| Election Name: | 1954 Australian federal election |
| Country: | Australia |
| Type: | parliamentary |
| Ongoing: | no |
| Previous Election: | 1951 Australian federal election |
| Previous Year: | 1951 |
| Next Election: | 1955 Australian federal election |
| Next Year: | 1955 |
| Outgoing Members: | Members of the Australian House of Representatives, 1951–1954 |
| Elected Members: | Members of the Australian House of Representatives, 1954–1955 |
| Registered: | 5,096,468 |
| Turnout: | 4,619,571 (96.09%) (0.09 pp) |
| Seats For Election: | All 123 seats of the House of Representatives 61 seats were needed for a majority |
| Election Date: | 29 May 1954 |
| Leader1: | Robert Menzies |
| Leader Since1: | 21 February 1945 |
| Party1: | Liberal (Coalition) |
| Leaders Seat1: | Kooyong (Vic.) |
| Last Election1: | 69 seats |
| Seats1: | 64 |
| Seat Change1: | 5 |
| Popular Vote1: | 2,117,669 |
| Percentage1: | 47.57% |
| Swing1: | 2.77 |
| 1Data1: | 49.30% |
| 2Data1: | 1.40 |
| Leader2: | H. V. Evatt |
| Leader Since2: | 13 June 1951 |
| Party2: | Australian Labor Party |
| Leaders Seat2: | Barton (NSW) |
| Last Election2: | 52 seats |
| Seats2: | 57 + NT + ACT |
| Seat Change2: | 5 |
| Popular Vote2: | 2,256,164 |
| Percentage2: | 50.07% |
| Swing2: | 2.44 |
| 1Data2: | 50.70% |
| 2Data2: | 1.40 |
| 1Blank: | TPP |
| 2Blank: | TPP swing |
| Map Size: | 350px |
| Prime Minister | |
| Before Election: | Robert Menzies |
| Before Party: | Liberal/Country coalition |
| Posttitle: | Subsequent Prime Minister |
| After Election: | Robert Menzies |
| After Party: | Liberal/Country coalition |
The 1954 Australian federal election were held in Australia on 29 May 1954. All 121 seats in the House of Representatives were up for election, but no Senate election took place. The incumbent Liberal–Country coalition led by Prime Minister Robert Menzies defeated the opposition Labor Party led by H. V. Evatt, despite losing the two-party preferred vote. Although the ALP won the two-party preferred vote, six Coalition seats were uncontested compared to one ALP seat. The Psephos blog makes clear that if all seats had been contested, the Coalition would have recorded a higher primary vote than the ALP and possibly also a higher two-party preferred vote.[1]
This was the first federal election that future Prime Minister Gough Whitlam contested as a member of parliament, having entered parliament at the 1952 Werriwa by-election.
Though they did not win government, this election was the last time that the Labor party would achieve more than 50% of the primary vote. The only other time this happened was in 1914.
This was the first federal election to be held under the reign of Elizabeth II as Queen of Australia just two years after she succeeded her father.
The election was complicated by the Petrov Affair, in which Vladimir Petrov, an attache to the Soviet embassy in Canberra, defected amidst a storm of publicity, claiming that there were Soviet spy rings within Australia. Given that the 1951 election had been fought over the issue of banning the Communist Party of Australia altogether, it is unsurprising that such a claim would gain credibility.
See also: Results of the Australian federal election, 1954 (House of Representatives).
| Votes | % | Swing | Seats | Change | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labor | 2,266,979 | 50.07 | +2.44 | 59 | +5 | ||||
| Liberal–Country coalition | 2,153,970 | 47.57 | –2.77 | 64 | –5 | ||||
| Liberal | 1,765,799 | 39.00 | –1.62 | 47 | –5 | ||||
| Country | 388,171 | 8.57 | –1.15 | 17 | 0 | ||||
| Communist | 56,675 | 1.25 | +0.27 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Independents | 50,027 | 1.11 | +0.06 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Total | 4,527,651 | 121 | |||||||
| Liberal–Country coalition | Win | 49.30 | -1.40 | 64 | -5 | ||||
| Labor | 50.70 | +1.40 | 59 | +5 | |||||
| Seat | Pre-1954 | Swing | Post-1954 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Member | Margin | Margin | Member | Party | ||||||
| Bass, Tas | Liberal | Bruce Kekwick | 3.4 | 4.4 | 1.0 | Lance Barnard | Labor | ||||
| Flinders, Vic | Labor | Keith Ewert | 5.1 | 4.3 | 1.6 | Robert Lindsay | Liberal | ||||
| Griffith, Qld | Liberal | Doug Berry | 3.7 | 4.1 | 0.4 | Wilfred Coutts | Labor | ||||
| St George, NSW | Liberal | Bill Graham | 1.6 | 4.3 | 2.7 | Nelson Lemmon | Labor | ||||
| Sturt, SA | Liberal | Keith Wilson | 2.4 | 5.4 | 3.0 | Norman Makin | Labor | ||||
| Swan, WA | Liberal | Bill Grayden | 3.3 | 4.9 | 1.6 | Harry Webb | Labor | ||||
The third session of the 20th Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia was officially opened by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia. This was the first time a reigning monarch had opened a session of parliament in Australia. The Queen wore her Coronation Dress to open the 20th session of parliament. The success of the 1954 Royal Tour of Australia (the first by a reigning sovereign), the recovery of the economy from a brief recession in 1951-52 and the Petrov Affair were all credited with assisting in the return of the government.