Tequiraca language explained

Tequiraca
Also Known As:Aiwa, Aewa
Nativename:Abishira
Extinct:ca. mid-20th century
Familycolor:American
Fam1:Tequiraca–Canichana?
Iso3:ash
Glotto:abis1238
Glottorefname:Aewa

Tequiraca (Tekiráka), also known as Abishira, Aiwa (Aewa, Aʔɨwa), Ixignor,[1] or Vacacocha, is a language spoken in Peru. In 1925 there were between 50 and 80 speakers in Puerto Elvira on Lake Vacacocha (connected with the Napo River). It is presumed extinct some time in the mid 20th century, though in 2008 two rememberers were found and 160 words and short sentences were recorded.[2] Today, most ethnic Aiwa people have shifted to Kichwa and Spanish.[3]

The little data available show it to not be closely related to other languages, though a distant connection to Canichana was proposed by Kaufman (1994).

Jolkesky (2016) also notes that there are lexical similarities with Taushiro, likely as a result of prehistoric contact within the circum-Marañón interaction sphere.[4]

Phonology

Consonants

BilabialDental/
Alveolar
Palatal/
Postalveolar
VelarUvular
Nasalpronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/
PlosiveVoicelesspronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/
Ejectivepronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/
Affricateč
Fricativepronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/
ApproximantCentralpronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/
Lateralpronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/
Rhoticpronounced as /link/

Vowels

AIUOE
shortpronounced as //a///i//u//o//ɛ/, /e/
longpronounced as //aː///i://u://o:/pronounced as //ɛː/, /eː//
[:] is the verbalizer
Glides
/y/
/w/
[5]

Vocabulary

Michael & Beier (2012)

Aiwa lexical items listed in Michael & Beier (2012):[6]

gloss Aiwa (aˈʔɨwa)
(my) husband (kun) aˈʃap
(my) head (kun) ˈhuti
(my) brother (kun) auˈʃaʔ
(my) knee (kun) kuˈpɨnu
1st person pronoun kun
2nd person pronoun kin
3rd person pronoun, demonstrative jan
aʃˈpali
alone, single iˈʃam
approach jaˈsik
autonym aˈʔɨwa
lukˈʔãk
barbasco (fish poison) maˈlahi
basket ˈhaʔu
bathe! haɾ kin tsuk
big tuˈkut
big head hutuˈluk
big-bellied person aˈɾuh tʃuˈluk
bird sp. (woodpecker) isaˈɾawi
bird sp. (paujil) wiˈkoɾõ
bird sp. (partridge) hũʔˈʃũlũ
bird sp. (pucacunga) ɾoˈʔele
bird sp. (vaca muchacho) kʷãˈʔũli
alkahˈneke
breast aˈkiʃ
amˈhala
canoe aˈtɾewa
capuchin monkey sp. ɾũtɾũˈkʲãwã
capuchin monkey sp. waˈnaha
cat sp. (tigrillo) hũhũkũˈpãʔ
cleared path tasˈʔãʔĩ
clothing kuhˈpaw
ʃakˈɾaɾa
come! ˈsikʷas
cooking fire asˈkʷãwa
corn suˈkala
cotton nuiˈnui
deer atɾiˈwaʔa
earth ahulˈtaʔ
eat! iˈtakʷas
eye jaˈtuk
firewood wiɾuˈkawa
garden tahaˈɾũʔũ
give ɨˈwɨt
have sex hiˈtʃinuas
here ˈhiɾwas
hit ˈpɨwas
I am bathing kun inˈtsukwas
jaguar miˈala
leaf iˈɾapi
little woman aslantaˈnia
little, a little bit iˈʃikta
masato, yuca beer nutˈnɨt
monk saki monkey sp. kʷɨˈɾiɾi
mosquito wiˈʃala
no ˈtʃahtaɾ
non-indigenous person ˈpaɾi
penis jatˈhaka
pepper aˈlaha
potato variety jaunaˈhi
milahˈneke
see uˈkaik
snake auˈʔek
siˈaʔa
stingray sp. hamˈham
stingray sp. makɾaˈlasi
sugar cane raiwãˈʔãk
sun, moon, God akɾeˈwak
aslʲaˈʔãũ
ˈsahi
tree ˈau
ɾaˈkãʔõ
? niˈkʲaw

Table comparing Aiwa (Tequiraca) with Waorani, Iquito, and Maijiki (mã́ḯhˈkì; Orejón) from Michael & Beier (2012):[6]

gloss Aiwa (aˈʔɨwa) Maijiki (mã́ḯhˈkì)
ɾaˈkãʔõ ˈɨɾæ̃ anitáaki bɨ́ɾɨ́
ˈsahi ˈtitæ pɨsɨ́kɨ békɨ́
iˈhaɾa ˈãmũ kaáʃi káókwã̀
deer atɾiˈwaʔ koˈwãnʲɪ ʃikʲáaha nʲámà, bósá
milahˈneke ˈæ̃wæ̃ anápa
mosquito wiˈʃala ˈgʲijɪ anaáʃi mɨ́tè
(my) mother (kun) ˈama ˈbaɾã áni, (ki) niatíha (jì) hàkò, bɨ́ákò
(my) father (kun) ha ˈmæ̃mpo ákɨ, (ki) kakɨ́ha (jì) hàkɨ̀, bɨ́ákɨ̀
person, compatriot aˈʔɨwa waɨɤˈɾãni árata ɨyáana mã́ĩ́
(my) husband (kun) aˈʃap nãnɨˈɡæ̃ŋã ahaáha, (ki) níjaaka (jì) ɨ̃́hɨ̃́
head ˈhuti ɨˈkabu ánaka tʃṍbɨ̀
ear ʃuˈɾala ɨ̃nɨ̃ˈmɨ̃ŋka túuku ɡã́hòɾò
breast aˈkiʃ ɤɨˈɨ̃mæ̃ ʃipɨɨ́ha óhéjò
pepper (hot or sweet) aˈlaha ˈɡʲĩmũ napɨ́ki bíà
cotton nuiˈnui ˈdajɨ̃ sɨ́wɨ jɨ́í
leaf iˈɾapi ɨ̃ˈnʲabu, ɨdʲɨ̃ iímɨ, naámɨ hàò
aˈlaʔa pæ̃ˈæ̃næ̃ samúkʷaati ò
corn suˈkala kaˈɤĩŋɨ̃ siíkiraha béà
cooking fire asˈkʷãwa ˈɡɨ̃ŋa iinámi tóà
canoe aˈtɾewa ˈwipu iímina jóù
house atˈku, atˈkua ˈɨ̃ŋkɨ̃ íita
firewood wiɾuˈkawa tɪ̃ˈnɪ̃wæ̃ háraki héká
yuca or corn beer nutˈnɨt ˈtɪpæ̃ itíniiha gónó
stone nuˈklahi ˈdika sawíha ɨ́nò, ɡɨ́nò
sun akreˈwak ˈnæ̃ŋkɪ nunamíja mã́ĩ̀
small iˈʃikta ˈɡʲiijã sɨsanuríka jàɾì
what? iˈkiɾi kʲĩnɨ̃ saáka ɨ̃́ɡè
where? ˈnahɾi æjɨ̃ˈmɨ̃nɨ̃ tɨɨ́ti káɾó
no ˈtʃahtar ˈwĩĩ kaa -mà
come! sik, ˈsikʷas ˈpũɪ aníma dáímà

Loukotka (1968)

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Auishiri.[1]

gloss Auishiri
one ismáwa
two kismáõ
head a-waréke
eye o-toroã
woman aslané
fire yaháong
sun akroák
maize sukála
house atkúa
white sukeé

Sources

Earlier lexical sources

Notes and References

  1. Book: Loukotka, Čestmír . Čestmír Loukotka . Classification of South American Indian languages . registration . UCLA Latin American Center . 1968 . Los Angeles.
  2. Web site: Cabeceras Aid Project Winter 2010 Update . 14 April 2013.
  3. Book: Epps . Patience . Michael . Lev . Amazonian Languages: Language Isolates. Volume I: Aikanã to Kandozi-Chapra . Walter de Gruyter . Berlin . 2023 . 978-3-11-041940-5.
  4. Jolkesky . Marcelo Pinho de Valhery . 2016 . Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas . Ph.D. dissertation . Brasília . University of Brasília . 2.
  5. Book: Language in the Andes. Cole. Peter. Hermon. Gabriella. Martin. Mario Daniel. Latin American Studies. 1994. United States of America. 301–317.
  6. Michael, Lev and Christine Beier. 2012. Phonological sketch and classification of Aʔɨwa [ISO 639: ash]. Paper presented at the 2012 Winter meeting of the Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas (SSILA), Portland, OR, January 6, 2012.