From its incorporation in 1847, the municipal boundaries of Atlanta, Georgia, United States, were extended repeatedly from a small area around its railroad station to today's city covering 131.7mi2.
Prior to 1954, Atlanta was divided into political divisions called wards. The number of wards were increased as the city grew.
| Year | Area annexed | Areas annexed | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Buckhead, Adams Park, Southwest Atlanta, Lakewood, Northwest Atlanta to the Chattahoochee River/Cobb County Line, (Including Bolton, Hills Park,Howell Mill, Moores Mill, Riverside, Woodland Hills.) | |||
| Ansley Park, Sherwood Forest, north Midtown, Hemphill Avenue, east Bankhead, north English Avenue, Washington Park, Mozley Park, Ashview Heights, west West End, Westview | |||
| Ben Hill, Greenbriar, et al. | |||
| Copenhill, part of Druid Hills, Edgewood, Reynoldstown, East Atlanta | |||
| expand city limits to a one-and-a-half mile radius | |||
| 1958 | Areas west of Niskey Lake Road in Southwest Atlanta[1] | ||
| 1967 | |||
| expand city limits to one and three-quarter mile radius | |||
| East Lake, Chosewood Park | |||
| 1925 | |||
| 1950 | |||
| 1904 | |||
| 2006 | Midwest Cascade, Horseshoe Community | ||
| 2018 | 744acres[2] | Centers for Disease Control, Emory University, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta - Egleston Hospital | |
| West End | |||
| 1923 | |||
| 1926 | |||
| 1945 | |||
| 1863 | |||
| 1968 | |||
| 2007 | Decatur | ||
| 2015 | Olmestead at East Lake | ||
| 1913 | |||
| 1957 | |||
| 1963 | |||
| 1940 | |||
| 1895 | |||
| 2016 | Northwest Cascade | ||
| 1960 | |||
| 1932 | |||
| 2013 | Cascade Road Landfill | ||
| 1916 | |||
| 1969 | |||
| 1915 | |||
| 1854 | |||
| 1976 | |||
| 1973 | |||
| 2003 | |||
| 1962 | |||
| 2008 | |||
| 1970 | |||
| 1930 | |||
| 1949 | |||
| 2009 | |||
| 1934 | |||
| 1979 | |||
| 1954 | |||
| 1978 | |||
| 2016 | University Drive and Spring Valley Lane | ||
| 1943 | |||
| 1914 | |||
| 1965 | |||
| 2005 | |||
| 2010 |
City is incorporated — city limits are a 1miles radius from the zero mile marker of the Western & Atlantic Railroad. City covers 3.14mi2, .
The 1848 charter only specified election of six citywide councilmembers, but on January 9, 1854, an ordinance was adopted that divided the town into five wards and two councilmen from each ward would be elected to coincide with the completion of the first official city hall.The next election with the new rules on January 15, 1855, decided those first Ward bosses who would serve with the short-term mayor, Allison Nelson.The boundaries were as follows:
On March 12, city limits expand to a one-and-a-half mile radius from Union Depot.[3] [4]
During a huge boom of post-war building, two new wards were added from parts of the First, Fourth and Fifth to reflect the changing look of the city.
A new city charter was approved by Governor Smith on February 28, 1874, which reduced the number of wards back to five and created a bi-cameral council of two councilmen from each ward and a second body of three at-large aldermen was established.Each year one of the aldermen would be up for election and during his last year in office would serve as president of the other body.They acted separately on finances but together for all other business.
The new ward layout was as follows:
On November 5, 1883, a Sixth Ward (beige) was carved out of the Fourth and Fifth Wards.Its boundaries started at Butler and the GRR (today's Grady Hospital) north to North Ave at Myrtle St, then up Myrtle to the city limit at 3rd St.Follow the arc of the city limit to Williams, south to Cain (International) then James (Church) to Forsyth south to the tracks then east on the tracks to origin.This separated the wealthy Peachtree corridor from the other parts of north Atlanta. (Garrett Vol II, p. 53–54)
Expansion of city limits to one and three-quarters radius from union depot.[3]
When West End was annexed into the city in 1894, it became a new Seventh Ward.
822acres annexed - the southern part of what is now Midtown was already within the 1889 limits, but in 1904 the city annexes most of the rest of what is now Midtown: this is an area bounded by the 1889 circular city limits on the south, and West Peachtree St. on the west, stretching north up to but not including Ansley Park (roughly 6th to 16th Streets), Piedmont Park, the remainder of Historic Midtown east to what is now the BeltLine. this includes a strip of what is now the Old Fourth Ward between the 1889 limits and the BeltLine.[5]
Further expansion of the city limits was part of a long effort.
In October 1897 Frank P. Rice drove a failed proposal to annex Pittsburgh, Reynoldstown, Bellwood, and what was then called "north Atlanta".[6] [7]
"North Atlanta" was defined at the time roughly as today's Midtown, Georgia Tech, and English Avenue:[8]
In 1902 a special committee made a new proposal to annex those areas as well as "Bonnie Brae", Copenhill, and the "St. Charles Avenue" area (in today's Virginia Highland). By then, "north Atlanta" was being referred to as "Peachtree".[9]
In 1905, the Eighth Ward was added. An act of the Georgia General Assembly was enacted on August 3, 1904, which designated the area from then current city limits (at 6th St and West Peachtree), north to 15th St, then east to Piedmont Ave, then northeast to Southern Railway (basically follow Piedmont to the Ansley Park area), then southwardly along the railway the limits. The act also took part of the Sixth Ward north of North Ave. into the new Eighth Ward.
On January 1, 1909, a Ninth Ward was formed out of just annexed Copenhill, part of Druid Hills, Edgewood, Reynoldstown and East Atlanta. Edgewood alone had had its own city government before the annexation.[10]
Annexation of 35102NaN2 to the north and west:[11] [12]
Annexation of 20112NaN2 including the town of Oakland City and from the previous city limits south to the BeltLine: Adair Park, most of Pittsburgh, southern Summerhill, southern/eastern edges of Grant Park neighborhood.[12] [13]
Annexation of the blocks surrounding Brown Park (now Brownwood Park) in East Atlanta - Moreland east to Stokesland and Glenwood south to the current city limits.[14]
A new Tenth Ward was created. The eastern boundary was McDaniel Street. The southwestern boundary was Whitehall Street to the Central of Georgia Railroad, and from there along the railroad to a point just south of the BeltLine. From there, the boundary ran due west to a prolongation of Holderness Street south of the BeltLine, and from there southwest to the junction of Campbellton and Utoy roads. Then due east along the north boundary of Fort McPherson to the Central of Georgia Railroad. Then south along that railway line to a point between Osborne and Astor avenues, then east to Sylvan Road, then north to the BeltLine, then east to McDaniel Street.[15]
This included:
Eleventh Ward created from part of the Ninth Ward (area south of the Georgia railroad line) and from part of the Third Ward. The new ward corresponds to East Atlanta, Ormewood Park, and other adjacent areas.[16]
In June 1923 there was a failed movement to annex College Park, East Point, and Hapeville.[21]
A Thirteenth Ward was created as the section of the Ninth Ward north of St. Charles and east of the Belt Line to the west side of Briarcliff and north the corporate limits. (most of today's Virginia-Highland)
On March 14, 1935, the legislature reduced the number of wards from 13 to 6 and the thirty-nine member city council is cut to eighteen members effective January 1, 1937. The wards were combined as such:
In 1951, after a failed 1947 referendum and two other failed attempts, the state legislature passed a "Plan of Improvement" by which on Jan. 1, 1952, the city annexed 514701NaN1 in Buckhead, Adams Park, Southwest Atlanta,& Lakewood, Northwest Atlanta to the Chattahoochee River/Cobb County Border.[25] This was by far the largest expansion in Atlanta's history, tripling the size of the city to 118mi2 and adding 100,000 residents. This helped spread the burden of providing public services by adding to the base a large group of mostly more affluent residents. The annexation was viewed as a triumph of Mayor Hartsfield.[26]
Atlanta would in the 1970s again try, but without success, to repeat the process by state legislation to annex what is now Sandy Springs to Atlanta.[27]
Annexation of Ben Hill, Greenbriar and other adjacent areas in far southwestern Atlanta.[28]
The ward system is ended. No longer a bicameral body, only a board of six aldermen with a Vice-Mayor serving as president of the board. All positions were elected citywide. (For post-ward setup, see Political structure of Atlanta).
Since 1953, multiple small annexations (and deannexations) to the City of Atlanta have occurred, in two periods: 1954–1979 and 2003-2010. No annexations took place between 1979 and 2003.[29]
Multiple small areas adjacent to southwestern Atlanta were annexed including Midwest Cascade, Cascade Glen, and the Horseshoe Community.[30] Sandtown's 2007 petition for annexation was put on hold.[31]
These annexations added a few thousand residents, and approximately three square miles, including areas mostly in the southwest of the city, but also small parcels in the east and north of the city.
In December 2017, the Atlanta City Council approved an annexation request by Emory University, the Centers for Disease Control, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta - Egleston Hospital, and other contiguous property owners in the Druid Hills neighborhood of DeKalb County. The annexation was effective January 1, 2018.[2] In June 2017 the university leadership formally petitioned the City of Atlanta to annex it.[32] To comply with the requirement that an annexed area be adjacent to the existing city limits, the university purchased a residence partially within the then-city limits.[33] The city government also entered into a settlement with the DeKalb County government to settle a dispute, paving the way for the annexation.[34]
Due to the taxable revenue involved, there was a dispute over whether the area would remain in the DeKalb County School District or transition to Atlanta Public Schools.[35] In 2016 Emory University made a statement that "Annexation of Emory into the City of Atlanta will not change school districts, since neighboring communities like Druid Hills will still be self-determining regarding annexation."[36] By 2017 the city agreed to include the annexed property in the boundaries of APS, a move decried by the leadership of DeKalb County Schools as it would take taxable property away from that district.[2] In 2017 the number of children living in the annexed territory who attended public schools was nine.[35] The annexed area ultimately went to APS,[2] and as part of a 2019 settlement Emory would help establish school-based clinics for DeKalb schools. Students in the area will be rezoned to APS effective 2024; they will be zoned to DeKalb schools before then.[37]
Maps showing annexation of CDC/Emory University area: