Atul Prasad Sen Explained

Atul Prasad Sen
Birth Date:20 October 1871
Birth Place:Dacca, Bengal, British India
Death Place:Lucknow, Agra and Oudh, British India
Nationality:British Indian
Occupation:Advocate, poet, educationist, lawyer
Period:Bengal Renaissance
Years Active:1900–1934

Atul Prasad Sen (Bengali: অতুল প্রসাদ সেন; 20 October 1871 – 26 August 1934) was a Bengali composer, lyricist and singer, and also a lawyer, philanthropist, social worker, educationist and writer.

Early life

Atul Prasad Sen was born as the eldest child of Ram Prasad Sen and Hemanta Shashi, in a Vaidya[1] family from the village Magor in South Bikrampur, Faridpur District, presently located in Bangladesh.[2]

Atul was born in his maternal uncle's house in Dhaka, following the custom at that time. His maternal grandfather Kali Narayan Gupta initiated Atul Prasad into music and devotional songs. Atul Prasad's mother later married Brahmo Samaj reformer Durga Mohan Das in June 1890.

Initially Atul Prasad could not accept this marriage.[3] In due course of time his relationship became very congenial with Durga Mohan and Hemanta Shashi. Sarala Devi recounted in her diary জীবনের ঝরাপাতা (fallen leaves of life) that Durga Mohan, after the death of his wife Brahmoamoyee, in spite of his busy outward life, took great care of his children. It was his elder daughter Abala, whose eager and consistent effort towards the wellbeing of her aging father convinced Durga Mohan to marry Hemanta Shashi. Durga Mohan extended every possible care to his step children too, and treated them as his own children.[4]

Education

After passing the Entrance examination in 1890, Atul Prasad was admitted to Presidency College in Kolkata, and in the same year in the month of November took a voyage to England to study law.

In London he befriended Sri Aurobindo Ghosh, Chittaranjan Das, Sarojini Naidu and Dwijendralal Ray.

Profession - Phase One, Calcutta

After becoming a Barrister, he returned to Bengal in 1894 and joined with Satyendra Prasanno Sinha, (Lord Sinha), as a Bar-at-Law. Successively he opened up law practice in Kolkata in a rented apartment in 82, Circular Road. When his step-father Durgamohan died on 19 December 1897, he opened practice in Rangpur court.[5]

The High Court at Calcutta, which used to be known as the High Court of Judicature at Fort William in Bengal, was established and formally opened on 1 July 1862. Atul Prasad was called to the Bar in Calcutta High Court in 1895.[6] He was a member of the Bar Library Club of Calcutta High Court.

It was mentioned in The High Court of Calcutta - 125th Anniversary Souvenir 1862-1987:

The High Court at Calcutta - 150 Years: An Overview remembered Atul Prasad in this fashion:[7]

Marriage

Atul Prasad married his cousin sister Hem Kusum, daughter of Krishna Govinda Gupta, ICS and Prasanna Tara Gupta. The marriage was disapproved by their family members. The couple wedded at Gretna Old Parish Church, Gretna Green, Scotland, under the Scottish Law in the year 1900.[8] However, Atul Prasad had a troubled married life. The emotional sufferings he experienced in his life found their ways into his lyrics; and this has made many of his songs full of pathos.[9]

His twin sons, born in 1901, were Dilip Kumar and Nilip Kumar. Nilip died after six month of his birth.

Profession - Phase Two, Lucknow

After his marriage Atul Prasad started practicing law at Old Baily, London and continued for a very short duration. Then with the help of Bipin Bihari Basu and upon advised by his friend Mumtaj Hussain, an advocate in Lucknow, he came back to India in 1902. He chose the province of Oudh as his field of activity and moved to Lucknow.

Activities in Lucknow

Literary activitiesIn 1922 the first conference of Bengali literary personages outside Bengal (Prabasi Banga-Sahitya Sammelan, presently known as Nikhil Bharat Banga Sahitya Sammelan) was organised at Benaras with patronage from distinguished 'Bengalis living outside Bengal' (Prabasis) like Atul Prasad Sen, Radha Kamal Mukherjee, Kedar Nath Bandyopadhyay and Mahendra Chandra Roy, which was presided over by Rabindranath Tagore. Atul Prasad initiated and edited Uttara, the Bengali magazine of the organisation, to keep alive the Bengali culture among the Bengali Diaspora. Later, he presided over its Kanpur and Gorakhpur conventions. He was also editor of Allahabad Law Journal and Awadh Weekly Notes.[10]
Bengali Club of LucknowSince 1903 Atul Prasad served the Bengali Club of Lucknow, which was founded by Atul Krishna Singh, as the President. In 1929, he initiated the idea of merging of the Bengali Club and the Young Men's Association of Lucknow, and thus emerged a new organisation to be known as Bengali Club and Young Men's Association.[11] A photograph of Atul Prasad is uploaded in the website of the club.[12]
Political activitiesAtul Prasad played an active role in national politics between 1905 and 1921.[13] He was a close associate of Gopal Krishna Gokhale. In 1905, when Gokhale was elected president of the Indian National Congress and was at the height of his political power, he founded the Servants of India Society to specifically further one of the causes dearest to his heart: the expansion of Indian education. Atul Prasad was sympathetic to nationalistic movement and extended his support and generosity to Congress Party and Servants of India Society founded by Gopal Krishna Gokhale. He joined Indian National Congress and represented Oudh in several annual conventions. He acted as Vice Chairman of Lucknow Municipal Corporation. In 1917 he joined in the Liberal Party.
Other social activitiesHe actively took part in conversion of Lucknow Canning College founded by Raja Dakshina Ranjan Mukhopadhyay to Lucknow University and acted as a member of the first Executive Committee. He extended aid to many educational institutions.[14]

Atul Prasad Sen Memorial Girls' College, Lucknow, established in 1902 under the name Mahalaki Pathshala, humbly bears the name of its principal patron.[15] From Mahakali Pathshala, the name was changed to Harimati Balika Vidyalaya. In 1933 it received temporary recognition for High School and intermediate from U.P Board. It was at this time it acquired the name Jubilee-girls School. In 1944, the school received permanent recognition for High school. It advanced to an Inter college in 1947, and to a Degree College in 1955.[16]

Residence at LucknowAtul Prasad built his residence in Kesharbag area at Lucknow, which was located next to the labour court complex.[17] The cost of the building was around thirty three thousand Indian Rupee. The building was demolished and does not exist now. It is so unfortunate that such a nice specimen of colonial architecture, the famous residence of Atul Prasad Sen which witnessed visit of so many distinguished personalities of pre-Independent India, is no more. A photograph of the house is available in the website of Sri Ramakrishna Math &Ramakrishna Mission Sevashrama, Lucknow.[18]

The A P Sen Road, running in front of the residence, was named after him during his lifetime. This road still runs in Charbag area of Lucknow.[19]

Contribution in music

Classical songs

Atul Prasad used fast-paced Hindustani tunes like Kheyal, Thumri and Dadra skilfully, and was able to add an element of spontaneity on occasions when the tune has transcended the lyrics.[20]

Atul Prasad is credited with introducing the Thumri style in Bengali music.[14] He also pioneered introduction of Ghazals in Bengali.

Atul Prasad's acquaintances with maestros in Urdu and Persian Ghazal inspired him to experiment this particular style to be brought into Bengali music. He created around six or seven Ghazals in Bengali and pioneered a stream of Bengali music which was later enriched profusely by contribution of Kazi Nazrul Islam.

Atul Prasad's introduction of the raga to the Bangla songs had a significant impact on Bengali music, and influenced the songs of Kazi Nazrul Islam and other raga-based modern songs. The songs created by him are known as অতুলপ্রসাদের গান (Atul Prasad's song).

Atul Prasad's Song (অতুলপ্রসাদের গান)

Atul Prasad wrote 212 poems and except a few most of the poems were used as song.[8] Unfortunately none of the songs were dated. Only three among these 212 poems were titled (অর্ঘ্য, সাগরবক্ষে জ্যোৎস্নাসুন্দরী, প্রত্যাবর্তন).

Atul Prasad himself, in his book গীতিগুঞ্জ (Geetigunja), arranged his songs into five broad categories: দেবতা (Devotional), প্রকৃতি (Nature), স্বদেশ (Patriotic), মানব (Humanity) and বিবিধ (others). He did not explicitly categorize any of his songs into the category of love. However, many of his songs, having multi-layered association of deep emotional sentiments, bloom into expression of love and lug deep shadow of sadness, which was his constant companion.[8]

Love SongsAtul Prasad created unique love songs, driven by passion of his own life and estranged relationship with his wife. The deep emotional turmoil in his mind had been reflected in his love songs.[8]
Devotional songs;

Atul Prasad was a follower of Brahmo faith, which was initiated in Calcutta in 1828 by Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Dwarkanath Tagore as reformation of the prevailing Brahmanism of the time. Atul Prasad created many songs devoted to Brahmo faith. Also, some of his compositions are dedicated to faith of Vaishnavism (worshiper of Lord Vishnu or Sri Krishna - হরি), Shaivism (worshiper of Lord Shiva - শিব) and Shaktism, where the metaphysical reality is considered feminine (Mother Kali or Mother Universal - শক্তি).[8]

He employed variety of folk tunes in his compositions apart from using Classical Ragas. কীর্তন (Kirtan), বাউল (Baul), ভাটিয়ালি (Vatially) and রামপ্রসাদী (Ramprasadi) tunes were prominent among them.[8]

Patriotic songsAtul Prasad helped to awaken nationalism in colonial India by creating various patriotic songs. During his first voyage to England in 1890, Atul Prasad passed through Italy and, being inspired by the tune of the Gondola rowers' song in Venice,[21] he composed his patriotic song, উঠ গো ভারত-লক্ষ্মী..:[8]

উঠ গো ভারত-লক্ষ্মী, উঠ আদি-জগত-জন-পূজ্যা, দুঃখ দৈন্য সব নাশি করো দূরিত ভারত-লজ্জা। ছাড়ো গো ছাড়ো শোকশয্যা, কর সজ্জা পুনঃ কনক-কমল-ধন-ধান্যে!

Goddess of grace of India,

O rise you world-respected!

End all woes and sorrows, and

Remove her shame dejected

[22]

The movement against the partition of Bengal during 1905-11 inspired creation of patriotic songs which helped in propagation of Swadeshi movement ideologies. Rabindranath Tagore, Atulprasad Sen, Dwijendralal Roy, Rajanikanta Sen, Mukunda Das, Kamini Kumar Bhattacharya, Aswini Kumar Datta, Manmohan Chakravarty, Satish Chandra Banerjee and many others composed various patriotic songs in support of the movement.[23]

Ideology of Unity in Diversity and Indian Pluralism was conceived and urged by Atul Prasad in this song.[24]

The following song, venerating the Bengali language, played an equally significant inspirational role in the struggle for independence of India in 1947 as well as in the struggle for liberation of Bangladesh during 1971.

Sahana Devi, Autl Prasad's cousin, edited and published 70 songs, along with her staff notations, in কাকলি (Kakali) in two volumes. in 1922 Sahana Devi and Harendranath Chattopadhyay recorded Atul Prasad's song in Gramophone Company's record.

In 1932 three recording companies having Indian ownership were born in Calcutta, one of which was Hindusthan Music Products Ltd, founded by Chandi Charan Saha.[25] Chandi Charan approached Rabindranath Tagore for contributing his voice in the first record under the banner of Hinduasthan Records. In July 1932, Rabindranath Tagore sang, তবু মনে রেখো in the house no. 6/1, Akrur Datta Lane near Subodh Mallick Square. The second record consisted of two songs sung by Atul Prasad Sen, being the only instance the poet recorded his voice.[26] Atul Prasad sang:

The third one with two songs was sung by Renuka Dasgupta (née Sengupta), one of which was পাগলা মনটারে তুই বাঁধ, a song written by Atulprasad.

Since the day of creation to the present day, the songs of Atul Prasad remain very popular and close to the heart of Bengal. His songs are being used in Bengali films even today. Many eminent singers have sung and recorded his songs, and the trend is continuing.

Atul Prasad's songs in Bengali films

Atul Prasad filmography
YearMovieSongArtistDirector
1955RaikamalJodi Tor HridjamunaPankaj Kumar MallickSubodh Mitra
1959Khaniker AtithiKe Tumi Bosi Nodi Kule EkelaHemanta MukhopadhyayTapan Sinha
1966Subhas ChandraUthago Bharat LakshmiPijush Basu
1967ChhutiAamar jiban nadir opaarePratima Bandopadhyay
1968ApanjanUthago Bharat LakshmiShyamal MitraTapan Sinha
1969ParineetaSangsare Jodi Nahi Pai SaraPratima BandyopadhyayAjoy Kar
1970aranyer Din RaatriSe Daake AamarePahari SanyalSatyajit Ray
1971Atattor Din PoreBadhua Nid Nahi Akhi PaateManna DeAjit Lahiri
1971Ekhane PinjarEka Mor Ganer ToriPratima BandyopadhyayYatrik (Tarun Majundar, Dilip Mukherjee & Sachin Mukherjee)
1972MemsahebBadhu Emon Badole Tumi KothaAsima BhattacharyaPinaki Mukherjee
1974Jodu BangshaPratima BandyopadhyayParthapratim Chowdhury
1975Nagar DarpaneAmar Porano Kotha JaySandhya MukhopadhyayYatrik (Tarun Majundar, Dilip Mukherjee & Sachin Mukherjee)
1981Khelar PutulOgo Krondoshi PathochariniArundhati Holme Chowdhury & Hemanta MukhopadhyayTarun Majumdar
1983Chena AchenaAmay Rakhte Jodi Apon GhoreHemanta MukhopadhyayPinaki Chowdhury
1985AjanteKeno Ele Mor GhoreArundhati Home Chowdhury & Hemanta MukhopadhyayArabinda Mukhopadhyay
1986PathbholaHao Dharamete DhirArundhati Home ChowdhuryArabinda Mukhopadhyay
1987Tuni BouOgo Sathi Mamo SathiHaimanti ShuklaHiren Nag
1993ProjapatiBiplab Chattopadhyay
1998Surya KanyaBodhu, Nid Nahi AkhipaateSreeradha Bandyopadhyay & Swagatalakshmi DasguptaBiresh Chattopadhyay
1998DahoRatul Gangopadhya
2001DekhaPagla Montare Tui BandhGita GhatakGoutam Ghosh
2011Takhan TeishTumi Gao Tumi Gao GoJayati ChakrabortyAtanu Ghosh
2012Dutta vs DuttaUthago Bharat LakshmiAnjan Dutt & Somlata AcharyyaAnjan Dutta
2012TenidaUthago Bharat LakshmiSubhamita Banerjee & Manomay BhattacharyaChinmoy Roy
2013Bicycle kickAmi Badhinu Tomar TeereKoushiki DeshikanDebashish Sen Sharma & Sumit Das
2014Jodi Love Dile Na PraneKe Abar Bajay BanshiSoumya PaulAbhijit Guha & Sudeshna Roy

Friends, relatives and acquaintances

Rabindranath TagoreA deep friendship grew between Rabindranth and Atulprasad. Rabindranath Tagore initiated Khamkheyali Sabha along with Gaganendranath Tagore at Jorasako, and its meeting on 5 February 1897 was attended by Atul Prasad Sen and Chittaranjan Das, among other dignitaries.[27] In July 1897 Atul Prasad hosted the meeting of the Khamkheyali Sabha in his house at Wellesley Mansion, Kolkata.

Rabindranath Tagore's first visit to Lucknow was on invitation from Atul Prasad in 1914.[28] Tagore was accompanied by Andrews (Charles Freer Andrews, popularly known as Deenabondhu Andrews) and Atul Prasad joined with them at Tagore's cottage at Ramgarh, which the Poet bought on 10 May 1914. In June 1914 Tagore came to Lucknow from Ramgarh, and enjoyed the hospitality of Atul Prasad, and returned to Calcutta on 14 June 1914.[29]

Atul Prasad mentioned this event in his memoirs and recapitulated:

Tagore's journey to Japan and other countries of the far east was due on 3 May 1916. Many relatives, friends, well-wishers, organisations and followers arranged for farewell ceremonies. Atul Prasad arranged one such farewell gathering in his house in Calcutta on 27 April 1916.[30] Kalidas Nag wrote:

Tagore's second visit to Lucknow was during 5 to 10 March 1923,[31] when he addressed the Convocation of Lucknow University. Tagore was basically travelling across India on a lecture tour to raise money for Visva-Varati. Atul Prasad arranged a musical durbar in his honour and invited famous Indian classical singers of Lucknow at his residence. Tagore, while proceeding further to Bombay en route to Ahmedabad by train, composed a song, appreciating the event, তোমার শেষের গানের রেশ নিয়ে কানে চলে এসেছি ওগো কেউ কি তা জানে.[32]

Sukumar RaySukumar Ray was a great friend of Atul Prasad.[33] During his college life he initiated the Nonsense Club whose magazine was named as '৩২II ভাজা' (সাড়ে বত্রিশ ভাজা). He visited England during 1911-13 England on the Guruprasanna Ghosh Scholarship to study photography and printing technology, and at that time he became very close to Atul Prasad Sen and many others. After returning from England Sukumar formed Manday Club, a literary gathering of contemporary Bengali writers, which had such noted personalities as Satyendranath Dutta, Suniti Kumar Chaterjee, Atul Prasad Sen, Kalidas Nag, Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis, Dr. Dwijendranath Maitra and Prabhat Kumar Mukhopadhyay as members. Sukumar married Suprabha Das, granddaughter of Kali Narayan Gupta on 13 December 1919, and a family relation thus was developed between them.
Dilip Kumar RoyDilip Kumar Roy (22 January 1897 – 6 January 1980) was a Bengali Indian musician, musicologist, novelist, poet, essayist, and was an ardent follower of Sri Aurobindo. He was the son of Dwijendralal Ray. in 1922 while young Dilip Kumar was on a tour studying Indian classical music from various great masters, he came to Lucknow, and here in the house of Atul Prasad Sen he met Ronald Nixon, a professor at Lucknow University, who introduced Dilip to ideologies of Sri Aurobindo.[34] Dilip Kumar became a close collaborator of Atul Prasad, and immensely contributed, along with pursuing in versatile field of activities, in popularising Atul Prasad's songs.[35] (Note on date of event: 1922)
Pahari SanyalPahari Sanyal, whose real name was Nagendranath, came to Lucknow to join Marris College as a student of Hindustani Classical Music. Young Nagendranath was immediately drawn very close to Atul Prasad because of his unbound passion to classical music and became a regular visitor to his house. He witnessed and took active part in many of Atul Prasad's notable creations. Later, he was known, apart from being an outstanding luminary in the world of Bengali cinema, as one of the best exponents of Atul Prasad's song. He recorded several songs of Atul Prasad later.(Note on date of event: 1926-28. Marris College of Music, Lucknow, later known as Bhatkhande Music Institute University was established by Sri Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande in 1926. Pahari Sanyal's visit to Atul Prasad's house may be dated around 1926-28.)
Kumar Prasad MukherjeeKumar Prasad Mukherjee[36] quoted from his father Dhurjati Prasad Mukerji's memoir মনে এলো (Mone Elo):
Sachin Dev BurmanSachin Deb Burman mentioned in his memoirs:[37]
Satyajit RaySatyajit Ray had a lasting impression of Atul Prasad, his maternal uncle, on him. He remembered Atul Prasad "indulging in a great display of Urdu manners".[38] In his memoir,[39] he wrote:
Mira ChoudhurySiddhartha Ghosh in his book ছবি তোলা: বাঙালির ফোটোগ্রাফি-চর্চা (Taking Pictures: The Practice of Photography by Bengalis) published an interview with Mira Choudhury, a noted photographer of early twentieth century. Meera was born in 1905 and all through her childhood she met her father's (Dwijendralal Maitra, a well-known doctor) famous friends: the composer Atulprasad Sen, Sukumar Ray, and many others who visited the family at their quarters at Mayo Hospital, where her father was employed.[40]
Bimal MukherjeeBimal Mukherjee was only 23 years of age when he started touring the world in 1926 in his bi-cycle. He returned in 1937 and published his memoir দু'চাকায় দুনিয়া (Duchakay Duniya),[41] where he mentioned that in 1928 he met Atul Prasad in England:

Death

Atul Prasad died at Lucknow on 26 August 1934 at an age of sixty three years. He was buried at the Brahmo Temple of Kaoradi (কাওরাদি ব্রহ্ম মন্দির), Sripur subdivision of Gazipur District, Dhaka division, established by Sir Krishna Govinda Gupta in his estate in 1893.

Considering his failing health, on 3 May 1930, much before his demise, Atul Prasad signed off his will, which was revealed after his death. Apart from monthly stipends for his wife and son, he provided financial assistance to Hemanta Seva Sadan of Ramakrishna Sevashram, Sadharan Bahmo Samaj of Kolkata, Nabo Bidhan Brahmo Samaj of Dhaka, Panchapalli Gururam High School of Faridpur, Lucknow Bengali Club and Young Men's Association, Lucknow Bengali Girls' School, Muslim Orphanage in Mumtaj Park of Lucknow, Several orphanages of Hindu and Arya Samaj and various other charity organisations. All the property he dedicated towards charity included his residence at Charbag, Lucknow; all land property; all furnitures and collection of books, motor car, cash certificates; shares; life insurance and all royalty from his creations and compositions.[42]

Rabindranath Tagore wrote a poem on 4 September 1934 in memory of Atul Prasad.[8] The poem was included in Geetigunja, in its 1957 edition.

Legacy

Bibliography

References

Citations

Notes and References

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  2. Book: Basu, Kalyan Kumar. bn:আমারে এ আঁধারে (Amare e aandhare). Abhyudoy Prakash Mandir, 6 Bankim Chatujje Street, Kolkata 12. 1969. bn.
  3. Book: Sukhendu. Roy. Malavika . Karlekar. Bharati. Roy. The Many Worlds of Sarala Devi - A Diary; The Tagores and Sartorial Style - A Photo Essay . Women Unlimited. 2009. 978-8-188-96550-2.
  4. Book: Devi Choudhurani, Sarala. Sikata. Banerjee. The Scattered Leaves of My Life: An Indian Nationalist Remembers . Routledge. 2017. 978-1-138-29571-1.
  5. Book: Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis. Kunal . etal . Chakrabarty. Scarecrow Press. 2013. 978-0-8108-8024-5.
  6. Book: The Calcutta Review 1934. University of Calcutta. 1934.
  7. Book: The High Court at Calcutta - 150 Years: An Overview. Chittatosh . etal . Chief Justice Mookerjee. The Indian Law Institute. 2012.
  8. Book: Som, Shovan. Atul Prasad Sen'er Shreshtha Kabita. Bharbi. 2002. 142.
  9. Web site: http://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/rabibashoriyo/%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%9A-%E0%A6%9B-1.18116. bn:কেচ্ছা - Anandabazar. Susnat. Chowdhury. bn. 24 August 2017. 15 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170815180206/http://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/rabibashoriyo/%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%9A-%E0%A6%9B-1.18116. live.
  10. Web site: Atulprasad Sen Biography in Hindi - बंगाली कवि अतुल प्रसाद सेन की जीवनी. 5 May 2017. 24 August 2017. 13 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170813184954/http://biographyhindi.com/atulprasad-sen-biography-in-hindi/. live.
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  15. Web site: Prospectus, A P Sen College, Lucknow. apsencollegeonline.org. 25 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170811225123/http://www.apsencollegeonline.org/pdf/Prospectus.pdf. 11 August 2017. dead.
  16. Web site: A P Sen College, Lucknow. apsencollegeonline.org. 25 August 2017. 28 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170828143343/http://www.apsencollege.org/index.php. live.
  17. Web site: https://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/patrika/some-unknown-stories-about-bengali-composer-lyricist-and-singer-atul-prasad-sen-1.761233. bn:অক্লান্তকণ্ঠ এক সংগীত-সন্ন্যাসী তিনি. 14 February 2018. Ananda Bazar Patrika. bn. 15 August 2018. 15 August 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180815232842/https://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/patrika/some-unknown-stories-about-bengali-composer-lyricist-and-singer-atul-prasad-sen-1.761233. live.
  18. Web site: Prospectus, A P Sen College, Lucknow. apsencollegeonline.org. 25 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170811225123/http://www.apsencollegeonline.org/pdf/Prospectus.pdf. 11 August 2017. dead.
  19. Web site: Ramakrishna Math & Mission, Lucknow. Ramakrishnalucknow.org. 25 August 2017. 20 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170820160136/http://www.ramakrishnalucknow.org/images/content_images/apsen.jpg. live.
  20. Book: Arnold, Alison. The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. Taylor & Francis. 2000. 0-8240-4946-2. 851.
  21. Book: Bose, Sugata. The Nation as Mother - and other versions of Nationhood. Penguin Random House. 2017. 978-067-0090-112.
  22. Translated by Sudipto Chakraborty (August 2017, Ranchi, India)
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