August 1943 Explained

The following events occurred in August 1943:

August 1, 1943 (Sunday)

• Operation Tidal Wave began as a group of 177 American B-24 Liberator bombers, with 1,726 total crew, departed from Libya to make the first bombing of the oil refineries at Ploieşti, Romania, the major supplier of fuel to Germany. The mission temporarily halted oil production, but 532 airmen and 54 of the planes were lost. After a 40% loss of production, the refineries would be repaired more quickly than projected.^[1] Germany's Radio Reconnaissance Service had intercepted and decrypted the Allied messages about the raid and the departure from Libya, and anti-aircraft defenses were in place despite the low-level approach of the bombers.^[2]

• Japan granted "independence" to Burma, which had been a British colony at the time of its invasion and occupation by the Japanese Army. Ba Maw was installed as the head of state, (designated the Adipadi), although the commander of the Japanese Army forces in Burma, Lieutenant-General Kawabe Masakazu, would continue to oversee Burma's politics, economy, and foreign relations.^[3]
• Rioting broke out in Harlem, the mostly African-American section of New York City, after a white NYPD officer, James Collins, shot a black soldier, Private Robert Bandy, in the shoulder during a scuffle.^[4] When an ambulance took Bandy to a hospital, a false rumor spread that the soldier had been killed, and a mob began smashing the windows of pawn shops, liquor stores and other white-owned Harlem businesses. The riot was finally suppressed by black and white NYPD officers, state national guardsmen, and military policemen, along with an appeal from Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia for peace and a delivery of food supplies to Harlem residents. When the riot ended, six African-Americans had died, and more than 500 arrested, while 40 officers had been injured.^[5]
• William D. Becker, the Mayor of St. Louis, Missouri, was killed along with nine other people while riding as an honored guest in a new cargo-carrying glider airplane at an airshow at the city's Lambert Field airport. A crowd of 10,000 watched in horror as the wings of the glider buckled as it descended to 2,000 feet, then plummeted to the ground. Killed also were Major William B. Robertson, President of the Robertson Aircraft Corporation, which had built the glider; St. Louis County Judge Executive Henry Mueller; and Thomas Dysart, President of the St. Louis Chamber of Commerce.^[6]
• The German submarines U-383 and U-454 were both depth charged and sunk in the Bay of Biscay by Allied aircraft.
• Died:
  • The Blessed Martyrs of Nowogródek, eleven Roman Catholic nuns led by Mother Superior Maria Stella Mardosewicz, were executed by a Nazi firing squad in German-occupied Poland, after volunteering to take the place of local men who had been scheduled for execution. The eleven would be beatified by the Church in 2000.^[7]
  • Lydia Litvyak, 21, Soviet fighter ace who shot down at least 11 German airplanes. She is one of two women who were "aces", the other being Yekaterina Budanova, who died on July 19. Litvyak's remains would be found in 1979, and she would be posthumously awarded the medal of Hero of the Soviet Union in 1990.^[8]

August 2, 1943 (Monday)

• Jewish inmates at the Treblinka extermination camp in Poland seized weapons from the camp's armory and made plans to take over the concentration camp from their captors. The theft was discovered before the inmates had enough to completely overpower the guards, but hundreds charged through the main gate, and 300 managed to escape.^[9] A few guards were killed, and the rebels set several buildings ablaze, though most of the escapees were hunted down and killed, with no more than 40 surviving.^{[10] [11]}

• At 2:00 am local time, the U.S. Navy patrol torpedo boat PT-109, with a crew of 13 commanded by Lieutenant (j.g.) John F. Kennedy, was traveling through the Blackett Strait in the Solomon Islands, when it was rammed and sunk by the Japanese destroyer Amagiri. Though two of the crew were killed, Kennedy and the other ten men swam three miles to a small island and then to Olasana Island, both of which were uninhabited.^[12] Kennedy and Ensign George H. R. Ross would make their way to Naru Island where they were found by natives Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana who delivered a message that Kennedy had carved on a coconut to the PT base at Rendova Island. The PT-109 survivors were rescued on August 8, and Kennedy received the Navy and Marine Corps Medal for his heroism.^[13]
• Soviet partisan fighters began using a new weapon, land mines made of plastic, to fight the German occupiers. Reportedly, the partisans placed 8,422 of the mines along railway tracks in the Belarusian SSR.^[14]
• The German submarine U-106 was depth charged and sunk northwest of Cape Ortegal, Spain by Short Sunderland aircraft of No. 228 Squadron RAF.
• Born: Max Wright, American TV actor who portrayed Willie Tanner on ALF (d. 2019), in Detroit

August 3, 1943 (Tuesday)

• Operation Rumyantsev began as the Soviet Army started an offensive against the German XI Corps to recapture Kharkov.^[15]
• The Mirgorod direction offensive began.
• The U.S. state of Georgia lowered the legal voting age from 21 to 18, becoming the first state in the union to grant 18-year-olds the right to vote. The amendment to the state constitution was one of 28 that was approved in a referendum.^[16]

• General George S. Patton was visiting the 15th Evacuation Hospital in Nicosia, Cyprus, when he encountered Private Charles H. Kuhl, who was in the hospital for malaria and dysentery as well as for shell shock. Patton asked Private Kuhl what he was in for, and Kuhl replied, "I guess I just can't take it." Patton lost his temper and struck Kuhl with his gloves. On August 10, Patton would strike another soldier, and the incidents became public knowledge.^[17]
• The German submarines U-335, U-572 and U-706 were all lost to enemy action.
• Born:
  • • • Clarence Wijewardena, Sri Lankan pop musician (d. 1996), in Haputale Steven Millhauser, American novelist, in New York City

August 4, 1943 (Wednesday)

• British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and his cabinet ministers made what one commentator would call "one of his most important but least known decisions", electing not to ship British wheat to the colony in India, "thereby condemning hundreds of thousands, or possibly millions, of people to death by starvation". At the time, there was a famine in the Bengal province (now Bangladesh).^[18]
• At the German V-2 rocket plant at Peenemünde, the decision was made to employ concentration camp inmates as slave labor to build the missiles. For every non-Jewish German employee, there would be at least ten camp inmates supplied by the SS.^[19]
• The Battle of Munda Point ended in U.S. victory.
• The German submarine U-489 was depth charged and sunk in the North Atlantic by a Consolidated PBY Catalina of No. 423 Squadron RCAF.
• In the port of Algiers, the cargo ship Fort La Montee caught fire and exploded. The British destroyer HMS Arrow took heavy damage from the explosion and was later declared a constructive total loss.
• The Progressive Conservatives under George Drew defeated the Liberal government of Premier Harry Nixon in a general election, winning a minority government. The result began forty-two years of uninterrupted government by the Tories in the Canadian province of Ontario. The election is also notable for a breakthrough by the social democratic Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, led by Ted Jolliffe.
• Born:
  • Bjørn Wirkola, Norwegian ski jumper, and winner of two World Championships in 1966
  • Margaret Lee, British-born actress who became a star in Italian action films such as Se tutte le donne del mondo (released in the U.S. as Kiss the Girls and Make Them Die); as Margaret Gwendolyn Box, in Wolverhampton (d. 2024)

August 5, 1943 (Thursday)

• Jean Monnet's thoughts on the future: "There will be no peace in Europe if States reestablish themselves on the basis of national sovereignty …….the countries of Europe are too small to give their peoples the prosperity that is now available." During the Second World War, Jean Monnet, a member of the French Committee for National Liberation in Algiers, reflected on how to restore lasting peace and ensure the economic reconstruction of Europe once the war is over.
• The United States Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs) was formed, consolidating the Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron (WAFS) and Women Airforce Service Pilots (WFTD).^[20]
• John F. Kennedy and his crewmates from PT-109 were found by two Solomon Islands coastwatchers, Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana, who arrived at Nauru in a dugout canoe, and then paddled back to Olasana Island to bring rescuers.^[21] Nearly fifty years later, National Geographic News would note that "Without the heroic efforts of two local South Pacific scouts, Lt. John F. Kennedy likely would never have made it to the end of World War II, much less the U.S. Presidency."^[22]
• Soviet troops recaptured the city of Orel from German forces after a 23-day battle.^[23]
• The German submarine U-34 collided at Memel with the submarine tender Lech and sank with the loss of four of 43 crew.
• Died: Eva-Maria Buch, 22, and Rose Schlösinger, 36, German members of Die Rote Kapelle ("The Red Orchestra"), a resistance group, were executed in Berlin.

August 6, 1943 (Friday)

• The Battle of Vella Gulf was fought over the night of August 6–7. The result was a U.S. victory as the Japanese destroyers Arashi, Hagikaze and Kawakaze were all sunk.
• The Munda Airfield was captured by American forces, giving the United States control of the island of New Georgia.^[24]
• The Battle of Troina ended in Allied victory.
• The liquidation of the Vilna Ghetto, where the Jewish residents of the city of Vilnius (in Lithuania) had been confined, began. The Nazi occupiers of the Soviet Union removed the first 1,000 of the 50,000 Jewish residents, with 20,000 of the adults transported to Estonia to work as slave labor at the concentration camps in Klooga and Lagedi. The Germans encountered resistance during the first deportation, and after killing those who had taken up arms, sent Estonian Jew Herman Kruk to convince residents that the deportation "meant not extermination but work"^[25] Kruk himself would die in the Lagedi camp on September 18, 1944.
• U.S. Army Private Walter J. Bohn, convicted of the January 8 rape of a housewife in Alexandria, Louisiana, was hanged at nearby Camp Claiborne after being found guilty by a military court.^[26]

August 7, 1943 (Saturday)

• The Second Battle of Smolensk began on the Eastern Front.
• On the first anniversary of the beginning of the U.S. battle in the south Pacific Ocean against Japanese forces, and almost two years to the day before the bombing of Hiroshima, U.S. Navy Admiral William F. Halsey Jr. told a press conference that "We will destroy the enemy. We shall push forward until the Battle of the South Pacific becomes the Battle of Japan."^[27]
• The German submarines U-84, U-117 and U-615 were all lost to enemy action.

August 8, 1943 (Sunday)

• The United States Army barred the taking of photos at all beach resorts on the Atlantic Ocean, and even painting or sketching beach scenes, as part of defense of the eastern United States. Civilian violators could be barred from the going to the coast, or even subjected to trial in a military court, "for violating or conspiring to violate regulations".^[28]
• U.S. troops landed at St. Agata, Sicily.^[29]
• The German Kriegsmarine battleships Tirpitz and Scharnhorst with nine destroyers bombarded the settlements of Longyearbyen, Barentsburg and Grumant on Spitsbergen.^[30]

August 9, 1943 (Monday)

• The United States signed a military assistance treaty with Ethiopia, which had been liberated from control of Italy in 1941.^[31]
• The German submarine U-664 was sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by two American Grumman TBM Avenger aircraft from the escort carrier Card.
• Died:
  • Franz Jägerstätter, 36, Austrian farmer and conscientious objector to conscription into the German Army, was executed. He would later be beatified by the Roman Catholic Church in 2007.;^[32]
  • Chaïm Soutine, 50, Belarusian-born French expressionist painter, of a perforated ulcer

August 10, 1943 (Tuesday)

• For the second time in a week, General George S. Patton Jr., struck a U.S. Army soldier after losing his temper. This time, his encounter was with Private Paul G. Bennet at the 93rd Evacuation Hospital in San Stefano, in Sicily. Patton asked Bennet what he was ill with, and Bennet, suffering from shell shock, replied, "It's my nerves... I can't stand the shelling anymore." According to a medical officer who witnessed the attack, General Patton replied, "Your nerves, hell. You're just a God-damned coward, you yellow son of a bitch!" and then slapped him.^[17] The second incident was witnessed by a nurse, who told her boyfriend, a U.S. Army Captain in the public affairs detachment for the U.S. Seventh Army, and would make news worldwide when it became public three months later. Although demands would be made by members of Congress for General Patton to be relieved of duty, Patton would instead be reprimanded and would be made to apologize to both soldiers.
• Born:
  • Louis E. Brus, American chemist, recipient of the 2023 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, in Cleveland, Ohio.
  • Ronnie Spector, American vocalist and leader of The Ronettes, as Veronica Yvette Bennett in New York City (d. 2022).

August 11, 1943 (Wednesday)

• Pulling back from the Soviet Union, Adolf Hitler ordered the creation of the "Eastern Wall", a line of defense on the eastern side of the Reichskommissariat Ostland, the German-occupied territory in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia.^[25]
• The German submarines U-468, U-525 and U-604 were all lost to enemy action in the Atlantic Ocean.
• The Technicolor comedy film Heaven Can Wait starring Gene Tierney and Don Ameche was released.
• Born:
  • Pervez Musharraf, President of Pakistan (2001–2008); in Delhi, British India (d. 2023)
    • • Kenneth Gamble, American songwriter of the Gamble and Huff team that was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2008, in Philadelphia Abigail Folger, American heiress who would become one of the seven victims of the 1969 Tate-La Bianca murders; in San Francisco (d. 1969)

August 12, 1943 (Thursday)

• German troops evacuated Sicily.
• In a recorded radio address that was broadcast to the Philippines on the anniversary of the August 12, 1898 occupation by the United States, U.S. President Roosevelt said that "I give the Filipino people my word that the Republic of the Philippines will be established the moment the power of our Japanese enemies is destroyed." Joaquin Elizalde, the Philippines' Resident Commissioner in Washington, told reporters that he concluded that Roosevelt meant that independence would come sooner than the scheduled independence date of July 4, 1946, although that would require an amendment to the Tydings-McDuffie Act.^[33] By the time liberation was declared on July 5, 1945, the transition time would be only a year away.
• Albanian Resistance fighters executed the Kurtës Ambush, inflicting heavy losses on German troops.
• The Polish resistance movement Armia Krajowa (the "Home Army") carried out Operation Góral. In a midday raid, the resistance men ambushed a truck and recovered around 106 million złotys being transported in Warsaw by the occupying Nazi German authorities.^[34] The amount taken was the equivalent in 1943 of US$33,000,000 .^[35]
• The musical horror film Phantom of the Opera starring Nelson Eddy, Susanna Foster and Claude Rains premiered in Los Angeles.
• Died: Bobby Peel, 84, British cricketer

August 13, 1943 (Friday)

• After two weeks of warnings to Italy from the Allies, that "The respite is over. The bombing of military objectives will resume"^[36] air raids resumed. Britain's Royal Air Force dropped tons of incendiary bombs on Milan and Turin in the early morning, as well as making the first bombing run on Berlin since May 21. Shortly after 11:00 am local time, American bombers began an even heavier attack on Rome than the one delivered on July 19, and continued for two hours of precision bombing on the railway yards at San Lorenzo and Vittorio.^[37] American Liberator bombers struck German Austria for the first time, targeting the Messerschmitt arms plant at Wiener Neustadt south of Vienna, "demonstrating to a bomb-jittery Germany that virtually no corner of its domain is now beyond the range of Allied aircraft".^[38]
• Died: Jakob Gapp, 46, Austrian Roman Catholic martyr, was executed at the Plötzensee Prison after being convicted of treason against the Nazi regime. He would receive beatification on November 24, 1996 from Pope John Paul II.^[39]

August 14, 1943 (Saturday)

• American Liberator bombers flew a record distance, traveling 2,500 miles from Australia to carry out the first bombing raid on the island of Borneo, striking the Japanese oil reserves at Balikpapan.^[40]
• A day after the second bombing of the Italian capital, Rome was declared an open city by the Italian government, which made the announcement in a radio broadcast by Stetani, the official news agency. Marshal Pietro Badoglio, the Italian Prime Minister confirmed the decision later in the day, offering to remove the city's defenses, under the supervision of the Allies, in exchange for no further bombing.^[41]
• The Battle of Roosevelt Ridge ended in Allied victory.
• The Battle of Belgorod ended in Soviet victory.
• Construction was completed on the 1,811 mile long Big Inch pipeline, which supplied petroleum directly from the oil fields of East Texas, to the shipping ports of New York City and Philadelphia. The project had started on August 3, 1942.^[42]
• The British submarine Saracen was damaged by depth charges from Italian corvettes off Bastia, Corsica and scuttled to prevent capture.
• The musical comedy film This Is the Army starring George Murphy, Joan Leslie and Ronald Reagan was released.
• Born: Néstor Cerpa Cartolini, Peruvian terrorist who led the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement from 1985 until he was killed in a shootout with police; in Lima (d. 1997)

August 15, 1943 (Sunday)

• United States and Canadian troops, prepared for heavy resistance, invaded Kiska and were surprised to find the island deserted. Japan had taken control of the island, part of Alaska, shortly after the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor.^{[43] [44]} Although there was no resistance, four American soldiers were killed by mines left behind by the Japanese, and 24 were killed by friendly fire, "shot by mistake by their own comrades in the heavy Kiska fog".^[45]
• The Land Battle of Vella Lavella began.
• A Polish unit of the Uderzeniowe Bataliony Kadrowe conducted the Raid on Mittenheide.
• Born: Barbara Bouchet, German-born American actress, as Barbara Goutscher in Reichenberg, Sudetenland, Germany (now Liberec in the Czech Republic)

August 16, 1943 (Monday)

• The Białystok Ghetto Uprising began soon after 10:00 in the morning, the German SS surrounded the Jewish ghetto in the city of Bialystok in German-occupied Poland, to begin deportation of the thousands of residents to concentration camps. As the roundup began, the Jewish underground force took up arms and began fighting back. The battle went on for five days before the Germans were able to suppress the insurrection. Most of the leaders of the revolt committed suicide rather than being captured.^[46]
• Born: Arlene Render, American diplomat, in Cleveland

August 17, 1943 (Tuesday)

• The Quebec Conference opened in Quebec City, Canada with Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and William Lyon Mackenzie King in attendance.
• The US 7th Army, commanded by General George S. Patton, met the British 8th Army led by General Bernard Montgomery in Messina, completing the Allied invasion of Sicily.^[47]
• Allied artillery in Messina began shelling the Italian mainland.
• The U.S. Army Air Force carried out the Schweinfurt–Regensburg mission, its first strategic air raid on German war production, attacking the ball-bearing factory at Schweinfurt, and the Messerschmitt airplane manufacturing at Regensburg. General Ira C. Eaker, who commanded the Eighth U.S. Army Bomber force, made what Nazi official Albert Speer would later call "a crucial mistake", dividing the 376 American B-17 bombers into two groups, rather than concentrating on destroying the Schweinfurt factory, where production was cut by one-third, but continued.^[48] Sixty of the bombers were shot down, and 550 flyers were killed or captured.^[49]
• The USAAF Fifth Air Force began the five-day Bombing of Wewak on the mainland of New Guinea.
• The Battle off Horaniu was fought over the night of August 17–18. The Japanese lost four auxiliary ships in the naval battle but successfully evacuated 9,000 troops from Kolombangara.
• Born:
  • • • Robert De Niro, American film actor, in New York City Yukio Kasaya, Japanese ski jumper, and 1972 Olympic gold medalist, in Yoichi, Hokkaido (d. 2024)

August 18, 1943 (Wednesday)

• In Operation Hydra, three waves of Royal Air Force bombers struck Peenemünde. Eight RAF bombers were sent toward Berlin to divert German air defenses.^[50] General Jeschonnek shot himself the next day after learning about the damage.^[51]
• U.S. President Roosevelt issued an Executive Order directing the cancellation of draft deferments for any striking defense plant employees who failed to comply with War Labor Board orders to return to work.^[52]
• The Battle of Mount Tambu ended in Allied victory.
• The last of 46,000 Greek people, mostly Jewish, who had been deported from Salonika, arrived at the Auschwitz extermination camp. Deportation had started on March 20, with 18 transports emptying the Italian-controlled city over five months.^[53]
• The German submarine U-403 was depth charged and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by a Vickers Wellington of No. 344 Squadron RAF.
• Born: Gianni Rivera, Italian footballer and 1969 European Footballer of the Year; in Alessandria

August 19, 1943 (Thursday)

• The Quadrant Conference between the Chiefs of Staff of the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada, continued in Quebec City with the signing of the Quebec Agreement by U.S. President Roosevelt, U.K. Prime Minister Churchill, and Canadian Prime Minister King.^[54] The terms of the pact, officially titled Articles of Agreement Governing Collaboration between the Authorities of the USA and the UK in the Matter of Tube Alloys, would remain secret until 1954. "Tube alloys" was a codename for atomic weapons.^[55] The nations agreed to combine their atomic physicists and researchers to develop the atomic bomb, and not use the weapon against any other nation without joint consent.^[56]
• Secret negotiations began in Lisbon between General Giuseppe Castellano and the Allies to discuss an Italian surrender.^[57]
• The Battle of Bobdubi ended in Allied victory.
• The Japanese submarine I-17 was sunk off Noumea by the New Zealand minesweeper Tui and American Vought OS2U Kingfisher aircraft.
• A three-story Congoleum Nairn factory, in Kearny, New Jersey, was leveled by a chemical explosion, killing 12 people inside who were buried under tons of rubble.^[58]
• Died: German Army Colonel-General Hans Jeschonnek, 44, Chief of Staff of the Luftwaffe, by suicide after the attack on Peenemünde.

August 20, 1943 (Friday)

• Japan and Thailand signed a peace treaty, in which four provinces of Japanese-occupied British Malaya (Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan and Trengganu) were to be made part of Thailand. Thai administration would begin on October 18.^[59]
• Soviet Major General P. V. Bogdanov, who had collaborated with the enemy after being captured by the German Army, was recaptured and turned over to the Soviet counter-intelligence service, SMERSH. Bogdanov would be executed, along with five other former Red Army generals, on April 19, 1950.^[60]
• The German submarine U-197 was sunk in the Indian Ocean by a PBY Catalina of No. 265 Squadron RAF; on the same day, the German submarine U-670 sank in the Bay of Danzig after a collision with the target ship Bulkoburg.

August 21, 1943 (Saturday)

• Voters in Australia kept the incumbent government and Prime Minister John Curtin retained his office, as his Australian Labor Party won 49 of the 74 seats in the House of Representatives^[61] and 19 of the 36 seats in the Senate^[62]
• U.S. President Roosevelt and Canadian Prime Minister King announced jointly from a meeting in Quebec City that their nations' troops had recaptured Kiska, "the last vestige of North American territory of Japanese forces. island of American territory in Alaska. "For security reasons, this announcement has been withheld pending the unloading of transports," the statement said.^[43] The recapture of Kiska removed the last base from which Japan could attack the 48 United States, and gave the U.S. a large base from which Japan's home islands could be bombed.^[63]
• The Bombing of Wewak ended in U.S. victory.
• "In the Blue of Evening" by Tommy Dorsey and His Orchestra topped the Billboard singles chart.
• Born: Sylvester McCoy, Scottish TV actor and seventh to play the role of Doctor Who (1987-1989); as Percy Kent-Smith in Dunoon
• Died:
  • • • Henrik Pontoppidan, 66, Danish novelist and co-winner of the 1917 Nobel Prize for Literature William Lyon Phelps, 78, American author and literary critic nicknamed "Billy Phelps" by his colleagues at Yale University.

August 22, 1943 (Sunday)

• Andrei Gromyko was named as the new Soviet ambassador to the United States, as part of a surprise announcement that longtime ambassador Maxim Litvinov was being removed from the post. Litvinov had departed Washington in May after Joseph Stalin summoned him back to Moscow.^[64]
• The identity of "Gertie from Berlin", who broadcast Nazi propaganda to English-speaking radio listeners, was revealed by the FBI to be Gertrude Hahn, an American citizen and native of Pittsburgh. Miss Hahn, who had moved to Berlin in 1938 when her father decided to return the family to Germany, had grown up in Mount Oliver, Pennsylvania.^[65]
• The Uniting Islamic Society of America was formed after a four-day meeting in Newark, New Jersey, organized by Sunni Muslims led by Wali Akram.^[66]

August 23, 1943 (Monday)

• Bomber Command of the R.A.F. smashed Berlin in the heaviest and most concentrated attack the capital of Germany had ever experienced (50 minutes, 1700 tons of bombs).
• Premier Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union announced that the recapture of Kharkov from German occupiers had ended the Battle of Kursk with a serious strategic defeat for the German forces. Kharkov, the fourth largest city in the U.S.S.R., was the last major enemy base on the southern frontier.^[67] The Soviet Navy newspaper Red Fleet revealed the discovery of several previously unknown types of German explosive devices that had been left behind by forces fleeing from the Soviets. Some, found in Mtsensk, were time bombs that set to go off as late as 45 days after being set, while others were photo-sensitive, using an "electric eye" to trigger a blast as soon as the mine was brought out of a shadow. Others, discovered in Bryansk were camouflaged to look like swamp plants, or concealed inside chimneys.^[68]
• Born: Bobby Diamond, American child actor best known as "Joey" on the TV western Fury; in Los Angeles (d. 2019)

August 24, 1943 (Tuesday)

• The Battle of the Dnieper began on the Eastern Front when Soviet forces began a new offensive to recover the eastern bank of the Dnieper.

• Heinrich Himmler, the commander of the Gestapo, was named Reichsminister of the Interior in Germany, after Adolf Hitler removed Wilhelm Frick from the post. Frick was reassigned to become the Protector of Bohemia and Moravia, replacing Konstantin von Neurath as Germany's overseer of the "protectorate".^[69]
• The Quebec Conference ended.
• The German submarines U-134 and U-185 were lost in the Atlantic Ocean to enemy action.
• Died: Simone Weil, 34, French philosopher and feminist activist, of tuberculosis

August 25, 1943 (Wednesday)

• Lord Mountbatten, Royal Navy Vice-Admiral and leader of the British Commandos in the Pacific War, was named by the Allies as the Supreme Allied Commander of Southeast Asia. Mountbatten would conduct the Allied war effort against Japan in coordination with the Supreme Allied Commander in the Southwest Pacific operations, U.S. Army General Douglas MacArthur.^[70]
• The Mirgorod direction offensive ended in Soviet victory.
• Germany used glide bombs for the first time against Allied vessels, but this new weapon's success would be limited.
• The German submarine U-523 was depth charged and sunk in the Bay of Biscay by British warships.

August 26, 1943 (Thursday)

• An unprecedented $800,000,000 worth of United States War Bonds were sold as advertising and tickets for an exhibition baseball game that brought out seven of the then twelve living members of the Baseball Hall of Fame, with (Babe Ruth, Walter Johnson, Tris Speaker, Honus Wagner, Eddie Collins, George Sisler, and Connie Mack as the manager) and four more who would be voted in later (Frankie Frisch, Harry Hooper, Roger Bresnahan and umpire Bill Klem). As the "New York All-Stars", also referred to as the "Yanks-Giants-Dodgers" the players beat New Cumberland, a U.S. Army Service team, 5–2.^[71] The event, sponsored by the New York Herald-American newspaper, also had entertainment from James Cagney, Ethel Merman, Cab Calloway, Milton Berle, Joe E. Lewis, Carole Landis and Ralph Bellamy.^[72] The 800 million dollars was equivalent to 10.7 billion dollars in 2013.^[73]
• The Soviet Union and Egypt first established diplomatic relations.^[74]
• Died: Ted Ray, 66, British professional golfer who won the British Open in 1912 and the U.S. Open in 1920

August 27, 1943 (Friday)

• The German rocket Henschel Hs 293 struck, and sank, the British ship HMS Egret, marking the first successful attack by a guided missile.^[75]
• The USS Eldridge, was commissioned for the U.S. Navy. The destroyer escort would become part of American folklore as the subject of the supposed Philadelphia Experiment. According to a variation of the legend, the Eldridge was made temporarily invisible.^[76]
• Albert Lebrun, who had been President of France at the time of that nation's surrender to Nazi Germany, was arrested by the German Gestapo, while André François-Poncet, the former French ambassador to Germany, was arrested in a separate action.^[77]
• The drama film Watch on the Rhine starring Bette Davis and Paul Lukas premiered at the Strand Theatre in New York City.^[78]
• Born: Tuesday Weld, American film and TV actress, as Susan Ker Weld in New York City

August 28, 1943 (Saturday)

• King Boris III of Bulgaria died at the age of 49, two weeks after his August 14 meeting in Berlin with German Chancellor Adolf Hitler, and only four days after suddenly becoming ill.^[79] His 6-year-old son ascended to the throne as Simeon II, with power to be executed by a regency made up of a council of ministers.^[80] Simeon II would be the last King of Bulgaria, forced out of office with the abolition of the monarchy on September 8, 1946, but would return to power in 2001 as Simeon Sakskoburggotski, Prime Minister of Bulgaria.^[81]
• The Danish government resigned rather than obey a German demand to prosecute suspected saboteurs in German military courts.^[82]
• The German submarine U-639 was torpedoed and sunk in the Kara Sea by Soviet submarine S-101.
• Born:
  • • • • • Surayud Chulanont, Prime Minister of Thailand 2006–2008, in Prachinburi Lou Piniella, American baseball player and manager; in Tampa David Soul, American-British actor and singer, in Chicago (d. 2024)

August 29, 1943 (Sunday)

• As the occupation of Denmark by Germany continued, occupying military forces dissolved the nation's government, which had refused to respond to a wave of strikes and disturbances. King Christian X and Prime Minister Erik Scavenius were placed under arrest, and General Hermann von Hanneken of the German Army declared martial law. Danish crews, mostly at Copenhagen, scuttled thirty-two warships, including the armored defense ship Peder Skram, nine submarines, two new destroyers and two torpedo boats. The other armored cruiser, the Niels Iuel, was sunk by German bombers after Danes took control of it and attempted to take it toward Sweden. Four smaller Danish patrol ships successfully escaped to Sweden and docked at Malmö.^{[83] [84]}
• The Soviet Voronezh Front captured the Ukrainian city of Liubotyn.^[85]
• A PV-1 Ventura bomber with a crew of six U.S. Navy members, disappeared after taking off from Whidbey Island NAS on a training flight in the U.S. state of Washington.^[86] The Ventura bomber was not discovered until more than 51 years later, when a hiker found the wreckage on the high Mount Baker at an altitude of about .^[87]

August 30, 1943 (Monday)

• Twenty-seven people were killed and 46 seriously injured in the collision of a Lackawanna Railroad passenger train and a freight train. Most of the casualties resulted from being scalded by steam and boiling water. The collision took place near Wayland, New York, when the freight engine's crew disregarded signals and pulled into the path of the Buffalo to New York Limited express, which was traveling at 70 miles an hour. Windows on the fifth coach were broken when a steam cylinder on the freight engine burst, sending boiling water onto the passengers inside.^[88]
• Germany's Ministry of Transport issued an order banning non-business use of horse-drawn vehicles, confining drivers, horses and carts to "work of war importance".^[89]
• The German submarine U-634 was depth charged and sunk east of the Azores by British warships.
• Born:
  • • • • • • • Jean-Claude Killy, French alpine skier, 1968 Olympic gold medalist and 1966 and 1968 world champion; in Saint-Cloud Robert Crumb, American cartoonist who founded the "underground comix" movement under the name "R. Crumb"; in Philadelphia Tal Brody, American-born college basketball player who bypassed the NBA to later become a star in Israel; in Trenton, New Jersey Altovise Davis, American entertainer and third wife of Sammy Davis Jr.; in Charlotte, North Carolina (d. 2009)

August 31, 1943 (Tuesday)

• The Grumman F6F Hellcat fighter was first used in combat, as groups of Hellcats took off from the aircraft carriers, Independence, and Essex.^[90] One historian would later opine that "The introduction of the Hellcat may have been the most important event of the Pacific war".,^[91] while another would give the statistics supporting the opinion. "Of the 6,477 Japanese aircraft U.S. Navy carrier pilots claimed to have destroyed in the air, the Hellcat was responsible for 4,947 — an incredible feat considering the Hellcat did not enter combat service until August 31, 1943."^[92]
• A great force of R.A.F.bombers carried out devastating attack on Berlin. The attack lasted 45 minutes and 1000 tons of bombs were dropped
• Died: Gustav Bachmann, 83, German World War I admiral

Notes and References

1. "Ploieşti Air Raid (1 August 1943)", in World War 2 in Europe, David T. Zabecki, ed. (Taylor & Francis, 1999) pp1627-1628
2. David M. Kennedy, The Library of Congress World War II Companion (Simon and Schuster, 2007) pp727-728
3. Wolf Mendl, Japan and South East Asia: From the Meiji Restoration to 1945 (Taylor & Francis, 2001) p405
4. "6 Die, 200 Hurt as Riot Flares in Harlem Area", Pittsburgh Press, August 2, 1943, p2
5. "New York City Riot of 1943", in Encyclopedia of American Race Riots, Volume 2, Walter C. Rucker and James N. Upton, eds. (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007) pp476-477
6. ""Glider Crash Fatal to Ten in St. Louis", Pittsburgh Press, August 2, 1943, p1; "Look Back: St. Louis glider disaster", StLToday.com, August 1, 2011
7. "Bd. Maria Stella Mardosewicz and Ten Companions", Butler's Lives of the Saints: New Saints And Blesseds, Paul Burns, ed. (Liturgical Press, 2005) p197
8. Hugh Morgan, Soviet Aces of World War 2 (Osprey Publishing, 1997) p81
9. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005193 "Treblinka"
10. [Jonathan C. Friedman]
11. Naomi Kramer and Ronald Headland, The Fallacy of Race and the Shoah (University of Ottawa Press, 1998) p251
12. Web site: Eschner . Kat . August 2, 2017 . Why JFK Kept a Coconut Shell in the Oval Office . Smithsonian Magazine . October 6, 2020 . The future president swam more than three miles to the nearest island, towing an injured crewmate by holding the strap of his life jacket in his teeth..
13. http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq60-2.htm "Lieutenant John F. Kennedy, USN"
14. Walter Laqueur, Guerrilla Warfare: A Historical & Critical Study (Transaction Publishers, 1976) p210;
15. Alexander Hill, The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union, 1941-45: A Documentary Reader (Routledge, 2008) p213
16. "Georgia Votes To Give Ballot To 18-Year-Olds", Pittsburgh Press, August 4, 1943, p2
17. D. A. Lande, I Was With Patton: First-person Accounts of WW II in George S. Patton's Command (Zenith Imprint, 2002) p88
18. Churchill's Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India during World War II (Basic Books, 2010) p141; "Was Churchill Responsible for the Bengal Famine?", "History News Network", George Mason University
19. http://www.v2rocket.com/start/chapters/mittel.html "The Mittelwerk/Mittelbau/Camp Dora"
20. Encyclopedia: WASP (Women Airforce Service Pilots) . American Women during World War II: An Encyclopedia . Doris . Weatherford . Doris Weatherford . . 2009 . 476–479.
21. Book: O'Brien, Michael . John F. Kennedy: A Biography . Macmillan . 2006 . 150.
22. News: JFK's Island Rescuers Honored at Emotional Reunion . Ted . Chamberlain . . November 20, 2002.
23. News: Reds Pursuing Nazis Beyond Orel . Pittsburgh Press . August 5, 1943 . 1.
24. "1671 Dead Japs Found At Munda; Resistance Ends", Pittsburgh Press, August 6, 1943, p1
25. Benjamin Harshav, translator of Herman Kruk), The Last Days of the Jerusalem of Lithuania: Chronicles from the Vilna Ghetto and the Camps, 1939-1944 (Yale University Press, 2002) p xlvi
26. "Soldier Is Hanged at Louisiana Camp", Palm Beach Post, August 7, 1943, p1
27. "Destruction of Japan Is Pledged by U.S. Admiral", Ottawa Citizen, August 7, 1943, p1
28. "Tighten Camera Ban in Eastern States", Spokane (WA) Spokesman-Review, August 9, 1943, p1
29. Web site: Invasion of Sicily and Italy's surrender . Chen . C. Peter . World War II Database . February 21, 2016 .
30. Book: Arlov, Thor B.. A short history of Svalbard. 1994. Norwegian Polar Institute. Oslo. 82-90307-55-1. 75.
31. Harold G. Marcus, History of Ethiopia (University of California Press, 1994) pp153-154
32. Ferdinand Holböck, Married Saints and Blesseds: Through the Centuries (Ignatius Press, 2002) p454
33. "F.D.R. Pledges Filipinos Full Freedom Moment Japs Beaten", Spokane (WA) Spokesman-Review, August 13, 1943, p1
34. http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1020223,title,Akcja-zolnierzy-AK-na-100-milionow,wid,12564764,wiadomosc.html?ticaid=113577 "Akcja żołnierzy AK na 100 milionów", by Marta Tychmanowicz
35. http://www.flightpedia.org/exchange-rate-1943-usd-pln.html 1943 U.S. dollar exchange rate to Poland zloty
36. "Air Raid Holiday Ended, Allies Warn Italians", Pittsburgh Press, August 1, 1943, p1
37. "YANKS BOMB ROME; RAF RAIDS BERLIN", Pittsburgh Press, August 13, 1943, p1
38. "AUSTRIA BOMBED BY YANKS", Pittsburgh Press, August 14, 1943, p1
39. "BB Jakob Gapp and Otto Neururer", in Butler's Lives of the Saints: New Saints And Blesseds, August, John Cumming and Paul Burns, eds. (Continuum International, 1998) p119
40. "Yanks Smash Jap Oil Base", Pittsburgh Press, August 15, 1943, p1
41. "Badolgio Declares Rome An 'Open City', Pittsburgh Press, August 15, 1943, p1
42. "Big Inch and Little Big Inch", The A to Z of the Petroleum Industry, Marius Vassiliou, (Scarecrow Press, 2009) pp86-87
43. "KISKA IS CAPTURED BY YANKS, CANADIANS — Japs Give Up Last Base In Aleutians Without Firing A Shot", Pittsburgh Press, August 21, 1943, p1
44. "Play-By-Play Account of Kiska's Fall— Navy Gives Details Of Air and Sea Bombardments", Pittsburgh Press, August 22, 1943, p2
45. Lt. Col. Charles R. Shrader, U.S. Army, Amicicide: The Problem of Friendly Fire in Modern War (U.S. Combat Studies Institute, 1982) p91
46. Craig Rosebraugh, The Logic of Political Violence: Lessons in Reform and Revolution (Arissa Media Group, 2004) pp41-42
47. "YANKS POUR INTO MESSINA; BATTLE FOR SICILY ENDS", Pittsburgh Press, August 17, 1943, p1
48. Albert Speer, Inside the Third Reich (Simon and Schuster, 1997) pp284-285
49. Spencer C. Tucker, Almanac of American Military History (ABC-CLIO, 2012) pp1596-1597
50. "Peenemünde", in Air Warfare: An International Encyclopedia: Volume 2, Walter J. Boyne, ed. (ABC-CLIO, 2002) p489
51. ibidp56
52. "DRAFT ORDERED FOR STRIKERS", Pittsburgh Press, August 18, 1943, p1
53. Shlomo Venezia, et al., Inside the Gas Chambers: Eight Months in the Sonderkommando of Auschwitz (Polity Press, 2009) p193
54. John Price, "Orienting" Canada: Race, Empire, and the Transpacific (University of British Columbia Press, 2011) p103
55. "Combined Policy Committee", in Britain And The Americas: Culture, Politics, And History, Will Kaufman and Heidi Slettedahl Macpherson eds. (ABC-CLIO, 2005) pp257-258
56. J. A. S. Grenville, The Major International Treaties of the Twentieth Century: A History and Guide with Texts (Taylor & Francis, 2001) p259-260
57. Book: Davidson . Edward . Manning . Dale . 1999 . Chronology of World War Two . London . Cassell & Co. . 162–163 . 0-304-35309-4 .
58. "3 Die, 8 Missing As Blast Razes Jersey Factory", Pittsburgh Press, August 21, 1943, p1; "Blast Toll Placed at 12", Pittsburgh Press, August 21, 1943, p1
59. Paul H. Kratoska, The Japanese Occupation of Malaya: A Social and Economic History (University of Hawaii Press, 1997) p85
60. "P. V. Bogdanov", in Sacrifice of the Generals: Soviet Senior Officer Losses, 1939-1953, Michael Parrish, ed. (Scarecrow Press, 2004) pp48-49
61. http://elections.uwa.edu.au/listelections.lasso "Australian Politics and Elections Database"
62. http://elections.uwa.edu.au/elecdetail.lasso?keyvalue=1136 "Australian Politics and Elections Database"
63. "Japs Driven From Kiska Stronghold; Way Cleared For Attacks On Tokyo", Pittsburgh Press, August 22, 1943, p1
64. "Litvinoff out as U.S. Red Envoy", San Antonio Express, August 21, 1943, p1
65. "'Gertie From Berlin' Is A Pittsburgh Gal", Pittsburgh Press, August 23, 1943, p1
66. "Akram, Wali", in Encyclopedia of Muslim-American History, Edward E. Curtis, ed. (Infobase Publishing, 2010) pp37-38
67. "RED ARMY ATTACK HURLS GERMANS FROM KHARKOV", Pittsburgh Press, August 23, 1943, p1
68. "'Electric Eye' Mines Left By Nazis Fleeing In Russia", Pittsburgh Press, August 23, 1943, p11
69. "Gestapo Put In Control Of Germany" Pittsburgh Press, August 24, 1943, p1
70. "New South-East Asia Command— Lord Louis Mountbatten as C.-in-C.", Glasgow Herald, August 26, 1943; "MOUNTBATTEN HEADS EAST ASIA FORCE", Daytona Beach (FL) Morning Journal, August 26, 1943, p1
71. "Unforgettable Show Staged As $800,000,000 is Raised", Charleston (WV) Gazette, August 27, 1943, p2; "800 Million In War Bonds", Winnipeg Free Press, August 27, 1943, p12
72. Henry W. Thomas, Walter Johnson: Baseball's Big Train (University of Nebraska Press, 1998) p342
73. http://www.usinflationcalculator.com/ USInflationCalculator.com
74. http://www.egypt.mid.ru/eng/hist/ "Embassy of the Russian Federation to the Arab Republic of Egypt"
75. William Wolf, German Guided Missiles: Henschel Hs 293 and Ruhrstahl SD 1400X (Merriam Press, 1997) pp20-21; Kenneth Poolman, The Winning Edge: Naval Technology in Action, 1939-1945 (Naval Institute Press, 1997) pp90-91
76. http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq21-1.htm "The 'Philadelphia Experiment'"
77. "Lebrun Spirited Away", Winnipeg Free Press, August 28, 1943, p1
78. Web site: Movie Review - Watch on the Rhine . Crowther . Bosley . Bosley Crowther . August 28, 1943 . . February 21, 2016 .
79. René Ristelhueber, A History of the Balkan Peoples (Ardent Media, 1971) p331
80. "King Boris Dies Mysteriously— Bulgarian Ruler Succumbs After Visiting Hitler", Pittsburgh Press, August 29, 1943, p1
81. "Bulgaria's former king OK'd as premier", Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel, July 25, 2001, p7A
82. Web site: King Christian X of Denmark . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . February 21, 2016 .
83. "Nazis Arrest King, Decree Martial Law", Pittsburgh Press, August 30, 1943, p1
84. In Danish: Lyngby et al :Danmarks Største Søhelte : Gads Forlag (Heroes of the Danish Navy) pages 257 - 267
85. Web site: War Diary for Sunday, 29 August 1943 . Stone & Stone Second World War Books . February 1, 2016 .
86. https://www.baaa-acro.com/crash/crash-lockheed-pv-1-ventura-mt-baker-6-killed "Crash of a Lockheed PV-1 Ventura on Mt Baker: 6 Killed"
87. https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=19941015&slug=1936095 "Mount Baker Hiker Finds WWII Plane Wreckage"
88. "27 Killed, 46 Are Injured In New York Train Wreck", Pittsburgh Press, August 31, 1943, p1
89. "Journeys by Horse Banned by Germans", Pittsburgh Press, August 31, 1943, p1
90. "Grumman F6F Hellcat", in Air Warfare: An International Encyclopedia, Walter J. Boyne, ed. (ABC-CLIO, 2002) p276
91. Robert F. Dorr, Air Combat: A History of Fighter Pilots (Penguin, 2007)
92. Mark Henry, The US Navy in World War II (Osprey Publishing, 2012) p18