| Type: | penumbral |
| Date: | August 18, 2016 |
| Gamma: | 1.559 |
| Magnitude: | −0.9925 |
| Saros Ser: | 109 |
| Saros No: | 72 of 72 |
| Penumbral: | 33 minutes, 36 seconds |
| P1: | 9:25:36 |
| Greatest: | 9:42:24 |
| P4: | 9:59:12 |
| Previous: | March 2016 |
| Next: | September 2016 |
A penumbral lunar eclipse occurred at the Moon’s descending node of orbit on Thursday, August 18, 2016,[1] with an umbral magnitude of −0.9925. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves into the Earth's shadow, causing the Moon to be darkened. A penumbral lunar eclipse occurs when part or all of the Moon's near side passes into the Earth's penumbra. Unlike a solar eclipse, which can only be viewed from a relatively small area of the world, a lunar eclipse may be viewed from anywhere on the night side of Earth. Occurring about 3.4 days before perigee (on August 21, 2016, at 21:20 UTC), the Moon's apparent diameter was larger.[2]
The HM National Almanac Office's online canon of eclipses lists this event as the last eclipse on Saros Series 109, while NASA lists August 8, 1998 as the last eclipse of the series, and has this event missing the shadow.
This eclipse grazed the northern boundary of the Earth's penumbral shadow. The event lasted 33 minutes and 36 seconds, beginning at 9:25 UTC and ending at 9:59. This produced a maximum penumbral magnitude of 0.0166. Eclipses of such small magnitudes are visually imperceptible; a penumbral magnitude of approximately 0.6 is required for even skilled observers to detect.
The Earth's penumbral shadow is larger than would be expected from simple geometry, a phenomenon first observed by Philippe de La Hire in 1707. The precise amount of enlargement varies over time for reasons which are not fully understood, but likely involve the amount of dust in certain layers of the Earth's atmosphere. Various eclipse almanacs have used different assumptions about the magnitude of this effect, resulting in disagreement about the predicted duration of lunar eclipses or, in the case of penumbral eclipses of very short duration, whether the eclipse will occur at all.
In 1989, NASA published a lunar eclipse almanac that predicted a short penumbral lunar eclipse to occur on 18 August 2016. However, the French almanac Connaissance des Temps used more conservative assumptions about the size of the Earth's shadow and did not predict an eclipse to occur at all. The Bureau des Longitudes in France continued to refine their lunar eclipse models; NASA's 2009 edition of its lunar eclipse almanac was based on their values, which effectively reclassified nine eclipses between 1801 and 2300 as non-events, including the one in August 2016.
Some resources, including the HM Nautical Almanac Office's online canon of eclipses, continued to list the 18 August 2016 event. Despite not appearing in NASA's printed lists of eclipses since the 2009 revision, AccuWeather reported the upcoming eclipse and projected this was the final member of Lunar Saros 109.
The eclipse was completely visible over Australia, North and South America, and Antarctica, seen rising over western Australia and northeast Asia and setting over eastern North and South America.[3]
See also: Eclipse cycle. This eclipse is part of an eclipse season, a period, roughly every six months, when eclipses occur. Only two (or occasionally three) eclipse seasons occur each year, and each season lasts about 35 days and repeats just short of six months (173 days) later; thus two full eclipse seasons always occur each year. Either two or three eclipses happen each eclipse season. In the sequence below, each eclipse is separated by a fortnight. The first and last eclipse in this sequence is separated by one synodic month.
According to some sources, this was the last lunar eclipse of Saros cycle 109, and was eclipse 72 in that series. There are many ways to determine the boundaries of Earth's shadow. One model was revised and this eclipse was classified a non-event by that model. Some eclipse sites decided to follow those calculations which meant Saros 109 now includes 71 events, with the last occurring on 8 August 1998.