Athletics at the 2006 Commonwealth Games – Men's 200 metres explained

The 200 metres at the 2006 Commonwealth Games as part of the athletics programme were held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground on Wednesday 22 March and Thursday 23 March 2006.

The top three runners in each of the initial eight heats automatically qualified for the second round. The next eight fastest runners from across the heats also qualified. Those 32 runners competed in 4 heats in the second round, with the top four runners from each heat qualifying for the semifinals. There were two semifinals, and only the top four from each heat advanced to the final.

Records

World Record	19.32 s	Michael Johnson	USA	Atlanta, Georgia, United States	1 August 1996
Games Record	19.97 s	Frankie Fredericks	NAM	Victoria, British Columbia, Canada	?? August, 1994

Medals

Gold:	Silver:	Bronze:
Omar Brown, Jamaica	Stéphan Buckland, Mauritius	Chris Williams, Jamaica

Qualification

Going into the event, the top ten Commonwealth athletes as ranked by the International Association of Athletics Federations were:

13 March Rank		Athlete	Nation	Games Result	27 March Rank
Comm.	World				Comm.	World
1	4	Chris Williams	Jamaica	Bronze	1	4
2	5	Usain Bolt	Jamaica	Did not compete	3	6
3	7	Stéphan Buckland	Mauritius	Silver	2	5
4	9	Aaron Armstrong	Trinidad and Tobago	5th	4	9
5	12	Christian Malcolm	Wales	Did not compete	=5	=12
6	13	Daniel Batman	Australia	Semi-finalist	8	15
7	14	Marlon Devonish		Semi-finalist	9	16
8	16	Patrick Johnson	Australia	4th	=5	=12
9	17	Omar Brown	Jamaica	Gold	=5	=12
10	18	Jaysuma Saidy Ndure		Semi-finalist	11	19

Results

All times shown are in seconds.

• Q denotes qualification by place in heat.
• q denotes qualification by overall place.
• DNS denotes did not start.
• DNF denotes did not finish.
• DQ denotes disqualification.
• NR denotes national record.
• GR denotes Games record.
• WR denotes world record.
• PB denotes personal best.
• SB denotes season best.

Round 1

Heat 1 of 8 Date: Wednesday 22 March 2006 Time: ??:?? AM Wind: -0.2 m/s
Place		Athlete	Nation	Lane	Reaction	Time	Qual.	Record
Heat	Overall
1	3	Jaysuma Saidy Ndure	The Gambia	6	0.165 s	20.64 s	Q
2	4	Aaron Armstrong	Trinidad and Tobago	5	0.182 s	20.66 s	Q
3	=17		Mauritius	2	0.182 s	20.99 s	Q	PB
4	=19	Brendan Christian	Antigua and Barbuda	7	0.238 s	21.00 s	q
5	28	Shiwantha Weerasuriya	Sri Lanka	1	0.237 s	21.41 s	q
6	30	Sandy Walker	Sierra Leone	8	0.185 s	21.48 s	q
7	=35	Enote Inanga	Saint Kitts and Nevis	4	0.220 s	21.69 s
8	48	Ismail Saneem	Maldives	3	0.238 s	23.68 s		PB

Heat 2 of 8 Date: Wednesday 22 March 2006 Time: ??:?? AM Wind: +0.7 m/s
Place		Athlete	Nation	Lane	Reaction	Time	Qual.	Record
Heat	Overall
1	6	Patrick Johnson	Australia	3	0.186 s	20.74 s	Q
2	15	Sherwin Vries	South Africa	5	0.212 s	20.95 s	Q
3	16		Ghana	6	0.163 s	20.95 s	Q
4	24	Gibrilla Bangura	Sierra Leone	2	0.135 s	21.18 s	q	PB
5	=25	Chris Lambert	England	7	0.281 s	21.20 s	q
6	33	Evans Marie	Seychelles	4	0.199 s	21.66 s
7	37	Darian Forbes	Turks and Caicos Islands	8	0.279 s	21.72 s
8	46	Rabangaki Nawai	Kiribati	1	0.174 s	22.81 s		NR

Heat 3 of 8 Date: Wednesday 22 March 2006 Time: ??:?? AM Wind: +2.1 m/s
Place		Athlete	Nation	Lane	Reaction	Time	Qual.	Record
Heat	Overall
1	5	Marlon Devonish	England	3	0.199 s	20.70 s	Q
2	=12	Ainsley Waugh	Jamaica	7	0.190 s	20.93 s	Q
3	=19		Trinidad and Tobago	6	0.250 s	21.00 s	Q
4	21	Ambrose Ezenwa	Australia	1	0.167 s	21.10 s	q
5	22	Jamial Rolle	Bahamas	5	0.191 s	21.12 s	q
6	=31	Alie Dady Bangura	Sierra Leone	4	0.260 s	21.54 s
-	-	Hitjivirue Kaanjuka	Namibia	8	0.243 s	DSQ		163.3
-	-	Mariuti Uan	Kiribati	2		DNS

Heat 4 of 8 Date: Wednesday 22 March 2006 Time: ??:?? AM Wind: +2.3 m/s
Place		Athlete	Nation	Lane	Reaction	Time	Qual.	Record
Heat	Overall
1	9	Enefiok Udo-Obong	Nigeria	2	0.153 s	20.82 s	Q
2	11	Kevon Pierre	Trinidad and Tobago	1	0.214 s	20.92 s	Q
3	14		England	4	0.208 s	20.94 s	Q
4	45	Nelson Kabitana	Solomon Islands	3	0.224 s	22.71 s
-	-	Robert Ibeh	Cayman Islands	5	0.234 s	DSQ		163.3
-	-	Delano Fulford	Turks and Caicos Islands	7	0.321 s	DSQ		163.3
-	-	Abraham Kepsen	Vanuatu	8	0.266 s	DSQ		163.3
-	-	Odingo Gordon	Montserrat	6	0.220 s	DSQ		163.3

Heat 5 of 8 Date: Wednesday 22 March 2006 Time: ??:?? AM Wind: -0.3 m/s
Place		Athlete	Nation	Lane	Reaction	Time	Qual.	Record
Heat	Overall
1	7	Leigh Julius	South Africa	6	0.177 s	20.80 s	Q
2	8	Omar Brown	Jamaica	7	0.281 s	20.80 s	Q
3	=31		The Gambia	1	0.255 s	21.54 s	Q	PB
4	38	Ivan Miller	Antigua and Barbuda	3	0.287 s	21.80 s
5	=42	Makame Machano	Tanzania	5	0.281 s	22.03 s
6	44	Andrew Doonar	Papua New Guinea	4	0.205 s	22.28 s
7	47	Robert Nidithawae	Vanuatu	2	0.164 s	23.42 s
-	-	Stephen Antoine Ovar Johnson	Cayman Islands	8	0.155 s	DSQ		163.3

Heat 6 of 8 Date: Wednesday 22 March 2006 Time: ??:?? AM Wind: -0.6 m/s
Place		Athlete	Nation	Lane	Reaction	Time	Qual.	Record
Heat	Overall
1	10	Daniel Batman	Australia	3	0.185 s	20.86 s	Q
2	=12	James Dolphin	New Zealand	6	0.160 s	20.93 s	Q
3	23		Canada	8	0.173 s	21.15 s	Q
4	34	Iliesa Namosimalua	Fiji	2	0.218 s	21.68 s
5	40	Fabian Niulai	Papua New Guinea	1	0.229 s	21.85 s
6	=42	Michael Henry	Montserrat	5	0.222 s	22.03 s		PB
7	50	Mohamed Asim	Maldives	4	0.195 s	26.48 s
-	-	Troy McIntosh	Bahamas	7		DNF

Heat 7 of 8 Date: Wednesday 22 March 2006 Time: ??:?? AM Wind: +0.4 m/s
Place		Athlete	Nation	Lane	Reaction	Time	Qual.	Record
Heat	Overall
1	1	Chris Williams	Jamaica	3	0.186 s	20.49 s	Q
2	2	Stéphan Buckland	Mauritius	5	0.286 s	20.56 s	Q
3	=17		Bahamas	4	0.184 s	20.99 s	Q
4	29	François Belinga	Cameroon	1	0.185 s	21.46 s	q
5	=35	Navitalai Naivalu	Fiji	6	0.215 s	21.69 s
6	49	Ikbarry White	Montserrat	2	0.197 s	23.74 s
-	-	Clement Agyeman	Ghana	7	0.288 s	DSQ		163.3

Heat 8 of 8 Date: Wednesday 22 March 2006 Time: ??:?? AM Wind: -0.4 m/s
Place		Athlete	Nation	Lane	Reaction	Time	Qual.	Record
Heat	Overall
1	=25	Uchenna Emedolu	Nigeria	4	0.207 s	21.20 s	Q
2	27	Snyman Prinsloo	South Africa	6	0.168 s	21.40 s	Q
3	39		British Virgin Islands	7	0.213 s	21.82 s	Q
4	41	Jayson Jones	Belize	3	0.164 s	21.93 s
-	-	Toom Annaua	Kiribati	8	0.277 s	DSQ		163.3
-	-	Joseph Batangdon	Cameroon	2		DNS
-	-	Casnel Bushay	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	1		DNS
-	-	Justin Duahsaeed	Ghana	5		DNS

Round 1 overall results
Place	Athlete	Nation	Heat	Lane	Place	Wind	Time	Qual.	Record
1	Chris Williams	Jamaica	7	3	1	+0.4	20.49 s	Q
2	Stéphan Buckland	Mauritius	7	5	2	+0.4	20.56 s	Q
3	Jaysuma Saidy Ndure	The Gambia	1	6	1	-0.2	20.64 s	Q
4	Aaron Armstrong	Trinidad and Tobago	1	5	2	-0.2	20.66 s	Q
5	Marlon Devonish	England	3	3	1	+2.1	20.70 s	Q
6	Patrick Johnson	Australia	2	3	1	+0.7	20.74 s	Q
7	Leigh Julius	South Africa	5	6	1	-0.3	20.80 s	Q
8	Omar Brown	Jamaica	5	7	2	-0.3	20.80 s	Q
9	Enefiok Udo-Obong	Nigeria	4	2	1	+2.3	20.82 s	Q
10	Daniel Batman	Australia	6	3	1	-0.6	20.86 s	Q
11	Kevon Pierre	Trinidad and Tobago	4	1	2	+2.3	20.92 s	Q
12	James Dolphin	New Zealand	6	6	2	-0.6	20.93 s	Q
	Ainsley Waugh	Jamaica	3	7	2	+2.1	20.93 s	Q
14		England	4	4	3	+2.3	20.94 s	Q
15	Sherwin Vries	South Africa	2	5	2	+0.7	20.95 s	Q
16		Ghana	2	6	3	+0.7	20.95 s	Q
17		Mauritius	1	2	3	-0.2	20.99 s	Q	PB
		Bahamas	7	4	3	+0.4	20.99 s	Q
19	Brendan Christian	Antigua and Barbuda	1	7	4	-0.2	21.00 s	q
		Trinidad and Tobago	3	6	3	+2.1	21.00 s	Q
21	Ambrose Ezenwa	Australia	3	1	4	+2.1	21.10 s	q
22	Jamial Rolle	Bahamas	3	5	5	+2.1	21.12 s	q
23		Canada	6	8	3	-0.6	21.15 s	Q
24	Gibrilla Bangura	Sierra Leone	2	2	4	+0.7	21.18 s	q	PB
25	Uchenna Emedolu	Nigeria	8	4	1	-0.4	21.20 s	Q
	Chris Lambert	England	2	7	5	+0.7	21.20 s	q
27	Snyman Prinsloo	South Africa	8	6	2	-0.4	21.40 s	Q
28	Shiwantha Weerasuriya	Sri Lanka	1	1	5	-0.2	21.41 s	q
29	François Belinga	Cameroon	7	1	4	+0.4	21.46 s	q
30	Sandy Walker	Sierra Leone	1	8	6	+0.4	21.48	q
31	Alie Dady Bangura	Sierra Leone	3	4	6	+2.1	21.54
		The Gambia	5	1	3	-0.3	21.54 s	Q	PB
33	Evans Marie	Seychelles	2	4	6	+0.7	21.66 s
34	Iliesa Namosimalua	Fiji	6	2	4	-0.6	21.68 s
35	Enote Inanga	Saint Kitts and Nevis	1	4	7	-0.2	21.69 s
	Navitalai Naivalu	Fiji	7	6	5	+0.4	21.69 s
37	Darian Forbes	Turks and Caicos Islands	2	8	7	+0.7	21.72 s
38	Ivan Miller	Antigua and Barbuda	5	3	4	-0.3	21.80 s
39		British Virgin Islands	8	7	3	-0.4	21.82 s	Q
40	Fabian Niulai	Papua New Guinea	6	1	5	-0.6	21.85 s
41	Jayson Jones	Belize	8	3	4	-0.4	21.93 s
42	Michael Henry	Montserrat	6	5	6	-0.6	22.03 s		PB
	Makame Machano	Tanzania	5	5	5	-0.3	22.03 s
44		Turks and Caicos Islands	5	4	6	-0.3	22.28 s
45	Nelson Kabitana	Solomon Islands	4	3	4	+2.3	22.71 s
46	Rabangaki Nawai	Kiribati	2	1	8	+0.7	22.81 s		NR
47	Robert Nidithawae	Vanuatu	5	2	7	-0.3	23.42 s
48	Ismail Saneem	Maldives	1	3	8	-0.2	23.68 s		PB
49	Ikbarry White	Montserrat	7	2	6	+0.4	23.74 s
50	Mohamed Asim	Maldives	6	4	7	-0.6	26.48 s
-	Troy McIntosh	Bahamas	6	7	-	-0.6	DNF
	Robert Ibeh	Cayman Islands	4	5	-	+2.3	DSQ		163.3
	Clement Agyeman	Ghana	7	7	-	+0.4	DSQ		163.3
	Stephen Antoine Ovar Johnson	Cayman Islands	5	8	-	-0.3	DSQ		163.3
	Hitjivirue Kaanjuka	Namibia	3	8	-	+2.1	DSQ		163.3
	Delano Fulford	Turks and Caicos Islands	4	7	-	+2.3	DSQ		163.3
	Abraham Kepsen	Vanuatu	4	8	-	+2.3	DSQ		163.3
	Odingo Gordon	Montserrat	4	6	-	+2.3	DSQ		163.3
	Toom Annaua	Kiribati	8	8	-	-0.4	DSQ		163.3
	Joseph Batangdon	Cameroon	8	2	-	-0.4	DNS
	Casnel Bushay	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	8	1	-	-0.4	DNS
	Justin Duahsaeed	Ghana	8	5	-	-0.4	DNS
	Mariuti Uan	Kiribati	3	2	-	+2.1	DNS

Round 2

Heat 1 of 4 Date: Wednesday 22 March 2006 Time: ??:?? AM Wind: +0.6 m/s
Place		Athlete	Nation	Lane	Reaction	Time	Qual.	Record
Heat	Overall
1	1	Chris Williams	Jamaica	3	0.186 s	20.48 s	Q
2	2	Stéphan Buckland	Mauritius	5	0.187 s	20.54 s	Q
3	9	Uchenna Emedolu	Nigeria	6	0.177 s	20.77 s	Q
4	14	Brendan Christian	Antigua and Barbuda	7	0.189 s	20.98 s	q
5	17	Snyman Prinsloo	South Africa	4	0.169 s	21.05 s
6	26		The Gambia	2	0.245 s	21.78 s
7	28	Sandy Walker	Sierra Leone	1	0.126 s	21.96 s
-	-		England	8	0.175 s	DSQ		163.3

Heat 2 of 4 Date: Wednesday 22 March 2006 Time: ??:?? AM Wind: -0.6 m/s
Place		Athlete	Nation	Lane	Reaction	Time	Qual.	Record
Heat	Overall
1	3	Omar Brown	Jamaica	4	0.147 s	20.58 s	Q
2	=6	Jaysuma Saidy Ndure	The Gambia	5	0.158 s	20.74 s	Q
3	10	Aaron Armstrong	Trinidad and Tobago	6	0.172 s	20.78 s	Q
4	12	Ambrose Ezenwa	Australia	7	0.167 s	20.87 s	q
5	16		Ghana	1	0.172 s	21.04 s	q
6	18	Sherwin Vries	South Africa	3	0.170 s	21.13 s
7	24	François Belinga	Cameroon	8	0.175 s	21.67 s
-	-		British Virgin Islands	2		DNS

Heat 3 of 4 Date: Wednesday 22 March 2006 Time: ??:?? AM Wind: +0.2 m/s
Place		Athlete	Nation	Lane	Reaction	Time	Qual.	Record
Heat	Overall
1	5	Enefiok Udo-Obong	Nigeria	3	0.188 s	20.67 s	Q	PB
2	=6	Daniel Batman	Australia	5	0.180 s	20.74 s	Q
3	8	Marlon Devonish	England	4	0.138 s	20.76 s	Q
4	15	Ainsley Waugh	Jamaica	6	0.182 s	21.03 s	q
5	19		Canada	8	0.220 s	21.26 s
6	20	Jamial Rolle	Bahamas	2	0.158 s	21.33 s
7	21		Trinidad and Tobago	1	0.212 s	21.35 s
8	25	Shiwantha Weerasuriya	Sri Lanka	7	0.266 s	21.68 s

Heat 4 of 4 Date: Wednesday 22 March 2006 Time: ??:?? AM Wind: -0.5 m/s
Place		Athlete	Nation	Lane	Reaction	Time	Qual.	Record
Heat	Overall
1	4	Patrick Johnson	Australia	6	0.153 s	20.64 s	Q
2	11	James Dolphin	New Zealand	3	0.158 s	20.80 s	Q
3	13	Leigh Julius	South Africa	4	0.149 s	20.92 s	Q
4	22	Kevon Pierre	Trinidad and Tobago	5	0.175 s	21.36 s
5	23		Mauritius	2	0.206 s	21.52 s
6	27	Gibrilla Bangura	Sierra Leone	1	0.163 s	21.84 s
-	-		Bahamas	8	0.140 s	DSQ		163.3
		Chris Lambert	England	7		DNS

Round 2 overall results
Place	Athlete	Nation	Heat	Lane	Place	Wind	Time	Qual.	Record
1	Chris Williams	Jamaica	1	3	1	+0.6	20.48 s	Q
2	Stéphan Buckland	Mauritius	1	5	2	+0.6	20.54 s	Q
3	Omar Brown	Jamaica	2	4	1	-0.6	20.58 s	Q
4	Patrick Johnson	Australia	4	6	1	-0.5	20.64 s	Q
5	Enefiok Udo-Obong	Nigeria	3	3	1	+0.2	20.67 s	Q	PB
6	Daniel Batman	Australia	3	5	2	+0.2	20.74 s	Q
	Jaysuma Saidy Ndure	The Gambia	2	5	2	-0.6	20.74 s	Q
8	Marlon Devonish	England	3	4	3	+0.2	20.76 s	Q
9	Uchenna Emedolu	Nigeria	1	6	3	+0.6	20.77 s	Q
10	Aaron Armstrong	Trinidad and Tobago	2	6	3	-0.6	20.78 s	Q
11	James Dolphin	New Zealand	4	3	2	-0.5	20.80 s	Q
12	Ambrose Ezenwa	Australia	2	7	4	-0.6	20.87 s	q
13	Leigh Julius	South Africa	4	4	3	-0.5	20.92 s	Q
14	Brendan Christian	Antigua and Barbuda	1	7	4	+0.6	20.98 s	q
15	Ainsley Waugh	Jamaica	3	6	4	+0.2	21.03 s	q
16		Ghana	2	1	5	-0.6	21.04 s	q
17	Snyman Prinsloo	South Africa	1	4	5	+0.6	21.05 s
18	Sherwin Vries	South Africa	2	3	6	-0.6	21.13 s
19		Canada	3	8	5	+0.2	21.26 s
20	Jamial Rolle	Bahamas	3	2	6	+0.2	21.33 s
21		Trinidad and Tobago	3	1	7	+0.2	21.35 s
22	Kevon Pierre	Trinidad and Tobago	4	5	4	-0.5	21.36 s
23		Mauritius	4	2	5	-0.5	21.52 s
24	François Belinga	Cameroon	2	8	7	-0.6	21.67 s
25	Shiwantha Weerasuriya	Sri Lanka	3	7	8	+0.2	21.68 s
26		The Gambia	1	2	6	+0.6	21.78 s
27	Gibrilla Bangura	Sierra Leone	4	1	6	-0.5	21.84 s
28	Sandy Walker	Sierra Leone	1	1	7	+0.6	21.96 s
-		Bahamas	4	8	-	-0.5	DSQ		163.3
		England	1	8	-	+0.6	DSQ		163.3
		British Virgin Islands	2	2	-	-0.6	DNS
	Chris Lambert	England	4	7	-	-0.5	DNS

Semi-finals

Semi-final 1 Date: Thursday 23 March 2006 Time: ??:?? PM Wind: +1.0 m/s
Place		Athlete	Nation	Lane	Reaction	Time	Qual.	Record
Heat	Overall
1	1	Omar Brown	Jamaica	6	0.156 s	20.49 s	Q
2	2	Aaron Armstrong	Trinidad and Tobago	8	0.168 s	20.59 s	Q
3	=3	Patrick Johnson	Australia	3	0.206 s	20.63 s	Q
4	5	Uchenna Emedolu	Nigeria	7	0.166 s	20.66 s	Q
5	6	Jaysuma Saidy Ndure	The Gambia	4	0.161 s	20.70 s
6	11	Daniel Batman	Australia	5	0.163 s	20.90 s
7	14	Brendan Christian	Antigua and Barbuda	1	0.156 s	21.10 s
8	15	Ainsley Waugh	Jamaica	2	0.172 s	21.15 s

Semi-final 2 Date: Thursday 23 March 2006 Time: ??:?? PM Wind: +1.7 m/s
Place		Athlete	Nation	Lane	Reaction	Time	Qual.	Record
Heat	Overall
1	3	Stéphan Buckland	Mauritius	6	0.199 s	20.63 s	Q
2	7	Enefiok Udo-Obong	Nigeria	3	0.168 s	20.72 s	Q
3	8	James Dolphin	New Zealand	4	0.211 s	20.73 s	Q
4	9	Chris Williams	Jamaica	5	0.183 s	20.73 s	Q
5	10	Leigh Julius	South Africa	8	0.154 s	20.86 s
6	12	Marlon Devonish	England	1	0.153 s	20.93 s
7	13	Ambrose Ezenwa	Australia	2	0.165 s	20.97 s
8	16		Ghana	7	0.269 s	21.19 s

Semi-finals overall results
Place	Athlete	Nation	Heat	Lane	Place	Wind	Time	Qual.	Record
1	Omar Brown	Jamaica	1	6	1	+1.0	20.49 s	Q
2	Aaron Armstrong	Trinidad and Tobago	1	8	2	+1.0	20.59 s	Q
3	Stéphan Buckland	Mauritius	2	6	1	+1.7	20.63 s	Q
	Patrick Johnson	Australia	1	3	3	+1.0	20.63 s	Q
5	Uchenna Emedolu	Nigeria	1	7	4	+1.0	20.66 s	Q
6	Jaysuma Saidy Ndure	The Gambia	1	4	5	+1.0	20.70 s
7	Enefiok Udo-Obong	Nigeria	2	3	2	+1.7	20.72 s	Q
8	James Dolphin	New Zealand	2	4	3	+1.7	20.73 s	Q
9	Chris Williams	Jamaica	2	5	4	+1.7	20.73 s	Q
10	Leigh Julius	South Africa	2	8	5	+1.7	20.86 s
11	Daniel Batman	Australia	1	5	6	+1.0	20.90 s
12	Marlon Devonish	England	2	1	6	+1.7	20.93 s
13	Ambrose Ezenwa	Australia	2	2	7	+1.7	20.97 s
14	Brendan Christian	Antigua and Barbuda	1	1	7	+1.0	21.10 s
15	Ainsley Waugh	Jamaica	1	2	8	+1.0	21.15 s
16		Ghana	2	7	8	+1.7	21.19 s

Final

Final Date: Thursday 23 March 2006 Time: ??:?? PM Wind: +0.5 m/s
Place	Athlete	Nation	Lane	Reaction	Time	Record
1	Omar Brown	Jamaica	5	0.155 s	20.47 s
2	Stéphan Buckland	Mauritius	3	0.182 s	20.47 s
3	Chris Williams	Jamaica	7	0.205 s	20.52 s
4	Patrick Johnson	Australia	2	0.165 s	20.59 s
5	Aaron Armstrong	Trinidad and Tobago	4	0.172 s	20.61 s
6	Uchenna Emedolu	Nigeria	8	0.190 s	20.66 s
7	Enefiok Udo-Obong	Nigeria	6	0.154 s	20.69 s
8	James Dolphin	New Zealand	1	0.145 s	20.72 s

References

• Results