List of Atlantic hurricane records explained

As of May 2024, there have been 1,727 tropical cyclones of at least tropical storm intensity, 960 at hurricane intensity, and 333 at major hurricane intensity within the Atlantic Ocean since 1851, the first Atlantic hurricane season to be included in the official Atlantic tropical cyclone record.[1] Though a majority of these cyclones have fallen within climatological averages, prevailing atmospheric conditions occasionally lead to anomalous tropical systems which at times reach extremes in statistical record-keeping including in duration and intensity.[2] The scope of this list is limited to tropical cyclone records solely within the Atlantic Ocean and is subdivided by their reason for notability.

Tropical cyclogenesis

Most activeleast active Atlantic hurricane seasons

Most Atlantic hurricane seasons prior to the weather satellite era include seven or fewer recorded tropical storms or hurricanes. As the usage of satellite data was not available until the mid-1960s, early storm counts are less reliable. Before the advent of the airplane or means of tracking storms, the ones recorded were storms that affected mainly populated areas. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 and zero to four per year between 1886 and 1910 has been estimated.[3]

With the advent of the satellite came better and more accurate weather tracking. The first satellites sent into space to monitor the weather were known as Television Infrared Observation Satellites (TIROS). In 1961, Hurricane Esther was the first hurricane to be "discovered" through satellite readings.[4] Although this modern invention was now available, the systems were initially not fully active enough to provide daily images of the storms.[5] Data for the North Atlantic region remained sparse as late as 1964 due to a lack of complete satellite coverage.[6]

Due to the above factors, terms such as "ever" or "on record" should be interpreted to mean "since sometime between 1964 and 1978".

The most active Atlantic hurricane season on record in terms of total storms took place in 2020, with 30 documented. The storm count for the 2020 season also includes fourteen hurricanes, of which seven strengthened to major hurricane status. On the converse, the least active season on record in terms of total storms took place in 1914. The 1914 season had just one tropical storm and no hurricanes.

Most storms in a year
YearTropical stormsHurricanes
HurricanesMajor
30* 14 7
28* 15 7
21* 7 4
20 11 6
20* 7 3
19 11 2
199519 11 5
19 12 5
19 7 4
19 10 2

Source: [7]
Fewest storms in a year
YearTropical stormsHurricanes
HurricanesMajor
1 0 0
3 2 2
4 3 0
4 3 0
4 3 2
4 4 1
4 2 1
4 2 2
4 2 0
4 3 1
Source:

Earliestlatest formations for each category

Climatologically speaking, approximately 97 percent of tropical cyclones that form in the North Atlantic develop between June 1 and November 30 – dates which delimit the modern-day Atlantic hurricane season. Though the beginning of the annual hurricane season has historically remained the same, the official end of the hurricane season has shifted from its initial date of October 31. Regardless, on average once every few years a tropical cyclone develops outside the limits of the season;[8] as of 2023 there have been 92 tropical cyclones in the off-season, with the most recent being an unnamed subtropical storm in January 2023. The first tropical cyclone of the 1938 Atlantic hurricane season, which formed on January 3, became the earliest forming tropical storm and hurricane after reanalysis concluded on the storm in December 2012.[9] Hurricane Able in 1951 was initially thought to be the earliest forming major hurricane; however, following post-storm analysis, it was determined that Able only reached Category 1 strength, which made Hurricane Alma of 1966 the new record holder, as it became a major hurricane on June 8. Though it developed within the bounds of the Atlantic hurricane season, Hurricane Audrey in 1957 was the earliest developing Category 4 hurricane on record after it reached the intensity on June 27.[10] However, reanalysis of 1956 to 1960 by NOAA downgraded Audrey to a Category 3, making Hurricane Dennis of 2005 the earliest Category 4 on record in the calendar year on July 8, 2005.[11] That mark stood until surpassed by Hurricane Beryl on June 30, 2024. Beryl would also become the earliest Category 5 two days later, surpassing Hurricane Emily of 2005.

Though the official end of the Atlantic hurricane season occurs on November 30, the dates of October 31 and November 15 have also historically marked the official end date for the hurricane season. December, the only month of the year after the hurricane season, has featured the cyclogenesis of fourteen tropical cyclones. The second Hurricane Alice in 1954 was the latest forming tropical storm and hurricane, reaching these intensities on December 30 and 31, respectively. Hurricane Alice and Tropical Storm Zeta were the only two storms to exist in two calendar years – the former from 1954 to 1955 and the latter from 2005 to 2006.[12] No storms have been recorded to exceed Category 1 hurricane intensity in December. In 1999, Hurricane Lenny reached Category 4 intensity on November 17 as it took an unusual west to east track across the Caribbean; its intensity made it the latest developing Category 4 hurricane, though this was well within the bounds of the hurricane season.[13] Based on reanalysis, the devastating Cuba hurricane in 1932 reached Category 5 intensity on November 5, making it the latest in any Atlantic hurricane season to reach this intensity.

Earliest and latest forming Atlantic tropical / subtropical cyclones by Saffir–Simpson classification
Storm
classification
Earliest formation Latest formation
Season Storm Date reached Season Storm Date reached
bgcolor= Tropical depression1900Unnumbered[14] January 171954AliceDecember 30
bgcolor= Tropical storm1938OneJanuary 31954AliceDecember 30
bgcolor= Category 11938OneJanuary 41954AliceDecember 31
bgcolor= Category 21908OneMarch 72016OttoNovember 24
bgcolor= Category 31966AlmaJune 82016OttoNovember 24
bgcolor= Category 42024Beryl[15] June 301999LennyNovember 17
bgcolor= Category 52024Beryl[16] July 21932"Cuba"[17] November 5

Most tropicalsubtropical storms formed in each month

The Atlantic hurricane season presently runs from June 1 through November 30 each year, with peak activity occurring between August and October. Specifically, the height of the season is in early to mid-September.[8] Tropical systems that form outside of these months are referred to as "off season", and account for roughly 3% of all storms that form in a given year.[8] All of the records included below are for the most storms that formed in a given month, as the threshold for "fewest" is zero for expected months. Cases where "fewest storms" are unusual include the months when the hurricane season is at its peak.

Number of Atlantic tropical / subtropical storm occurrences by month of naming
Month
MostSeason
January1[18] 1938, 1951, 1978, 2016, 2023
February1[19] 1952
March1[20] 1908
April11992, 2003, 2017
May21887, 2012, 2020
June31886, 1909, 1936, 1966, 1968, 2021, 2023, 2024
July5[21] 2005, 2020
August82004, 2012
September10[22] 2020
October81950
November3[23] 1931, 1961, 1966, 2001, 2005, 2020
December21887, 2003

Earliest formation records by storm number

Earliest and next earliest forming Atlantic tropicalsubtropical storms by storm number
Storm
number
EarliestNext earliest
NameDate of formationNameDate of formation
1OneJanuary 3, 1938OneJanuary 4, 1951
2AbleMay 16, 1951TwoMay 17, 1887
3Cristobal[24] June 2, 2020ColinJune 5, 2016
4DanielleJune 20, 2016Cindy[25] June 23, 2023
5Elsa[26] July 1, 2021Edouard[27] July 6, 2020
6FayJuly 9, 2020FranklinJuly 21, 2005
7Gonzalo[28] July 22, 2020GertJuly 24, 2005
8HannaJuly 24, 2020HarveyAugust 3, 2005
9IsaiasJuly 30, 2020IreneAugust 7, 2005
10JosephineAugust 13, 2020JoseAugust 22, 2005
11KyleAugust 14, 2020KatrinaAugust 24, 2005
12LauraAugust 21, 2020LuisAugust 29, 1995
13Marco[29] August 22, 2020MariaSeptember 2, 2005
LeeSeptember 2, 2011
14Nana[30] September 1, 2020NateSeptember 5, 2005
15Omar[31] September 1, 2020OpheliaSeptember 7, 2005
16Paulette[32] September 7, 2020PhilippeSeptember 17, 2005
17ReneSeptember 7, 2020RitaSeptember 18, 2005
18Sally[33] September 12, 2020Sam[34] September 23, 2021
19Teddy[35] September 14, 2020Teresa[36] September 24, 2021
20Vicky[37] September 14, 2020Victor[38] September 29, 2021
21Alpha[39] September 17, 2020VinceOctober 9, 2005
22WilfredSeptember 17, 2020WilmaOctober 17, 2005
23Beta[40] September 18, 2020AlphaOctober 22, 2005
24Gamma[41] October 2, 2020BetaOctober 27, 2005
25Delta[42] October 5, 2020GammaNovember 15, 2005
26Epsilon[43] October 19, 2020DeltaNovember 22, 2005
27Zeta[44] October 25, 2020Epsilon[45] November 29, 2005
28Eta[46] November 1, 2020Zeta[47] December 30, 2005
29Theta[48] November 10, 2020
30Iota[49] November 13, 2020

Intensity

Most intense

See main article: List of the most intense tropical cyclones.

Generally speaking, the intensity of a tropical cyclone is determined by either the storm's maximum sustained winds or lowest barometric pressure. The following table lists the most intense Atlantic hurricanes in terms of their lowest barometric pressure. In terms of wind speed, Allen from 1980 was the strongest Atlantic tropical cyclone on record, with maximum sustained winds of 190mph. For many years, it was thought that Hurricane Camille also attained this intensity, but this conclusion was changed in 2014. The original measurements of Camille are suspect since wind speed instrumentation used at the time would likely be damaged by winds of such intensity.[50] Nonetheless, their central pressures are low enough to rank them among the strongest recorded Atlantic hurricanes.

Owing to their intensity, the strongest Atlantic hurricanes have all attained Category 5 classification. Hurricane Opal, the most intense Category 4 hurricane recorded, intensified to reach a minimum pressure of 916 mbar (hPa; 27.05 inHg),[51] a pressure typical of Category 5 hurricanes.[52] Nonetheless, the pressure remains too high to list Opal as one of the ten strongest Atlantic tropical cyclones. Currently, Hurricane Wilma is the strongest Atlantic hurricane ever recorded, after reaching an intensity of 882 mbar (hPa; 26.05 inHg) in October 2005; at the time, this also made Wilma the strongest tropical cyclone worldwide outside of the West Pacific,[53] [54] [55] where seven tropical cyclones have been recorded to intensify to lower pressures.[56] However, this was later superseded by Hurricane Patricia in 2015 in the east Pacific, which had a pressure reading of 872 mbar. Preceding Wilma is Hurricane Gilbert, which had also held the record for most intense Atlantic hurricane for 17 years.[57] The 1935 Labor Day hurricane, with a pressure of 892 mbar (hPa; 26.34 inHg), is the third strongest Atlantic hurricane and the strongest documented tropical cyclone prior to 1950. Since the measurements taken during Wilma and Gilbert were documented using dropsonde, this pressure remains the lowest measured over land.[58]

Hurricane Rita is the fourth strongest Atlantic hurricane in terms of barometric pressure and one of three tropical cyclones from 2005 on the list, with the others being Wilma and Katrina at first and seventh, respectively. However, with a barometric pressure of 895 mbar (hPa; 26.43 inHg), Rita is the strongest tropical cyclone ever recorded in the Gulf of Mexico.[59] In between Rita and Katrina is Hurricane Allen. Allen's pressure was measured at 899 mbar. Hurricane Camille is the sixth strongest hurricane on record. Camille is the only storm to have been moved down the list due to post-storm analysis. Camille was originally recognized as the fifth strongest hurricane on record, but was dropped to the seventh strongest in 2014, with an estimated pressure at 905 mbars, tying it with Hurricanes Mitch, and Dean. Camille then was recategorized with a new pressure of 900 mbars. Currently, Mitch and Dean share intensities for the eighth strongest Atlantic hurricane at 905 mbar (hPa; 26.73 inHg). Hurricane Maria is in tenth place for most intense Atlantic tropical cyclone, with a pressure as low as 908 mbar (hPa; 26.81 inHg).[60] In addition, the most intense Atlantic hurricane outside of the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico is Hurricane Dorian of 2019, with a pressure of 910 mbar (hPa; 26.9 inHg).[61]

Many of the strongest recorded tropical cyclones weakened prior to their eventual landfall or demise. However, four of the storms remained intense enough at landfall to be considered some of the strongest landfalling hurricanes – four of the ten hurricanes on the list constitute four of the top ten most intense Atlantic landfalls in recorded history. The 1935 Labor Day hurricane made landfall at peak intensity, the most intense Atlantic hurricane landfall.[62] Hurricane Camille made landfall in Waveland, Mississippi with a pressure of 900 mbar (hPa; 26.58 inHg), making it the second most intense Atlantic hurricane landfall.[63] Though it weakened slightly before its eventual landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula, Hurricane Gilbert maintained a pressure of 900 mbar (hPa; 26.58 inHg) at landfall, making its landfall the second strongest, tied with Camille. Similarly, Hurricane Dean made landfall on the peninsula, though it did so at peak intensity and with a higher barometric pressure; its landfall marked the fourth strongest in Atlantic hurricane history.

Most intense by minimum barometric pressure

Most intense Atlantic hurricanes
HurricaneSeasonBy peak pressureBy pressure at landfall
mbarinHgmbarinHg
Wilma200588226.05
Gilbert198888826.2290026.58
"Labor Day"193589226.3489226.34
Rita200589526.43
Allen198089926.55
Camille196990026.5890026.58
Katrina200590226.64
Mitch199890526.72
Dean200790526.7290526.72
Maria201790826.81
"Cuba"192491026.87
Dorian201991026.87
Janet195591426.99
Irma201791426.99
"Cuba"193291827.10
Michael201891927.14
Note: Grey shading indicates that the pressure was not a record, only the top ten storms for each category are included here.

Strongest by 1-minute sustained wind speed

Strongest Atlantic hurricanes
HurricaneSeasonBy peak sustained wind speedBy wind speed at landfall
mphkm/hmphkm/h
Allen1980190305
"Labor Day"1935185295185295
Gilbert1988185295
Dorian2019185295185295
Wilma2005185295
Mitch1998180285
Rita2005180285
Irma2017180285180285
"Cuba"1932175280
Janet1955175280175280
Camille1969175280175280
Anita1977175280175280
David1979175280175280
Andrew1992175280165270
Katrina2005175280
Dean2007175280175280
Felix2007175280165270
Maria2017175280165270
Note: Grey shading indicates that the wind speed was not a record, only the highest ranking storms for each category are included here.

Fastest intensification

Effects

Costliest Atlantic hurricanes

See main article: List of costliest Atlantic hurricanes.

Costliest Atlantic hurricanes
RankHurricaneSeasonDamage
1 Katrina2005
Harvey2017
3 Ian2022
4 Maria2017
5 Irma2017
6 Ida2021
7 Sandy2012
8 Ike2008
9 Andrew1992
10 Ivan2004

Deadliest Atlantic hurricanes

See also: List of deadliest tropical cyclones.

Most tornadoes spawned

See also: List of tropical cyclone-spawned tornadoes.

Number of tornadoes spawned
RankCountNameYear
1 120 2004
2 115[65] 1967
3103[66] 2004
41012005
567 Beryl2024
657 Katrina2005
754 Harvey2017
850 2008
949 2008
1047 Georges1998

Miscellaneous records

Miscellaneous records
RecordValueNameSeason
Distance traveled[67] 2000
Highest forward speed69mph[68] 1961
Largest in diameter[69] Sandy2012
Longest duration (non consecutive)28 days[70] [71] "San Ciriaco"1899
Longest duration (consecutive)27.25 days Ginger1971
Longest duration (at category 5)3.6 days[72] 1932
Northernmost tropical cyclone formation42.0°N; 23.0°W Five1952
Southernmost tropical cyclone formation7.2°N; 23.4°W Isidore1990
Easternmost tropical cyclone formation11.0°N, 14.0°W Christine1973
Westernmost tropical cyclone formation22.4°N, 97.4°W Eight2013

Worldwide cyclone records set by Atlantic storms

See also

Notes and References

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