Australian lime explained

Australian limes are species of the plant genus Citrus that are native to Australia and Papua New Guinea.

These species were formerly included in the genera Microcitrus and Eremocitrus.^{[1] [2] [3]} They have been used as a food source by indigenous Australians and Indigenous New Guineans as well as early settlers and are used in modern Australian cuisine, including marmalade and sauces.^{[4] [5]}

Species include:

^[6]

Species from Australia

Natural species

• Citrus australasica (Finger lime), a species from rainforest regions of northern New South Wales and Southern Queensland with elongated yellow-green to purple fruits.
• Citrus australis (Round lime or Dooja), a species from south-eastern Australia with round, green fruits
• Citrus glauca (Desert lime), from arid areas of inland Australia. Small round fruits are produced in summer.
• Citrus garrawayi, (Mount White lime) is rare and endemic to the Cook District of Cape York Peninsula.
• Citrus gracilis (Kakadu lime or Humpty Doo lime) grows in eucalypt woodland in the Northern Territory^{[7] [5]} and was first described in the scientific literature in 1998.^[8]
• Citrus inodora (Russell River lime or large-leaf Australian wild lime) is rare, and endemic to northern Queensland.^[5]
• Citrus maideniana (Maiden's Australian wild lime)^[5] may be a subspecies of C. inodora.^[9]

Cultivars

A number of cultivars have been developed in recent years. These can be grafted on to standard citrus rootstocks. They may be grown as ornamental trees in the garden or in containers.^[10] Grafted standards are available for some varieties. The cultivars include:

• 'Australian Outback' (or 'Australian Desert'), developed from several desert lime varieties
• 'Australian Red Centre' (or 'Australian Blood' or Blood Lime), a cross of finger lime^[11] and a mandarin-lemon or mandarin-sweet orange hybrid
• 'Australian Sunrise', a hybrid cross of finger lime and a calomondin which is pear shaped and orange inside
• 'Rainforest Pearl', a pink-fruited form of finger lime from Bangalow, New South Wales
• 'Sunrise Lime ', parentage unknown^[11]
• 'Outback Lime', a desert lime cultivar^[11]

Species from Papua New Guinea

• Citrus warburgiana (Kakamadu or New Guinea wild lime)^{[12] [13]} grows on the south coast of the Papuan Peninsula near Alotau^[14] (pictures).
• Citrus wakonai (also locally called kakamadu) has been reported from Goodenough Island.^[15]
• Citrus wintersii, also known as Citrus papuana (Brown River finger lime)^{[14] [16]} has, as the name suggests, a small, thin fruit, pointed at both ends (pictures, more pictures). It grows near Port Moresby.^[17]
• Clymenia sp. are native to the Bismarck Archipelago but are cultivated in other areas. Clymenia is now often considered to belong within the citrus genus.^[18]
  • Clymenia platypoda
  • Clymenia polyandra has a lemon-sized round fruit, pointed at one end (pictures).

Citrus species in Papua New Guinea have not been extensively studied, so the true number of species is unknown.

Identification

An identification key (p. 6 or 338) exists for the known Australian limes (not including species from Papua New Guinea). The leaves of some species broaden dramatically with age.^[19]

Notes and References

1. Web site: Lindsay, Lenore . Australian Limes. Australian Plants Online. Australian Native Plants Society (Australia) . 2010-11-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20101205161143/http://asgap.org.au/APOL2006/dec06-1.html. 5 December 2010 . dead.
2. Web site: Eremocitrus . Australian Plant Name Index (APNI) . . 15 March 2023.
3. Web site: Microcitrus . Australian Plant Name Index (APNI) . . 15 March 2023.
4. Taming Wild Limes. Ecos Magazine. 2001. 107. CSIRO publishing.
5. Web site: Australian native citrus-wild species, cultivars and hybrids. Primary Industries and Resources SA. 2010-11-16.
6. Web site: Citrus Pages / Native Australian varieties. Jorma Koskinen and Sylvain Jousse. free.fr.
7. Web site: Citrus Pages / Native Australian varieties. Jorma Koskinen and Sylvain Jousse. free.fr.
8. Web site: Archived copy . Rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au . 13 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091002183628/http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/73236/Tel7Mab333.pdf . 2 October 2009 . dead.
9. Web site: Citrus Pages / Native Australian varieties. Jorma Koskinen and Sylvain Jousse. free.fr.
10. Web site: From the outback to 'out the back' . CSIRO . 12 August 2005 . 2010-11-16 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110228033500/http://www.csiro.au/news/LimeVarities.html . 2011-02-28 .
11. Web site: CSIRO Science Image - CSIRO Science Image.
12. Web site: Citrus Pages / Native Australian varieties. Jorma Koskinen and Sylvain Jousse. free.fr.
13. Web site: Citrus wakonai P.I. Forst & M.W. Sm. (Rutaceae), a new species from Goodenough Island, Papua New Guinea. PDF. Paul I. Forster. Malcolm W. Smith. Homecitrusgrowers.co.uk. 30 March 2022.
14. Web site: Citrus wakonai. Mike Saalfeld. Homecitrusgrowers.co.uk.
15. Web site: The_Quest_for_Wakonai page19. Mike Saalfeld. Homecitrusgrowers.co.uk.
16. Web site: Citrus Pages / Native Australian varieties. Jorma Koskinen. Sylvain Jousse. Citruspages.free.fr.
17. Web site: Microcitrus papuana. Homecitrusgrowers.co.uk.
18. Organización de la diversidad genética de los cítricos . 2013. Andrés García Lor. 79 .
19. Web site: microcitrus – mature and juvenile leaf forms . freeserve.co.uk . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924093129/http://www.saalfelds.freeserve.co.uk/microcitrusleaves.htm . 2015-09-24 .