List of Assyrian settlements explained

The following is a list of historical and contemporary Assyrian settlements in the Middle East. This list includes settlements of Assyrians from Southeastern Turkey who left their indigenous tribal districts in Hakkari (or the historical Hakkari region), Sirnak and Mardin province[1] due to torment, violence and displacement by Ottomans and Kurds in the First World War. Many Assyrians from Urmia, Iran were also affected and as such have emigrated and settled in other towns. Resettling again occurred during the Simele massacre in northern Iraq, perpetrated by the Iraqi military coup in the 1930s, with many fleeing to northeastern Syria.[2]

Most modern resettlement is located in Iraq,[3] Syria, Turkey,[4] and Iran in the cities of Baghdad, Habbaniyah, Kirkuk, Duhok, Al-Hasakah, Tehran, Mardin and Damascus. Few Assyrian settlements exist in Turkey today and also in the Caucasus. The exodus to the cities or towns of these aforementioned countries occurred between late 1910s and 1930s.[5] [6] After the Iraq War in 2003, a number of Assyrians in Baghdad relocated to the Assyrian homeland in northern Iraq.[7] Many others have immigrated to North America, Europe and Australia, especially in the late 20th century and 21st century.[8] Currently, there are a number of settlements on this list that have been abandoned due to persecution, conflict, and other causes.[9]

Iraq

Dohuk Province

SettlementAramaicDistrictNote(s)
Araden[11] ܐܪܕܢDohuk Amadiya 35 Assyrian families inhabit Araden as of May 2004
Enishkeܐܝܢܫܟܐ Dohuk Amadiya30 Assyrian families inhabit Enishke as of May 2004[12]
Sarsing[13] ܣܪܣܢܓDohuk Amadiya 150 Assyrian families inhabit Sarsing as of May 2004[14]
BadarashܒܪܕܪܐܫDohuk Amadiya40 Assyrian families inhabit Badarash as of May 2004
Amadiya[15] ܥܡܝܕܝܐ Dohuk Amadiya
BazܒܵܙDohuk Amadiya 10 Assyrian families inhabited Baz in May 2004.[16] 40 Christian and Muslim families inhabit Baz as of June 2011[17]
Bebadiܒܝܬ ܒܥܕܝDohuk Amadiya 30 Assyrian families inhabit Bebadi as of May 2004
Belejaneܒܠܝܓ̰ܢܐDohuk Amadiya 15 Assyrian families inhabit Belejane as of May 2004[18]
BelmandܒܠܡܢܕDohuk Amadiya 50 Assyrian families inhabit Belmand as of May 2004[19]
BeqolkeܒܹܩܘܠܟܐDohuk Amadiya 74 Assyrians inhabited Beqolke in 1957; 7 Assyrian families inhabited Beqolke in 1978; 4 Assyrian families inhabit Beqolke as of 1991[20]
BenathaܒܹܢܬܐDohuk Amadiya8 Assyrian families inhabit Benatha as of May 2004
Beth Shmayayeܒܝܬ ܫܡܝܝܐDohuk Amadiya
Beth Tanuraܒܝܬ ܬܢܘܪܐDohuk Amadiya
ChalekDohuk Amadiya 10 Assyrian families inhabit Chalek as of May 2004
Chem Rabatkeܟ̰ܡ ܪܒܬܟܐDohuk Amadiya
DawodiyaܕܘܘܕܝܐDohuk Amadiya
DehiܕܗܐDohuk Amadiya 20 Assyrian families inhabit Dehi as of 1991
DereܕܝܪܐDohuk Amadiya 323 Assyrians inhabited Dere in 1957;[21] 250 Assyrians inhabited Dere in 1988; 25 Assyrian families inhabit Dere as of May 2004
DerishkeܕܝܪܫܟܐDohuk Amadiya 20 Assyrian families inhabit Derishke as of May 2004[22]
DoreehܕܘܪܗDohuk Amadiya 30 Assyrian families inhabit Dore as of May 2004[23]
EqriܐܩܪܝDohuk Amadiya
EyatܐܝܬDohuk Amadiya 169 Assyrians inhabited Eyat in 1957; 19 Assyrian families inhabit Eyat as of 2013 [24]
HayesܗܝܤDohuk Amadiya
HezanyܗܝܙܢܐDohuk Amadiya 27 Assyrian families inhabit Hezany as of 1991
Jadideܓ̰ܕܝܕܐDohuk Amadiya
JelekDohuk Amadiya 519 Assyrians inhabited Jelek in 1957; 62 Assyrian families inhabit Jelek as of 2011 [25]
Joleܫ̰ܘܠܐDohuk Amadiya
Kani Balaviܟܢܝ ܒܠܦ̮ܐDohuk Amadiya 15 Assyrian families inhabit Kani Balavi as of May 2004[26]
KhalilaneܚܠܝܠܢܐDohuk Amadiya 20 Assyrian families inhabit Khalilane as of May 2004[27]
KomanyܟܘܡܢܐDohuk Amadiya 20 Assyrian families inhabit Komany as of May 2004
MangeshܡܢܓܫܐDohuk Amadiya 1195 Assyrians inhabited Mangesh in 1947; 959 Assyrians inhabited Mangesh in 1965[28]
Margajiyaܡܪܓܐ ܓ̰ܝܐDohuk Amadiya
MayeܡܝܐDohuk Amadiya 10 Assyrian families inhabit Maye as of May 2004
MeristekܡܝܪܣܬܟDohuk Amadiya
MerogeܡܝܪܘܓܐDohuk Amadiya
MezeܡܝܙܐDohuk Amadiya
Mosakaܡܘܣܵܟܵܐ Dohuk Amadiya
Sardarawaܣܪ ܕܪܒܐDohuk Amadiya
Sardashteܣܪܐ ܕܫܬܐDohuk Amadiya
SikrineܣܟܪܝܢܐDohuk Amadiya
TashishܬܫܝܫDohuk Amadiya 163 Assyrians inhabited Tashish in 1957.[29]
Aqrahܥܩܪܐ Dohuk Aqrah
NohawaܢܘܗܒܐDohuk Aqrah
BabeloܒܵܒܠܘDohuk Dohuk
BageratܒܓܝܪܬDohuk Dohuk
ܢܘܗܕܪܐDohuk Dohuk
Gondekosaܓܘܢܕ ܟܘܣܐDohuk Dohuk
Korygavanaܟܘܪܝܓܦ̮ܢܐDohuk Dohuk
Zawitaܙܘܝܬܐ Dohuk Dohuk
AvzrogܐܒܙܪܘܓDohuk Semel
Bajed Beravܒܓ̰ܕ ܒܝܪܦ̮Dohuk Semel
Bajed Kindalܒܓ̰ܕ ܟܝܢܕܠDohuk Semel
Bakhetmeܒܚܬܡܐ Dohuk Semel
Bakhlojaܒܚܠܘܓ̰ܐDohuk Semel
Jamborܓ̰ܡܒܘܪDohuk Semel
Mar Yakooܡܪܝ ܝܥܩܘܒDohuk Semel 79 Assyrian families inhabit Mar Yakoo as of 2011[30]
SimeleܣܡܠܐDohuk Semel
ShezeܫܝܙDohuk Semel Inhabited as of November 2011[31]
Shkafteܫܟܦ̮ܬܐDohuk Semel
SurkaܨܘܪܟܐDohuk Semel
Berseveܒܝܪܣܦ̮ܐDohuk Zakho
DashtatakhܕܫܬܟDohuk Zakho
Dera Shishܕܝܪܐ ܫܝܫDohuk Zakho250 Assyrians inhabited Dera Shish in 1976; 8 Assyrian families inhabit Dera Shish as of 2011[32]
Levoܠܝܦ̮ܘDohuk Zakho
MargaܡܪܓܐDohuk Zakho
Margasorܡܝܪܓܐ ܣܘܪDohuk Zakho
Navkandalaܢܐܦ̮ ܟܢܕܠܐDohuk Zakho
PirakaܦܝܪܟܐDohuk Zakho
QarawulaܩܪܘܠܐDohuk Zakho334 Assyrians inhabited Qarawula in 1957; inhabited by 66 Assyrian families in 1975. Inhabited as of November 2011.[33]
SharaneshܫܪܢܘܫDohuk Zakho
ZakhoܙܟܼܘDohuk ZakhoA Chaldo-Assyrian tribe, associated with Catholic Assyrians. It has been inhabited by Assyrians since the 5th century. Assyrians from Hakkari, Turkey, have resettled there to escape persecution and violence by Ottoman Turks in the early 20th century.

Erbil Province

SettlementAramaicDistrictNote(s)
AnkawaܥܢܟܒܐErbilErbil
ArmotaܐܪܡܥܘܛܐErbil Koya
Batas ܒܬܣErbil Shaqlawa
Bidial ܒܕܝܠ Erbil Barzan5 Assyrian families inhabit Bidial as of 1991[34]
DarbandokehܕܪܒܢܕܘܟܐErbil Shaqlawa
Dianaܕܝܢܐ Erbil Soran
HarirܗܪܝܪErbil Shaqlawa
HawdiyanErbil Shaqlawa
HinariErbil
ܟܘܝܐ Erbil
RowanduzܪܘܢܕܝܙErbilSoran
SeerishmiܣܝܪܫܡܝErbil
ShaqlawaܫܩܠܒܐErbilShaqlawa
QalataܩܠܬܐErbil

Nineveh Province

SettlementAramaicDistrictNote(s)
MosulܡܘܨܠNineveh Al-Mosul Assyrians have inhabited the city of Mosul for over a millennia.[35] Population records show a continuous Assyrian presence in Mosul from at least the 16th century.the famous monstery of Mar Matti an hour from the northern region of Erbil Many families across the globe visit to celebrate events such as Lent (Eid) and the day of Mar Matti [36] [37] Assyrians from Mosul (known as Mawasli) are Arabic-speaking, their dialect belongs to North Mesopotamian Arabic.[38] [39] Most belong to Syriac churches; the Syriac Orthodox Church, the Syriac Catholic Church, and the Chaldean Catholic Church.[40] [41] A few having converted from Syriac churches to Protestantism starting in the mid 19th century.[42] The majority of Mosul Assyrians migrated south to Baghdad in the 1960s due to political unrest and persecution, (1959 Mosul Uprising).[43] However, Assyrians continued to live in Mosul until being fully driven out by ISIS in 2014.[44] After the recapturing of Mosul, only a few Assyrian families have returned to the city.[45]
Ain Sifniܥܝܢ ܣܦܢܐNineveh Shekhan
ܐܠܩܘܫNineveh Tel KeppeAncient Assyrian tribe associated with Catholic Assyrians. It was also settled by Assyrians from Hakkari after 1914.
Nineveh Tel-Keppe
ܒܟܕܝܕܐNineveh Al-HamdaniyaWas an ancient, pre-Christian Assyrian town filled with historical artifacts. Always had a significant Christian minority in modern times. Was also settled by Assyrians from southeastern Turkey.
Balawatܒܝܬ ܠܒܬNineveh Al-Hamdaniya
ܒܬܢܝܐNineveh Tel Keppe
ܒܪܬܠܐNineveh Al-HamdaniyaHome to Oriental Orthodox Syriacs and Eastern Catholic Syriacs. Most emigrated out of the town due to Islamic terrorism and violence.
ܒܬܢܝܐNineveh Tel KeppeAncient Assyrian tribe associated with Catholic Assyrians. Partially resettled as of now, post-ISIS.
DashqotanܕܫܩܘܬܢNineveh Shekhan
ܟܪܡܠܝܣ Nineveh Al-Hamdaniya
Jambour[46] Nineveh Tel Keppe
KhorsabadNineveh
Merkiܡܪܓܐ Nineveh Shekhan
SharafiyaܫܪܦܝܐNineveh Tel KeppeTyari Assyrian immigrated here from Hakkari province after persecution and violence by Ottomans in 1914
Tel Keppeܬܠ ܟܐܦܐNineveh Tel KeppeAncient Assyrian tribe populated by Catholic Assyrians (Chaldeans). Also has had Assyrian settlements from Hakkari.
Tesqopaܬܠ ܝܣܩܘܦܐNineveh Tel KeppeAs above.
ArmashܥܪܡܫNineveh Shekhan
Azakhܐܕܟ Nineveh Shekhan
Bebozeܒܒܘܙܐ Nineveh Shekhan
DizeNineveh Shekhan
Mala Barwanܡܠܐ ܒܪܘܢ Nineveh Shekhan
Tilanܬܠܐ Nineveh Shekhan

Abandoned villages

SettlementAramaicDistrictNote(s)
AshawaܐܫܘܐDohuk Amadiya 619 Assyrians inhabited Ashawa in 1957; uninhabited by Assyrians as of May 2004[47]
BebalokܒܝܒܠܘܟDohuk Amadiya 25 Assyrian families inhabited Bebalok in 1957; uninhabited by Assyrians as of May 2004[48]
BotaraܒܘܬܪܐDohuk Amadiya12 families inhabited Botara in 1957; uninhabited by Assyrians as of May 2004[49]
Dergny ܕܪܓܢܝDohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
Halwaܗܠܘܐ Dohuk Amadiya 40 Assyrian families inhabited Halwa in 1957; uninhabited by Assyrians as of May 2004
HamziyaܗܡܙܝܐDohuk Amadiya 102 Assyrians inhabited Hamziya in 1957; uninhabited by Assyrians as of May 2004
KhwaraܚܘܪܐDohuk Amadiya 92 Assyrians inhabited Khwara in 1957; uninhabited by Assyrians as of May 2004
MagrebiyaܡܓܪܒܝܐDohuk Amadiya 18 Assyrians inhabited Magrebiya in 1957; uninhabited by Assyrians as of May 2004[50]
MalakhtaܡܐܠܟܬܐDohuk Amadiya 28 Assyrians inhabited Malakhta in 1957; uninhabited by Assyrians as of May 2004
ArgenܐܪܓܢDohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
AtoshܐܬܘܫDohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
BarzankeܒܪܙܢܟܐDohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
BashܒܫDohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
BobawaܒܘܒܘܐDohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
Cham Eshratܟ̰ܡ ܐܝܫܪܬDohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
Cham Sinyܟ̰ܡ ܣܝܢܝDohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
Chamikeܟ̰ܡܝܟܐDohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
Chaqalaܟ̰ܩܠܐDohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
Chem Chaleܟ̰ܡ ܟ̰ܠܐDohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
DohokeܕܘܗܘܟܐDohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
EssanܐܝܣܢDohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
EstepܐܣܬܦDohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
HawarkeܗܒܪܝܟܐDohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
HawentkaܗܒܢܬܟܐDohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
HishܬܝܫDohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
MahodeܡܗܘܕܐDohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
MaydanܡܝܕܐܢDohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
Nerwaܢܪܒܐ ܬܚܬܝܬܐDohuk Amadiya Uninhabited, see also Nerwa Rekan
QaroܩܪܘDohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
SedarܣܝܕܪDohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
TashikeܬܫܝܟܐDohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
WelaܘܝܠܐDohuk Amadiya Uninhabited
SharmanܫܪܡܢDohuk Aqrah Uninhabited
ShoshܫܘܫDohuk Aqrah Uninhabited
BadaliyaܒܕܠܝܐDohuk Semel Uninhabited
Der Jondiܕܝܪ ܓ̰ܢܕܝDohuk Semel Uninhabited
Hejirkeܗܫ̰ܝܪܟܐDohuk Semel Uninhabited
MawanaܡܘܢܐDohuk Semel Uninhabited
AlaneshܐܠܢܝܫDohuk ZakhoUninhabited
BahnonaܒܗܢܘܢܐDohuk ZakhoUninhabited
Benekhreܒܝܢܐ ܚܐܪܐDohuk ZakhoUninhabited
BhereܒܚܝܪܐDohuk ZakhoUninhabited
Der Hozanܕܝܪ ܗܘܙܢDohuk ZakhoUninhabited
IstablanܐܣܬܒܠܢDohuk ZakhoUninhabited
Malla Arapܡܠܐ ܥܪܒDohuk ZakhoUninhabited
Margashishܡܪܓܐ ܫܝܫDohuk ZakhoUninhabited
SanatܣܢܬDohuk ZakhoUninhabited
ShwadanܫܘܕܢDohuk ZakhoUninhabited
SteblanܣܬܒܠܢDohuk ZakhoUninhabited
UmraܥܘܡܪܐDohuk ZakhoUninhabited

Iran

West Azerbaijan Province

Urmia County

Iranian Kurdistan

Tehran Province

Syria

Assyrians immigrated to Syria during the 1930s and 1940s, from northern Iraq, after they were slaughtered and displaced during the Simele massacre perpetrated by the armed forces of the Kingdom of Iraq.[51] Many Assyrians in Syria did not have Syrian citizenship and title to their land until late 1940s.[52] [53] The Assyrians who settled in the Khabour River Valley organized their villages according to their own tribal structure, with each village belonging to a single tribe.[54] As such, each village effectively has two names, the official Arabic name and the unofficial Assyrian name, with the latter being the name of the tribe that built the town.[55] [56]

Al-Hasakah Governorate

Villages in the Khabour River Valley

Cities and towns with Syriac-Assyrian population

Villages

Turkey

Diyarbakır Province

Batman Province

Mardin province

Şırnak Province

Hakkari Province

The following is a list of Assyrian settlements in the Hakkari region prior to the Assyrian genocide of 1914. The Assyrian settlements in this region were divided into two groups, ashiret and rayyat. The ashiret settlements belonged to the five semi-independent tribes of Tyari, Tkhuma, Baz, Jilu, and Dez with each tribe presiding over its own district. The rayyat settlements were vassals to either the ashiret tribes or to Kurdish chieftains.[60]

Villages in the Lower Tyari District (Ashiret)[61]

Villages in the Upper Tyari and Walto Districts (Ashiret and Rayyat)[62]

Villages in the Tkhuma District (Ashiret)[63]

Villages in the Baz District (Ashiret)[64]

Villages in the Jilu District (Ashiret)[64] [65]

Villages in the Dez, Shwawuta, and Billijnaye Districts (Ashiret and Rayyat)[66]

Villages in the Liwan and Norduz Districts (Rayyat)[67]

Villages in the Qodchanis & Siwine Districts (Rayyat)[68]

Villages in the Chal, Raikan, & Tal Districts (Rayyat)[69]

Villages in the Gawar District (Rayyat)[70]

Villages in the Albaq, Derrenaye, Khananis, and Artushi Kurdish Districts (Rayyat)[71]

Villages in the Shemsdin District (Rayyat)[72]

Villages in the Baradost, Tergawar, & Mergawar Districts (Rayyat)[73]

Villages in the Taimar District (Rayyat)[74]

Armenia

The Assyrian population in Armenia is mainly rural. Out of 3,409 Assyrians in Armenia 2,885 (84.6%) was rural and 524 (15.4%) urban.[75] According to the Council of Europe European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages there were four rural settlements with significant Assyrian population.

Ararat Province

  1. Verin Dvin - Assyrians and Armenians
  2. Dimitrov - Assyrians and Armenians

Armavir Province

  1. Nor Artagers - Assyrians, Armenians and Yazidis

Kotayk Province

  1. Arzni - Assyrians and Armenians

See also

Bibliography

Notes and References

  1. Wigram, W.A., "The Ashiret Highlands of Hakkari (Mesopotamia)," Royal Central Asian Society Journal, 1916, Vol. III, pg. 40. -- The Assyrians and their Neighbors (London, 1929)
  2. http://www.aina.org/books/aov.htm M.Y.A . Lilian, Assyrians Of The Van District During The Rule Of Ottoman Turks, 1914
  3. Map of Assyrian villages in Iraq http://aina.org/maps/villagesbyyear.htm
  4. Book: Giesel, Christoph . Religious Minorities in Turkey: Alevi, Armenians, and Syriacs and the Struggle to Desecuritize Religious Freedom. 2017. 9781137270269. 169 . Springer.
  5. http://www.aina.org/reports/cacir.pdf Information on Assyrians in Iraq
  6. Smith, Gary N., From Urmia to the Stanislaus: a cultural-historical-geography of Assyrian Christians in the Middle East and America (Davis, 1981)
  7. Dalley, Stephanie (1993). "Nineveh After 612 BC." Alt-Orientanlische Forshchungen 20. P.134.
  8. http://www.aina.org/maps/hakkarimap.png Assyrian villages in Hakkari Assyrian villages in Hakkari
  9. News: Costa-Roberts. Daniel. 8 things you didn't know about Assyrian Christians. 6 July 2015. PBS. 15 March 2015.
  10. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/11307515/Iraq-crisis-The-last-Christians-of-Dora.html The Telegraph: Iraq crisis: The Last Christians of Dora
  11. Meho & Maglaughlin (2001), p. 267
  12. Eshoo (2004), p. 9
  13. http://theorthodoxchurch.info/blog/news/assyrian-church-prelates-visit-the-historic-village-of-sarsing-in-northern-iraq/ OCP Media Network: Assyrian Church Prelates Visit the Historic Village of Sarsing in Northern Iraq
  14. Eshoo (2004), p. 8
  15. Eshoo (2004), p. 11
  16. Eshoo (2004), p. 7
  17. http://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,35265.html Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Baz
  18. Eshoo (2004), p. 10
  19. Eshoo (2004), p. 13
  20. http://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,35347.html Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Beqolke
  21. http://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,35508.html Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Dere
  22. Eshoo (2004), p. 5
  23. Eshoo (2004), p. 4
  24. http://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,36501.html Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Ayit
  25. http://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,35258.html Ishtar Broadcasting Corporations: Jelek
  26. Eshoo (2004), p. 6
  27. Eshoo (2004), p. 12
  28. http://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,35309.html Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Mangesh
  29. http://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,35297.html Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Tashish
  30. http://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,35509.html Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Mar Yakoo
  31. http://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,35699.html Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Shezi or Sheyouz
  32. http://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,35242.html Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Der Shish
  33. http://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,36269.html Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: QaraWola
  34. http://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,36405.html Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Bedyel
  35. Book: La Boda . Sharon . International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa . 1994 . 522 . Taylor & Francis . 9781884964039 . 8 May 2020.
  36. Book: Masters . Bruce . Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab World: The Roots of Sectarianism . 25 Mar 2004 . Cambridge University Press . England . 57 . 9780521005821 . 8 May 2020.
  37. Book: Soane . Ely Banister . To Mesopotamia and Kurdistan in Disguise . December 2007 . Cosimo, Inc. . 52 . 9781602069770 . 8 May 2020.
  38. Book: Jeloo . Nicholas . Assyrian News . 5 . 8 May 2020.
  39. Web site: Iskender . Waseem . برنامج من تراثنا الموصلي - اللهجة الموصلية + الفنان اسكندر الاعمى . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/Fyzm_D_otMI . 2021-12-19 . live. YouTube . الفنان والاعلامي وسيم اسكندر, IshtarTV . 8 May 2020.
  40. Book: Badger . George Percy . The Nestorians and Their Rituals: With the Narrative of a Mission to Mesopotamia and Coordistan in 1842-1844, and of a Late Visit to Those Countries In 1850 . 1852 . London : Joseph Masters . London . 82 . 8 May 2020.
  41. Book: Filoni . Fernando . The Church in Iraq . 2017 . Catholic University of America Press. . USA . 51 . 9780813229652 . 8 May 2020.
  42. Book: Joseph . John . Muslim-Christian Relations and Inter-Christian Rivalries in the Middle East : The Case of the Jacobites in an Age of Transition . January 1984 . SUNY Press . 56–78 . 9781438408064 .
  43. Book: Leustean . Lucian N. . Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twenty-First Century . 2014 . Routledge . 978-1-317-81865-6 . 548 . 1 May 2020 . en.
  44. News: Evans, Salman . Dominic, Raheem . Iraq Catholic leader says Islamic State worse than Genghis Khan . Reuters . July 21, 2014 . 8 May 2020.
  45. Book: Cairns . Madoc . Christians 'afraid to return' to northern Iraq . 2 April 2020 . 8 May 2020.
  46. http://www.ishtartv.com/en/viewarticle,36312.html Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation: Jambur
  47. Eshoo (2004), p. 11
  48. Eshoo (2004), p. 5
  49. Eshoo (2004), p. 6
  50. Eshoo (2004), p. 4
  51. Rowlands, J., "The Khabur Valley," Royal Central Asian Society Journal, 1947, pp. 144-149.
  52. Betts, Robert Brenton, Christians in the Arab East (Atlanta, 1978)
  53. Dodge . Bayard . The settlement of the Assyrians on the Khabbur . Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society . 1 July 1940 . 27 . 3 . 312 . 10.1080/03068374008730969 . 0035-8789.
  54. Dodge . Bayard . The settlement of the Assyrians on the Khabbur . Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society . 1 July 1940 . 27 . 3 . 318 . 10.1080/03068374008730969 . 0035-8789.
  55. Dodge . Bayard . The settlement of the Assyrians on the Khabbur . Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society . 1 July 1940 . 27 . 3 . 314 . 10.1080/03068374008730969 . 0035-8789.
  56. Fernandez . Alberto M. . Dawn at Tell Tamir: The Assyrian Christian Survival on the Khabur River . Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies . 1998 . 12 . 1 . 41, 42 .
  57. Web site: ديريك - قرية بره بيت : تحت حماية قوى الامن السريانية السوتورو . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/9f024REcitI . 2021-12-19 . live. YouTube . ar.
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