See also: Spanish conquest of New Granada.
| Native Name: | Spanish; Castilian: Nuevo Reino de Granada |
| Conventional Long Name: | New Kingdom of Granada |
| Common Name: | New Granada |
| Empire: | Spain |
| Status: | Vassal |
| Status Text: | Ultramarine Province of the Spanish Empire
|
| Common Languages: | Castilian and Indigenous languages |
| Religion: | Catholicism |
| Era: | Spanish colonization of the Americas |
| Year Start: | 1538 |
| Year End: | 1821 |
| Date End: | August 20 |
| Event1: | Viceroyalty established |
| Date Event1: | May 27, 1717 |
| Event2: | Muisca conquest |
| Date Event2: | 1540 |
| Event3: | Viceroyalty suppressed; kingdom autonomous again |
| Date Event3: | November 5, 1723 |
| P1: | Muisca Confederation |
| Flag P1: | Bandera de la confederacion muisca.png |
| P2: | Pijao people |
| P3: | Tairona |
| P4: | Paez people |
| P5: | Quimbaya |
| P6: | Province of Tierra Firme |
| Flag P7: | English Red Ensign 1620.svg |
| P7: | Providence Island colony |
| Flag P6: | Flag of New Spain.svg |
| S1: | Viceroyalty of New Granada |
| Flag S1: | Flag of Spain (1785-1873 and 1875-1931).svg |
| Flag: | Burgundian Saltire |
| Flag Type: | Burgundian Saltire |
| Symbol: | Coat of arms of Bogotá |
| Symbol Type: | Coat of arms of Colonial-era Bogotá |
| Image Map Caption: | The New Kingdom of Granada |
| Capital: | Santa Fe de Bogotá |
| Government Type: | Monarchy |
| Title Leader: | King |
| Leader1: | Kings of Spain |
| Title Deputy: | Viceroy |
| Deputy1: | Viceroys of New Granada |
| Stat Year1: | 1650 |
| Stat Pop1: | 750,000 (Inc. Popayán Province)[1] |
| Currency: | Real |
| Today: | Colombia Panama |
The New Kingdom of Granada (Spanish; Castilian: Nuevo Reino de Granada), or Kingdom of the New Granada, was the name given to a group of 16th-century Spanish ultramarine provinces in northern South America governed by the president of the Royal Audience of Santafé, an area corresponding mainly to modern-day Colombia. The conquistadors originally organized it as a province with a Royal Audience within the Viceroyalty of Peru despite certain independence from it. The Spanish; Castilian: [[Audiencia Real|audiencia]] was established by the crown in 1549.
Later, the kingdom would become the Viceroyalty of New Granada, first in 1717, and permanently in 1739. After several attempts to set up independent states in the 1810s, the kingdom and the viceroyalty ceased to exist altogether in 1819 with the establishment of the first Republic of Colombia.[2]
See main article: Spanish conquest of the Muisca. In 1514, the Spanish first permanently settled in the area. With Santa Marta (founded on July 29, 1525, by the Spanish conquistador Rodrigo de Bastidas) and Cartagena (1533), Spanish control of the coast was established, and the extension of colonial control into the interior could begin. Starting in 1536, the conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada explored the extensive highlands of the interior of the region by following the Magdalena River into the Andean cordillera. There his force defeated the powerful Muisca and founded the city of Santa Fé de Bogotá (Bogotá), naming the region El nuevo reino de Granada, "the new kingdom of Granada", in honor of the last part of Spain to be recaptured from the Moors, home to the brothers de Quesada. After Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada left for Spain in May 1539, the reign of the colony was transferred to his brother Hernán. De Quesada, however, lost control of the province when Emperor Charles V granted the right to rule over the area to rival conquistador Sebastián de Belalcázar in 1540, who had entered the region from what is today Ecuador, and named himself governor of Popayán.
Charles V ordered the establishment of an audiencia, a type of superior court that combined executive and judicial authority, at Santafé de Bogotá in 1549.
In 1650, the population of the New Kingdom of Granada (Including the Popayán Province) was estimated to be around 750,000, with Indians numbering 600,000 people, or 80% of the population.[3] This is far lower than the Pre-Columbian population in which the population was estimated at 6,000,000 to 10,000,000 people.[4]
| Start | End | Governor | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1538 | 1539 | Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada | |
| 1539 | 1542 | ||
| 1542 | 1544 | Alonso Luis Fernández de Lugo | |
| 1544 | 1545 | ||
| 1545 | 1546 | ||
| 1546 | 1550 | ||
| 1551 | 1558 |
The Royal Audiencia was created by a royal decree of July 17, 1549. It was given authority over the provinces of Santa Marta, Río de San Juan, Popayán, Guayana and Cartagena de Indias. The Audiencia was charged primarily with dispensing justice, but it was also to oversee the running of government and the settlement of the territory. It held its first session on April 7, 1550, in a mansion on the Plaza Mayor (today, Plaza de Bolívar) at the site which today houses the Colombian Palace of Justice.
Law VIII ("Royal Audiencia and Chancery of Santa Fe in the New Kingdom of Granada") of Title XV ("Of the Royal Audiencias and Chanceries of the Indies") of Book II of the Recopilación de Leyes de las Indias of 1680—which compiles the decrees of July 17, 1549; May 10, 1554; and August 1, 1572—describes the final limits and functions of the Audiencia.[5]
In Santa Fé de Bogotá of the New Kingdom of Granada shall reside another Royal Audiencia and Chancery of ours, with a president, governor and captain general; five judges of civil cases [''oidores''], who shall also be judges of criminal cases [''alcaldes del crimen'']; a crown attorney [''fiscal'']; a bailiff [''alguacil mayor'']; a lieutenant of the Gran Chancellor; and the other necessary ministers and officials, and which will have for district the provinces of the New Kingdom and those of Santa Marta, Río de San Juan, and of Popayán, except those places of the latter which are marked for the Royal Audiencia of Quito; and of Guayana, or El Dorado, it shall have that which is not of the Audienicia of Hispaniola, and all of the Province of Cartagena; sharing borders: on the south with said Audiencia of Quito and the undiscovered lands, on the west and north with the North Sea and the provinces which belong to the Royal Audiencia of Hispaniola, on the west with the one of Tierra Firme. And we order that the Governor and Captain General of said provinces and president of their Royal Audiencia, have, use and exercise by himself the government of all the district of that Audiencia, in the same manner as our Viceroys of New Spain and appoint the repartimiento of Indians and other offices that need to be appointed, and attend to all the matters and business that belong to the government, and that the oidores of said Audiencia do not interfere with this, and that all sign what in matters of justice is provided for, sentenced and carried out.
One further change came as part of the Bourbon Reforms of the eighteenth century. Because of the slowness in communications between Lima and Bogotá, the Bourbons decided to establish an independent Viceroyalty of New Granada in 1717 (which was reestablished in 1739 after a short interruption). The governor-president of Bogotá became the viceroy of the new entity, with military and executive oversight over the neighboring Presidency of Quito and the provinces of Venezuela.
See also: Corregidor (position). The New Kingdom was organized into several Governments and Provinces:
| Government/Province | Capital | Established | Founder | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1525 | Don Rodrigo de Bastidas | |||
| Cartagena de Indias (Alternative Capital of Viceroyalty) | 1533 | Don Pedro de Heredia | ||
| 1537 | Don Sebastián de Belalcázar | |||
| 1539 | Don Lorenzo de Aldana | |||
| Province of Santafé (de Bogotá), with the province of Tunja, the ones originally called the "New Kingdom of Granada" | Santafé de Bogotá (Capital of Viceroyalty) | 1538 | Don Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada | |
| 1539 | Don Gonzalo Suárez Rendón | |||
| 1541 | Don Jorge Robledo | |||
| 1648 | Manuel Cañizales | |||
| Vast Province of Guyana (special province) | 1595 | Don Antonio de Berrío |
The largest cities of the New Kingdom of Granada in the 1791 Census were