Automat Explained

An automat is a type of fast-food restaurant where food and drink are served through a vending machine, typically without waitstaff. The world's first automat, Quisisana, opened in Berlin, Germany in 1895.[1] [2]

By country

Germany

The first documented automat was Quisisana, which opened in 1895 in Berlin, Germany.[3] In 1904, a similar restaurant opened in Breslau.[4]

Japan

In Japan, in addition to vending machines that sell prepared food, many restaurants also use food ticket machines (Japanese: 食券機|shokkenki). This process involves purchasing a meal ticket from a vending machine, which is then presented to a server who prepares and serves the meal.

Kaitenzushi restaurants, which serve sushi on conveyor belts, are also common in Japan.[5]

Netherlands

Automats (Dutch; Flemish: automatiek) provide a variety of typical Dutch fried fast food, such as frikandellen and croquettes, as well as hamburgers and sandwiches from vending machines which are back-loaded from a kitchen.

FEBO is the best-known chain of Dutch automats, with some outlets open 24 hours a day. [6]

United States

The first automat in the United States was opened by food services company Horn & Hardart on June 12, 1902, at 818 Chestnut St. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[7] Inspired by Max Sielaff's automat restaurants in Berlin, they were among the first 47 restaurants (and the first outside of Europe) to receive patented vending machines from Sielaff's Berlin factory.[8] The automat spread to New York City in 1912,[9] and gradually became part of popular culture in northern industrial cities.

Originally, the machines in U.S. automats only accepted nickels.[10] A cashier sat in a change booth in the center of the restaurant, behind a wide marble counter with five to eight rounded depressions. The diner would insert the required number of coins in a machine and then lift a window, hinged at the top, and remove the meal, which was usually wrapped in waxed paper. The kitchen was located behind the machines and used to replenish them from the rear.[11]

Automats were popular with a wide variety of celebrity patrons, including Walter Winchell and Irving Berlin. The New York automats were also popular with unemployed songwriters and actors. Playwright Neil Simon called automats "the Maxim's of the disenfranchised" in 1987.

The automat was threatened by the arrival of fast food restaurants, which served food over the counter with more payment flexibility than traditional automats. By the 1970s, the automats' remaining appeal in their core urban markets was chiefly nostalgic. Another contributing factor to their demise was inflation, which caused an increase in food prices and made the use of coins inconvenient in a time before bill acceptors were common on vending equipment.

At one time, there were 40 Horn & Hardart automats in New York City. The last one closed in 1991, when the company had converted most of its New York City locations into Burger King restaurants. At the time, customers had been noticing a decrease in the quality of the food.[12] [13]

2000s US revivals

In an attempt to revive automats, a company called Bamn! opened a Dutch-style automat store in the East Village in New York City in 2006,[14] only to close three years later.[15] In 2015, another attempt to open an automat was made by a San Francisco company called Eatsa, which opened six automated restaurants in California, New York, and the District of Columbia, but they all closed by 2019. The company soon rebranded itself as Brightloom, and continue to sell automation technology to restaurants.

The COVID-19 pandemic inspired a new wave of automat revival attempts, aimed to adapt to the social distancing guidelines and the desire for contactless dining. Joe Scutellaro and Bob Baydale opened Automat Kitchen, which specialized in fresh food, in Jersey City's Newport Centre in early 2021;[16] [17] however, it closed after one year of operation because of low foot traffic due to the pandemic.[18] Another automat chain, the Brooklyn Dumpling Shop, opened in the East Village in 2021;[19] they opened a chain in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in December 2023.[20]

Rail transport

A form of the automat was used on some passenger trains. The Great Western Railway in the United Kingdom announced plans in December 1945 to introduce an automat on buffet cars.[21] Plans were delayed by impending nationalisation, but an automat was finally introduced on the Cambrian Coast Express in 1962.[22]

In the United States, the Pennsylvania Railroad introduced an automat between New York Penn Station, and Washington Union Station, in 1954.[23] Southern Pacific Railroad introduced automat buffet cars on the Coast Daylight and Sunset Limited in 1962. Amtrak converted four buffet cars to automats in 1985 for use on the Auto Train.

In Switzerland, the Bodensee–Toggenburg Bahn introduced automat buffet cars in 1987.[24]

With the advent of air travel and other forms of transportation, automats on trains became less popular and were eventually phased out. The last automat in use on a train in the United States was on the short-lived Lake Country Limited in 2001.

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: The Return of the Automat . 2024-01-29 . Food & Wine . en.
  2. Web site: Williams . Addison . 2020-07-23 . Automat History What is an Automat Restaurant? . 2024-01-29 . History Associates Incorporated . en-US.
  3. Book: Smith . A.F. . Oliver . G. . Savoring Gotham: A Food Lover's Companion to New York City . Oxford University Press, Incorporated . 2015 . 978-0-19-939702-0 . June 15, 2017 . 24.
  4. Web site: Postkarte Carte Postale 33547134 Breslau Niederschlesien Restaurant Automat Breslau Niederschlesien: Manuscript / Paper Collectible | Versandhandel Boeger.
  5. Feng Hsin-I . Cindy . 2011 . The Tale of Sushi: History and Regulations . Institute of Food Technologists . 11 . 2 . 206–207 . 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2011.00180.x . Wiley Online Library.
  6. Web site: Brenner . Elysia . 2014-02-05 . Power-ranking the FEBO automat's wall of food . 2024-01-31 . Thrillist . en.
  7. "Horn & Hardart Automat, 968 6th Ave. between 35th & 36th Sts. (1986)", 36th Street, New York City Signs -- 14th to 42nd Street.
  8. https://archive.today/20150316092501/http://cdm16038.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p268001coll12/id/6426/rec/58 Automat-Restaurants – AUTOMAT GmbH, 23 Spenerstrasse, Berlin, N.W. :: Trade Catalogs and Pamphlets
  9. News: Automats become a thing of the past in New York . Free Lance-Star . (Fredericksburg, Virginia) . Associated Press . December 31, 1977 . 12.
  10. Web site: Bamn! The Automat Is Back – Restaurant – Food & Drink . https://web.archive.org/web/20071020152554/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2006/6/2006_6_19.shtml . Lui . Claire . . 2006 . American Heritage Magazine . 2007-10-20 . dead . 2015-03-15 .
  11. https://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2192.pdf
  12. News: James . Barron . Last Automat Closes, Its Era Long Gone . April 11, 1991 . The New York Times . 2009-07-16 .
  13. News: New York's Last Automat Closes . April 11, 1991 . St. Petersburg Times . Associated Press . 2009-07-16 .
  14. News: Matthews . Karen . Updated Automat to open in New York City . Associated Press . August 28, 2006 . boston.com . 2006-08-28.
  15. Web site: The Shutter: Felled Bamn! to Become Baoguette? . Eater NY . Amanda Kludt . March 9, 2009.
  16. News: Charlesworth. Michelle. January 27, 2021. Blast from the past: Automat returns with a modern twist. ABC 7 Eyewitness News. 2021-02-06.
  17. Web site: Hamstra. Mark. February 3, 2021. Automat Kitchen puts modern spin on classic no-contact format. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210203170025/https://www.restaurant-hospitality.com/technology/automat-kitchen-puts-modern-spin-classic-no-contact-format . 2021-02-03 . 2021-02-06. Restaurant Hospitality.
  18. Web site: Automat Kitchen at Newport Mall is a goner . 4 June 2022 .
  19. Web site: Warerkar. Tanay. January 21, 2021. A First Look at Brooklyn Dumpling Shop's Automat. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210120231622/https://ny.eater.com/2021/1/20/22241093/nyc-automat-brooklyn-dumpling-shop-video . 2021-01-20 . 2021-02-06. Eater New York.
  20. Web site: Sheehan . Jason . 2023-12-12 . South Street is Getting a New Dumpling Automat . 2024-02-01 . Philadelphia Magazine . en-US.
  21. News: Automat Buffet Cars For British Railways. Reuters. 26 December 1945.
  22. The Railway Gazette. Railway Gazette. 709. 119. 1963.
  23. Automatic Buffet-Bar Car Introduced By Pennsy. Locomotive Engineers Journal. 236. 88. Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers. 1954.
  24. Book: Jane's World Railways . Jane's Yearbooks . 1988 . 0-7106-0871-3 . Allen . Geoffrey Freeman . 700.
  25. Web site: Diehl . Lorraine B. . Hardart . Marianne . The Automat: The History, Recipes, and Allure of Horn & Hardart's Masterpiece . Catalog . . 4 June 2022 . Sample text for Library of Congress control number 2001057805.
  26. Web site: Trufelman . Avery . Avery Trufelman . The Automat . . 4 June 2019 . 4 June 2022.
  27. News: Nonfiction Book Review: The Automat: The History, Recipes, and Allure of Horn & Hardart's Masterpiece by Marianne Hardart, Lorraine B. Diehl . 4 June 2022 . . 1 November 2002.
  28. Web site: Archivmeldung: Wien Museum Karlsplatz zeigt "Um die Wurst" . Presseservice der Stadt Wien . 4 June 2022 . de . 1 June 2005 . "Um die Wurst" ergänzt die seit 12. Mai laufende Sonderausstellung "Die Sinalco-Epoche. Essen, Trinken, Konsumieren nach 1945", die noch bis zum 25. September zu sehen ist..

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