen, Volvo, Ford
Central14.8%Hubei1,585,29441.4%Voyah, M-Hero, Aeolus, Trumpchi, TankHonda, Nissan, Infiniti, Buick, Chevrolet, Dacia
Hunan1,009,72042.1%BYD, Denza, Geely, BeijingVolkswagen
Henan811,83637.4%MG, Jetour, Roewe, BYD, FangchengbaoVenucia
Jiangxi431,24426.3%BYD, Trumpchi, JMCFord
Chuan-Yu9.6%Chongqing1,698,58634.9%Changan, Avatr, Deepal, Oshan, Tank, Jinbei, AITO, Seres, Landian, Livan, Wuling, BaojunFord, Lincoln
Sichuan782,92443.3%Zeekr, Lynk & Co, KaiyiVolvo, Toyota, Volkswagen, Jetta
Pearl River Delta13.2%Guangdong3,418,74965.5%Trumpchi, Aion, BYD, Xpeng, BeijingToyota, Honda, Nissan, Audi, Volkswagen
Jing-Jin-Ji9.8%Tianjin1,075,24471.1%HavalVolkswagen, Audi, Toyota
Beijing912,00345.6%Changan, Beijing, Xiaomi, Li AutoMercedes-Benz, Hyundai
Hebei542,21435.0%Haval, Wey, Lynk & CoHyundai
Northeast10.5%Jilin1,450,02065.0%Hongqi, BestuneVolkswagen, Audi, Toyota
Liaoning1,197,28564.9%CheryBMW, Nissan, Infiniti, Buick
Heilongjiang83,87652.4%Volvo, Ford
Other14.0%Shaanxi1,255,30785.1BYD, Yangwang, Denza, Smart
Guangxi882,89236.8%Guangxi Auto, ForthingChevrolet
Shandong849,46936.5%BYD, WulingVolkswagen, Audi, Cadillac, Buick, Chevrolet
Fujian287,02144.5%MGMercedes-Benz
Shanxi164,18854.7%Geely Geometry
Inner Mongolia89,77589.8%Chery
Guizhou51,52916.6%Geely
Xinjiang40,78940.8%TrumpchiVolkswagen
Hainan12,8712.9%Haima
Yunnan3,3873.4%JMEV

See also

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