Weights and Measures Acts (UK) explained

Weights and Measures Acts are acts of the British Parliament determining the regulation of weights and measures. It also refers to similar royal and parliamentary acts of the Kingdoms of England and Scotland and the medieval Welsh states. The earliest of these were originally untitled but were given descriptive glosses or titles based upon the monarch under whose reign they were promulgated. Several omnibus modern acts have the short title "Weights and Measures Act" and are distinguished by the year of their enactment.

Background

There have been many laws concerned with weights and measures in the United Kingdom or parts of it over the last 1,000 or so years. The acts may catalogue lawful weights and measures, prescribe the mechanism for inspection and enforcement of the use of such weights and measures and may set out circumstances under which they may be amended. Modern legislation may, in addition to specific requirements, set out circumstances under which the incumbent minister may amend the legislation by means of statutory instruments. Prior to the Weights and Measures Act 1985, weights and measures acts were only concerned with trade law where the weight or size of the goods being traded was important. The 1985 act, however, had a broader scope, encompassing all aspects covered by the European Economic Community (EEC) European Commission directive 80/181/EEC.

As of 25 April 2012, the current primary legislation in the United Kingdom is the 1985 act, which was last amended by statutory instrument in 2011. Statutory instruments made under the authority of the act do not amend the act Latin: [[per se (terminology)|per se]], but regulate particular areas covered by the act.

The act is currently enforced by the 200 Trading Standards offices managed by local authorities around the country. Definitions of units of measurements and the technical equipment relating to weights and measures are provided by the National Measurement Office, an agency of the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills.

Statute measure

Historically, many units had various customary definitions—by locality or trade, for example. Where these units also had a standard, legally defined definition, such as given in a weights and measures act, this was known as the statute measure.^[1] So a land area might be given as 24 acres—statute measure, to clarify that it was the acre defined in statute, rather than a customary acre of a different size, that was being used.^[1] Units that had statute-defined measures as well as customary measures were the acre, mile, perch, pole and ton. The level of legal enforcement of statute measures achieved between the mid nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries meant that only "statute mile" and "statute ton" needed qualifying beyond then.^[1] The statute mile still needed to be differentiated from the nautical mile, but the others, and the term "statute measure" itself, are now only used in a historical context.^[2]

Metric units of measure

See also: Metrication in the United Kingdom.

The Weights and Measures (Metric System) Act 1897 (60 & 61 Vict. c. 46) provided that metric units could be used in addition to the traditional imperial units for purposes of trade. In practice, the actual choice of units was restricted by price marking orders which listed packaging sizes and pricing structures that might be used in specific circumstances. For example, as of April 2012, wine for consumption on premises may only be sold in 125, 175, and 250 mL glasses while draught beer may only be sold as,, or pint and integer multiples of pint.^{[3] [4]} Prior to 1973, when the United Kingdom joined the EEC, such specifications were almost all in imperial units.

As part of its attempt to harmonise units of measure between the member states of its Internal Market, the European Commission (EC) issued directive 80/181/EEC which set out the units of measure that should be used for what it called "economic, public health, public safety, and administrative" purposes. To comply with this directive, the Weights and Measures Act 1985 extended the scope of Trading Standards responsibilities from just matters related to trade to all aspects of the directive. For example, it was the Trading Standards Office that criticised the use of sub-standard weighing machines in NHS hospitals.

To help ease the EC's desired transition from sole use of imperial units to sole use of metric units, the directive permitted the use of what were termed "supplementary indicators"—the continued use of imperial units alongside the metric units catalogued by the directive (dual labelling). The initial intention was to prohibit dual labelling after the end of 1989, with metric units only being allowed after that date. This deadline was later extended: first to the end of 1999, then to the end of 2009. Finally, in 2007, the European Union (EU, as it had become) and the EC confirmed that the UK would be permitted to continue indefinitely to use imperial units such as pints, miles, pounds and ounces as at present. The Gloucestershire County Council Trading Standards Department confirmed the EU ruling that the previous deadline for ending dual labelling had been abolished.

There are still a few cases where imperial units are required to be used and where metric units are not permitted within the scope of the Weights and Measures Act, such as the pint for the sale of draught beer and cider, and miles and yards for distances on road signage. Milk in returnable containers may be sold by the pint and the troy ounce may be used for the sale of precious metals. In addition, British law specifies which non-metric units may be used with dual labelling (for example the imperial gallon, but not the US gallon).^[5]

England

Acts of the Witenagemot

Numerous acts of the Saxon kings are known to have been lost. Those that have survived include:

10th century

2 Edgar c. 8 (959  963):^[6]

English, Old (ca.450-1100);: {{smallcaps|be mynetum and ᵹemetum
English, Old (ca.450-1100);: And gange án mẏnet ofer ealne þæs cẏniges anƿeald⋅ ⁊ þone nan man ne forsace⋅ ⁊ gange án gemet ⁊ án geƿihte⋅ sƿilce man on Lunden-bẏrig ⁊ on Ƿintan-ceastre healde⋅ ⁊ ga seo ƿæge ƿulle to {{smallcaps|⋅cxx⋅	And let one money pass throughout the king's dominion; and that let no man refuse: and let one measure and one weight pass; such as is observed at London and at Winchester; and let the wey of wool go for 120 pence; and let no man sell it cheaper; and if any one sell it cheaper, either publicly or privately, let each pay 40 shillings to the king, both him who sells it, and him who buys it.

The statute also survives in a few other Old English and Latin copies, some which omit mention of London and describe "the measure held at Winchester", an indication that a standard ell or yard was nominally in use:^{[7] [8]}

Latin: {{smallcaps|de moneta, et mensura, et pondere.
Latin: Et sit una moneta per totum regis imperium, et nemo sonet eam; et mensura, sicut apud Wincestriam habetur. Et eat pondus lane pro dimidia libra, et nemo carius vendat eam.	And let there be one money through all the king's dominion; and let no man refuse it; and [one] measure, as is held at Winchester. And let the weight of wool go for a half-pound, and no one sell it more dearly.

John Quincy Adams's 1821 report on the history of English weights and measures notes of this act that "it was never observed".

Acts of the Royal Council

See also: Royal Council.

11th century

3 William I c. 7 (1068):

Latin: De mensuris et ponderibus	On measures and weights
Latin: Et quod habeant per universum regnum mensuras fidelissimas, & signatas, & pondera fidelissima & signata, sicut boni Praedecessores statuerunt.	We ordain and command that the weights and measures,<	--sic--> throughout our realm, be as our worthy predecessors have established.

12th century

9 Richard I c. 27 (1197):^[9]

Acts of Parliament

Statutes of uncertain date

The statutes of uncertain date (Latin: Statuta temporis incerti) are generally dated to the mid-to-late 13th century.^[10]

• The Assize of Bread and Ale (Latin: Assisa Panis et Cervisiae), sometimes dated to 51 Henry III (1267–8).

Statute I - Section III.

• Statutum de Pistoribus, et cetera

The Statute concerning Bakers, et cetera

• Tractatus de Ponderibus et Mensuris^[11]

Also known as the Latin: Tractatus de Ponderibus, Latin: Compositio de Ponderibus ("The Composition of Weights"), Latin: Assisa de Ponderibus et Mensuris ("Assize of Weights and Measures") or the Weights and Measures Act 1303. It is important to note when reading it that, in the Latin and English text, "hundred" (and the Latin numeral Latin: c.) is used for four separate concepts: the Germanic long hundred of 120, the short hundred of 100, several units of either value, and a separate unit (the hundredweight) of 108 pounds.

The form in which it appears in Cotton Claudius D2 where it is dated to 31 Edw. I (1303) is:

Tractatus de Ponderibus et Mensuris.

Latin: Per Ordinacionem tocius regni Anglie fuit mensura Domini Regis composita videlicet quod denarius qui vocatur sterlingus rotundus & sine tonsura ponderabit triginta duo grana frumenti in medio Spice.	Per Ordinance of the whole realm of England the measure of the King is composed namely of a penny, which is called a sterling, round & without clipping, weighs thirty-two grains of wheat in the middle of the Ear.
Latin: Et uncia ponderabit viginti denarios. Et duodecim uncie faciunt libram London. Et duodecim libre & dimid&rsquo; faciunt petram London. Et octo libre frumenti faciunt galonem. Libra continet viginti solidos. Et octo galones faciunt bussellum London. Saccus lane debet ponderare viginti & octo petras & solebat ponderare unam summam frumenti & ponderat sextam partem unius carri de plumbo. sexies<!--sic--> viginti petre faciunt carrum plumbi scilicet magnum carrum London&rsquo; set carrus del Peek est multo minus. Item carrus plumbi constat ex triginta fotmallis & quodlibet fotmal continet sex petras duabus libris minus. Et quelibet petra habet duodecim libras & quelibet libra constat ex viginti quinque solidis in pondere. summa<!--sic--> librarum in le fotmal lxx. summa petrarum in le Carre viii. xx. & xv. petre & probetur per sexies triginta que sunt novies viginti set in quolibet fotmal subtrahuntur due libre a predicta multiplicacione qe sunt lx. libre constituentes quinque petras. Ita sunt in le Carre viii. xx. xv. petre. secundum<!--sic--> vero quosdam alios le Carre consistit ex xii. Weyes & hoc secundum troni ponderacionem. Weya enim tam plumbi quam lane lini sepi casei ponderabunt xiiii. petras. Et duo Weye lane faciunt saccum. Et xii. sacci faciunt le last. Last vero allecis continet decem miliaria. Et quodlibet miliare continet x.c. Et quodlibet c. continet vi. xx. Item last coriorum constat ex viginti dacris & quodlibet dacre constat ex decem coriis. Item dacre Cirotecarum constat ex decem paribus dacre vero ferrorum equorum constat ex viginti ferris. Item duodena cirotecarum pergameni & alute continet in suo genere xii. pelles vel xii. paria cirotecarum. Item centena cere zucarii piperis cumini amigdalarum & alome continet xiii. petras & dimid&rsquo; & quelibet petra continet viii. li. summa librarum in centena cviii. libre. Et constat centem ex v. xx. Et quelibet libra ex viginti quinque solidis. Et sciend&rsquo; quod quelibet libra de denariis & speciebus utpote in electuariis consistit solummodo ex pondere xx. s. Libra vero omnium aliarum rerum consistit ex viginti quinque solidis. Uncia vero in electuariis consistit ex viginti denariis. Et libra continet xii. uncias. In aliis vero rebus libra continet quindecim uncias. uncia<!--sic--> est hinc inde in pondere viginti denariorum. Centena lini & Canabi & linee tele consistit ex cent&rsquo; ulnis. Et quelibet Centena consistit ex vi. xx. Centena vero ferri & solidorum constat ex v. xx. Garba asseris constat ex triginta peciis. Duodena ferri ex sex peciis Item seem vitri constat ex xxiiii. petris & quelibet petra constat ex quinque libris. Et ita continet le seem vi. xx. libras. Item binda anguillarum constat ex decem stiks. Et quelibet stik ex viginti quinque anguillis Binda pellium continet xxxii. timbr&rsquo; senellio cuniculorum & grisi continet quadraginta pelles. Cheef de fustiano constat ex tresdecim ulnis Caput sindonis ex decem ulnis Le rees allecium continet quindecim glenes. Et quodlibet glene continet viginti quinque capita. Item centene Mulvellorum & durorum piscium constat ex viii. xx.	And an ounce weighs twenty pence. And twelve ounces make a pound of London. And twelve & a half pounds make a stone of London. And eight pounds of wheat make a gallon. Pound contains twenty shillings. And eight gallons make a bushel of London. Sacks of wool should weigh twenty-eight stones and usually weighs of wheat and weighs a sixth part of a load of lead. Six times twenty stone, make a load of lead, to wit the great load of London, but the load of the Peak is much less. Also loads of lead consist of thirty fotmals, and each fotmal contains six stones minus two pounds. And each stone consists of twelve pounds, and each pound consists of twenty-five shillings in weight. The sum of the pounds in the fotmal is 70. The sum of the stones in the Load is 175 stones and is proved by six times thirty which is nine score (180) except for each fotmal subract two pounds multiplied as before (x30) which is 60 pounds constituting five stones. So there are in the load 175 stones. But according to some others the load consists of 12 Weys and this is according to troni weight, Wey for both lead and wool linen tallow cheese weighs 14 stones. And two Weys of wool make a sack, And 12 sacks make a last. But a last of herrings contains 10 thousand, and each Thousand contains 10 hundred, and each hundred contains 120. A last of leather consists of twenty dicker, and each dicker consists of ten skins. Also a dicker of gloves consists of ten pairs, but a dicker of horse-shoes consists of twenty shoes. Also a dozen of gloves, parchment, and vellum contains in its kind 12 skins, or 12 pairs of gloves. Also a hundred of wax, sugar, pepper, cumin, almonds & alum, contains 13 stones & a half & each stone contains 8 pounds for a total of 108 pounds in the hundred. And appears as hundred of 100. And each pound of twenty-five shillings. And is to be known that each pound of money & species as in electuaries consists only of pounds of 20 shillings. But pounds for all other things consist of twenty five shillings. An Ounce in electuaries consists of twenty pence and pound contains 12 ounces. But in other things the pounds contains fifteen ounces, the ounce in either case weighs twenty pence. Also hundred of Canvass, and linen cloth consists of one hundred Ells and each hundred consists of 120. But the hundred of iron and shillings consists of 100. The sheaf of [steel] consists of thirty pieces. The Dozen of iron consists of six pieces. The seam of glass consists of 24 stones, and each stone consists of five pounds. And so contains the seam 120 pounds. Also a bind of eels consists of ten sticks. And each stick of twenty-five eels. A bind of pelts consists of 32 timber of rabbits and squirrels contains forty pelts. A Chef of Fustian consists of thirteen Ells. A Chef of Sindon contains ten Ells. A Hundred of [Garlike] consisteth of fifteen Ropes, and every Rope containeth fifteen Heads. Also a Hundred of Mulvells and Hard Fish consists of 160.

The original Tractatus was written in Latin. Some later English translation copies contain differences that change the meaning. One of the copies of the Tractatus contains the first use of the word avoirdupois in England. However, the word does not refer to a weight system but to a class of goods: viz., heavy goods sold by weight rather than by capacity, count, or other means. However, it does not count as the first occurrence of the word in English.

• Statutum de Admensuratione Terrase^[12]

Also known as "A Statute for the Measuring of Land" or "An Ordinance for Measuring of Land" or "33 Edw. 1 Stat. 6. (1305)".

"When an Acre of Land contianeth 10 Perches in Length, then it shall be in Breadth 16 Perches."

See main article: Composition of Yards and Perches.

• The Statute on the Composition of Yards and Perches (Latin: Compositio Ulnarum et Perticarum,  "On the Composition of Arms [=[[Ell]]s] and Perches") is dated to 1266  1303.^[13] Its content varies among surviving accounts. One reads:

Latin: Ordinatum est quod tria grana ordei sicca et rotunda faciunt pollicem, et duodecim pollices faciunt pedem, tres pedes faciunt ulnam, quinque ulne et dimidia faciunt perticam, et quadraginta pertice in longitudine, et quatuor in latitudine, faciunt unam acram.

It is ordained that 3 grains of barley dry and round do make an inch, 12 inches make 1 foot, 3 feet make 1 yard [lit. [[ell]]], 5 yards and a half make a perch [i.e., a [[rod (unit)|rod]]], and 40 perches in length and 4 in breadth make an acre.|} The Liber Horn account reads: This document seems to have had the effect of redefining the yard, foot, inch, and barleycorn to of their previous values, but leaves the rod and acre unchanged. The rod thus became 16½ feet instead of 15. 13th century 9 Henry III c. 25 (1225) + There shall be but one Measure throughout the Realm. Latin: Una Mensura vini sit per totum regnum nostrum & una mensura cervise & una mensura bladi scilicet quarter&rsquo; London&rsquo; & una latitudo pannorum tinctorum Russettorum & haubergettorum scilicet due ulne infra Listas. De ponderibus vero sit sicut de mensuris.<ref>Ruffhead (1763a), [https://books.google.com/books?id=tKZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA7 p.&nbsp;7].</ref> One measure of Wine shall be through our Realm, and one measure of Ale, and one measure of Corn, that is to say, the Quarter of London; and one breadth of dyed Cloth, Russets, and Haberjects, that is to say, two Yards within the lists. (2) And it shall be of Weights as it is of Measures. Although signed in 1215, Magna Carta was not ratified by Parliament until 1225, by which time it had become substantially abridged. Chapter 35 of Magna Carta of 1215 (which dealt with weights and measures) became chapter 25 of Magna Carta of 1225. 14th century 14 Edw. 3 Stat. 1. c. 12 (1340)^[14] "Bushels and Weights shall be made and sent into every Country." 18 Edw. 3 Stat. 2. c. 4 (1344)^[15] "Commissions to assay Weights and Measures shall be repealed, and none such granted." 25 Edw. 3 Stat. 5. c. 9 (1350)^[16] +Auncel Weight shall be put out, and Weighing shall be by equal Balance. Enfement pur ce qe tres grant damage & desceit est fait au people par tant qe plusours marchantz usent dachater & poiser leines & autres marchandises par une pois qest appelle Aunsell&rsquo; Acorde est & establi qe celle pois appelle Aunsell&rsquo; entre achatour et vendour soit del tout ofte & qe chescun vend & achat par balances iffint qe les balances soient owels & les leines & autres marchandises owelment poisez par droit pois & qe le sak de leine ne poise qe vint & sys peres & chescun pere poise quatorze livres & qe lestater de la balance ne encline ne a lune partie ne al autre & qe le pois soit acordant al estandard del Escheker. Et si nul achatour face al encontre soit grevousement puny sibien a la seute de partie come a la seute nostre Seignur le Roi. Item, Whereas great Damage and Deceit is done to the People, for that divers Merchants use to buy and weigh Woolls and other Merchandises, by a Weight which is called Auncel; it is accorded and established, That this Weight called Auncel betwixt Buyers and Sellers, shall be wholly put out; (2) and that every Person do sell and buy by the Balance, so that the Balance be even, and the Woolls and other Merchandizes evenly weighed by the right Weight, so that the Sack of Wooll weigh no more but 26 Stones, and every Stone to weigh 14 l. and that the Beam of the Balance do not bow more to the one Part than to the other; (3) and that the Weight be according to the Standard of the Exchequer. (4) And if any Buyer do the contrary, he shall be grievously punished, as well at the Suit of the Party, as at the Suit of our Lord the King. 25 Edw. 3 Stat. 5. c. 10 (1350) + Every Measure shall be according to the King's Standard; and shall be striked without Heap; saving the Rents of Lords. Auxint come contenue soit en la Grande Chartre qe une mesure soit usee parmy tout Engleterre la quele chartre nad mie este tenu bien en ceo point avant ses heures si est acorde & assentu qe touz les mesures cest asavoir bussel dimid' bussel & peck galon potel & quart par toute Engleterre deinz fanchise & dehors soient acordauntz al estandard nostre Seignur le Roi & contiegne le quartre oet busselx par lestandard & nient pluis. Et soit chescune mesure de blee rase fanz comble sauvez les rentes & fermes des Seignurs queles soient avant ces heures. Et facent les purveours le Roi ma dame la Roigne & touz autres lours purveances par meismes les mesures rases & en meisme le manere Et a toutes les foitz qe mestier serra Nostre Seignur le Roi assignera certeines Justices en chescune countee denqueer & doier & terminer sur les pointz suisditz & de faire sur ce due punissement solone chescun trespas siebien a la seute de partie come a la seute le Roi. Iffint totes soitz qe toutes maneres des franchises soient sauvez as Seignurs en toutz pointz saunz nul emblemissement ent faire en quecumqe manere. Item, Whereas it is contained in the Great Charter, that one Measure shall be throughout England, which Charter hath not been well kept and holden in this Point in Times past; (2) it is accorded and assented, That all the Measures, that is to say, Bushels, Half-bushels, Peck, Gallon, Pottle, and Quart, throughout England, within the Franchises and without, shall be according to the King's Standard; (3) and the Quarter shall contain Eight Bushels by the Standard, and no more. (4) And every Measure of Corn shall be striken without Heap, saving the Rents and Ferms of Lords, which shall be measured by such Measures as they were wont in Times past. (5) And the Purveyors of the King, of the Queen, and all other, shall make their Purveyances by the same Measure striked in the same Manner, and at all Times that shall be needful. (6) And our Lord the King shall assign certain Justices in every County to inquire, hear, and determine upon the Points aforesaid, and upon the same to do Punishment according to the Trespass, as well at the Party's Suit, as at the King's; (7) so always, that all Manner of Franchises be saved to the Lords in all Points without Blemish to be made in any Manner. 27 Edw. 3 Stat. 2. c. 10 (1353)^[17] ^[18] + There shall be but one Weight, Measure and Yard throughout the Realm. ...un pois, un mesure, et un verge soit per tut la terre... ...one weight, one measure [of volume], and one [measuring] stick shall there be through all the land... A chapter of the Statute of the Staple that provides for justices to be appointed to hear charges of measuring fraud at the staple ports. Those found guilty were liable for quadruple damages and 2 years' imprisonment. 31 Edw. 3 Stat. 1. c. 2 (1357)^[19] "No Wool shall be bought by Fraud to abate the Price thereof. Weights shall be sent to all the Shires." 4 Ric. 2. c. 1 (1380)^[20] "All Vessels of Wine, Honey, and Oil brought into this realm shall be gauged." 13 Ric. 2. Stat. 1. c. 9 (1389)^[21] "There shall be but one Weight and one Measure throughout the Realm, saving in the County of Lancaster. The Weight of Wool, and the Refuse thereof." 15 Ric. 2. c. 4. (1391)^[22] "There shall be but eight Bushels of Corn striked to the Quarter." 16 Ric. 2. c. 3. (1392)^[23] "The Clerk of the Market shall carry with him all his Weights and Measures signed." 15th century Short Title: Corn Measure Act 1413 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of England Long Title: An Act concerning the true Measure of Corn. Year: 1413 Citation: 1 Hen. 5. c. 10 Royal Assent: 9 June 1413 Commencement: 14 May 1413 Original Text: https://books.google.com/books?id=tKZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA485 Collapsed: yes 1 Hen. 5. c. 10 (1413)^[24] An Act concerning the true Measure of Corn. Short Title: Gilding of Silver Act 1414 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of England Long Title: There Shall be no gilding of Silver Ware but of the Allay of English Sterling. Year: 1414 Citation: 2 Hen. 5. Stat. 2. c. 4 Commencement: 19 November 1414 Original Text: https://books.google.com/books?id=sedbAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA4-PA6 Collapsed: yes 2 Hen. 5. Stat. 2. c. 4 (1414)^[25] First notice of troy weight in statute. Short Title: Weights, etc. Act 1429 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of England Long Title: Every City and Borough shall have a common Balance and Weight. Who may buy Wool and Yarn. Year: 1429 Citation: 8 Hen. 6. c. 5 Original Text: https://books.google.com/books?id=tKZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA542 Collapsed: yes 8 Hen. 6. c. 5 (1429)^[26] Short Title: Cloth Measures Act 1439 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of England Long Title: There shall be but one Measure of Cloth through the Realm by the Yard and the Inch, and not by the Yard and Handful, according to the London Measure. Year: 1439 Citation: 18 Hen. 6. c. 16 Original Text: https://books.google.com/books?id=tKZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA594 Collapsed: yes 18 Hen. 6. c. 16 (1439)^[27] Item – come il foit meritorie & almoigne a departer la veritee de la desciet si come jatarde en un parlement tenuz a Westm' la fuist ouste un rayme... There shall be but one Measure of Cloth through the Realm by the Yard and the Inch, and not by the Yard and Handful, according to the London Measure. Short Title: Vessels of Wine, etc. Act 1439 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of England Long Title: Vessels of Wine, Oyl, and Honey, shall be gauged. Year: 1439 Citation: 18 Hen. 6. c. 17 Collapsed: yes 18 Hen. 6. c. 17 (1439) Vessels of Wine, Oyl, and Honey, shall be gauged. Item—pur ceo qe toutz les tonels pipes tertians & hoggeshedes de vin oyle & mele... Item—Because all the Tuns, Pipes, Tertians and Hogsheads of Wine, Oyl, and Honey... Short Title: Weights and Measures Act 1495 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of England Long Title: An Act for Weights and Measures. Year: 1495 Citation: 11 Hen. 7. c. 4 Original Text: https://books.google.com/books?id=sbcuAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA309 Collapsed: yes 11 Hen. 7. c. 4 (1494)^[28] An Act for Weights and Measures. Short Title: Weights and Measures Act 1496 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of England Long Title: An Act for Weights and Measures. Year: 1496 Citation: 12 Hen. 7. c. 5 Original Text: https://books.google.com/books?id=sbcuAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA312 Collapsed: yes 12 Hen. 7. c. 5 (1496)^[29] An Act for Weights and Measures. 16th century Verdict of the Pyx 18 Henry VIII (1527) Short Title: Brewers and Coopers Act 1531 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of England Long Title: An Act that no Brewers of Beer or Ale shall make their Barrels, Kilderkins nor Firkins, within them; and how much the same Barrels, &c. shall contain. Year: 1531 Citation: 23 Hen. 8. c. 4 Royal Assent: 14 May 1532 Repealing Legislation: Statute Law Revision Act 1863 Status: repealed Original Text: https://archive.org/details/statutesatlarge14britgoog/page/n251 Collapsed: yes 23 Hen. 8. c. 4 (1531)^[30] An Act that no Brewers of Beer or Ale shall make their Barrels, Kilderkins or Firkins within them, and how much the same Barrels, et cetera shall contain. Short Title: Sale of Flesh Act 1532 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of England Long Title: An Act for Flesh to be sold by Weight. Year: 1532 Citation: 24 Hen. 8. c. 3 Royal Assent: 7 April 1533 Repealing Legislation: Statute Law Revision Act 1863 Status: repealed Collapsed: yes 24 Hen. 8. c. 3 (1532)^[31] An Act for flesh to be sold by weight, and the prices limited. Short Title: Flax and Hemp Act 1532 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of England Long Title: An Act concerning sowing of Flax and Hemp. Year: 1532 Citation: 24 Hen. 8. c. 4 Royal Assent: 7 April 1533 Collapsed: yes 24 Hen. 8. c. 4 (1532) An Act concerning sowing of Flax and Hemp. Short Title: Woollen Cloth Act 1551 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of England Long Title: An Act for the true making of Woolen Cloth. Year: 1551 Citation: 5 & 6 Edw. 6. c. 6 Royal Assent: 15 April 1552 Repealing Legislation: Repeal of Obsolete Statutes Act 1856 Status: repealed Collapsed: yes 5 & 6 Edw. 6. c. 6 (1552) An Act for the true making of Woolen Cloth. Short Title: Woollen Cloths Act 1557 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of England Long Title: An Act towching the making of Wollen Clothes. Year: 1557 Citation: 4 & 5 Ph. & M. c. 5 Royal Assent: 7 March 1558 Status: Repealed Original Text: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R7CZMMbcOx4C&pg=PA323 Collapsed: yes 4 & 5 Ph. & M. c. 5. par. IX (1557–8) An act touching the making of woolen clothes. Short Title: Wax Act 1580 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of England Long Title: An Act touching the true melting, making and working of Wax. Year: 1580 Citation: 23 Eliz. 1. c. 8 Royal Assent: 18 March 1581 Repeal Date: 21 July 1856 Repealing Legislation: Repeal of Obsolete Statutes Act 1856 Status: repealed Collapsed: yes 23 Eliz. 1. c. 8 (1581)^[32] An Act touching the true melting, making and working of Wax. Short Title: Restriction on Building Act 1592 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of England Long Title: An Act against converting of great Houses into several Tenements, and for Restraint of Inmates and Inclosures, in and near about the City of London and Westminster. Year: 1592 Citation: 35 Eliz. 1. c. 6 Royal Assent: 10 April 1593 Repealing Legislation: Statute Law Revision Act 1888 Status: repealed Collapsed: yes 35 Eliz. 1. c. 6 (1593)^[33] An Act against converting of great Houses into several Tenements, and for Restraint of Inmates and Inclosures, in and near about the City of London and Westminster. This is the codification and namesake of the statute mile. Short Title: Cloth Act 1592 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of England Long Title: An act for the reformation of sundry abuses in clothes, called Devonshire kersies or dozens, according to a proclamation of the thirty-fourth year of the reign of our sovereign lady the Queen that now is. Year: 1592 Citation: 35 Eliz. 1. c. 10 Royal Assent: 10 April 1593 Repealing Legislation: Woollen Manufacture Act 1809 Status: repealed Collapsed: yes 35 Eliz. 1. c. 10. par. III (1593)^[34] An act for the reformation of sundry abuses in clothes, called Devonshire kersies or dozens, according to a proclamation of the thirty-fourth year of the reign of our sovereign lady the Queen that now is. 17th century Short Title: Clerk of the Market Act 1640 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of England Long Title: An Act for the better ordering and regulating of the Office of Clerk of the Market, allowed and confirmed by this Statutes; and for the Reformation of false Weights and Measures. Year: 1640 Citation: 16 Cha. 1. c. 19 Royal Assent: 10 August 1641 Repealing Legislation: Statute Law Revision Act 1863 Status: repealed Collapsed: yes 16 Cha. 1. c. 19 (1640) An Act for the better ordering and regulating of the Office of Clerk of the Market, allowed and confirmed by this Statutes; and for the Reformation of false Weights and Measures. Short Title: Measures Act 1670 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of England Long Title: An Act for ascertaining the Measures of Corne and Salt. Year: 1670 Citation: 22 Cha. 2. c. 8 Royal Assent: 11 April 1670 Commencement: 29 September 1670 Repealing Legislation: Statute Law Revision Act 1863 Status: repealed Original Text: https://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol5/pp662-663 Collapsed: yes 22 Cha. 2. c. 8 (1670) An Act for ascertaining the Measures of Corn and Salt. First mention of Winchester bushel in statute. Short Title: Measures (No. 2) Act 1670 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of England Long Title: An additional Act for ascertaining the Measures of Corn and Salt. Year: 1670 Citation: 22 & 23 Cha. 2. c. 12 Royal Assent: 22 April 1671 Repealing Legislation: Statute Law Revision Act 1863 Status: repealed Original Text: https://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol5/pp722-723 Collapsed: yes 22 & 23 Cha. 2. c. 12 (1670)^[35] An additional Act for ascertaining the Measures of Corn and Salt. 8 & 9 Will. 3. c. 22. s. 9 (1696–7) First definition of Winchester bushel in statute (≈2,150.42 cubic inches). 18th century Short Title: Ale Measures Act 1698 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of England Long Title: An Act for the ascertaining the Measures for retailing Ale and Beer. Year: 1698 Citation: 11 Will. 3. c. 15(Ruffhead: 11 & 12 Will. 3. c. 15) Royal Assent: 11 April 1700 Repealing Legislation: Statute Law Revision Act 1867 Status: repealed Collapsed: yes 11 Will. 3. c. 15 (1700)^[36] An Act for ascertaining the Measures for retailing Ale and Beer. Short Title: Water Measure of Fruit Act 1702 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of England Long Title: An Act to ascertain the water measure of fruit. Year: 1702 Citation: 1 Ann. c. 9(Ruffhead: 1 Ann. St. 1. c. 15) Royal Assent: 6 May 1702 Repealing Legislation: Weights and Measures Act 1824 Status: repealed Collapsed: yes 1 Ann. c. 9 (1701)^[37] An Act to ascertain the Water Measure of Fruit. Great Britain Acts of Parliament 18th century Short Title: Taxation (No. 5) Act 1706 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of Great Britain Long Title: An Act for continuing several Subsidies, Impositions and Duties and for making Provisions therein mentioned to raise Money by Way of Loan for the Service of the War, and other Her Majesty's necessary and important Occasions, and for ascertaining the Wine Measure. Year: 1706 Citation: 6 Ann. c. 27(Ruffhead: 5 Ann. c. 27) Royal Assent: 8 April 1707 Commencement: 3 December 1706 Repealing Legislation: Statute Law Revision Act 1867 Status: repealed Collapsed: yes 6 Ann. c. 27 (1706)^[38] An Act for continuing several Subsidies, Impositions and Duties and for making Provisions therein mentioned to raise Money by Way of Loan for the Service of the War, and other Her Majesty's necessary and important Occasions, and for ascertaining the Wine Measure. This statute is the origin of the US gallon, also known as the Queen Anne Gallon, Queen Anne Wine Gallon, or pre-1824 British gallon. Short Title: False Weights and Scales Act 1770 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of Great Britain Long Title: An Act for more effectually preventing Traders in exciseable Commodities from using false Weights and Scales and for explaining and amending several Acts of Parliament relating to Hackney Coaches and Chairs. Year: 1770 Citation: 10 Geo. 3. c. 44 Collapsed: yes False Weights and Scales Act 1770 (10 Geo. 3. c. 44)^[39] An Act for more effectually preventing Traders in exciseable Commodities from using false Weights and Scales and for explaining and amending several Acts of Parliament relating to Hackney Coaches and Chairs. Short Title: Weights and Measures Act 1795 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of Great Britain Long Title: An Act for the more effectual Prevention of the Use of defective Weights, and of false and unequal Balances. Year: 1795 Citation: 35 Geo. 3. c. 102 Amendments: Weights and Measures Act 1797 Collapsed: yes Weights and Measures Act 1795 (35 Geo. 3. c. 102) An Act for the more effectual Prevention of the Use of defective Weights, and of false and unequal Balances. Short Title: Weights and Measures Act 1797 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of Great Britain Long Title: An Act to explain and amend an Act made in the thirty-fifth Year of the Reign of his present Majesty, intituled, "An Act for the more effectual Prevention of the use of defective Weights, and of false and unequal Balances." Year: 1797 Citation: 37 Geo. 3. c. 143 Royal Assent: 20 July 1797 Commencement: 10 July 1797 Amends: Weights and Measures Act 1795 Collapsed: yes Weights and Measures Act 1797 (37 Geo. 3. c. 143) An Act to explain and amend an Act made in the thirty-fifth Year of the Reign of his present Majesty, intituled, An Act for the more effectual Prevention of the use of defective Weights, and of false and unequal Balances. 19th century Short Title: Weights and Measures Act 1815 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of the United Kingdom Long Title: An Act for the more effectual Prevention of the Use of false and deficient Measures. Year: 1815 Citation: 55 Geo. 3. c. 43 Repealing Legislation: Weights and Measures Act 1878 Status: repealed Collapsed: yes Weights and Measures Act 1815 (55 Geo. 3. c. 43)^[40] An Act for the more effectual Prevention of the Use of false and deficient Measures. Short Title: Weights and Measures Act 1824 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of the United Kingdom Long Title: An Act for ascertaining and establishing Uniformity of Weights and Measures. Year: 1824 Citation: 5 Geo. 4. c. 74 Replaces: Navigation Act 1571, Water Measure of Fruit Act 1702 Original Text: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo4/5/74/contents/enacted Collapsed: yes Weights and Measures Act 1824 (5 Geo. 4. c. 74)^[41] An Act for ascertaining and establishing Uniformity of Weights and Measures. This is the origin of Imperial units. This statute repeals nearly all previous weights and measures legislation, listing them in chronological order (by regnal year but without dates) beginning with "ancient statutes of uncertain date." Short Title: Weights and Measures Act 1825 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of the United Kingdom Long Title: An Act to prolong the Time of the Commencement of an Act of the last Session of Parliament, for ascertaining and establishing Uniformity of Weights and Measures and to amend the said Act. Year: 1825 Citation: 6 Geo. 4. c. 12 Royal Assent: 31 March 1825 Collapsed: yes Weights and Measures Act 1825 (6 Geo. 4. c. 12)^[42] An Act to prolong the Time of the Commencement of an Act of the last Session of Parliament, for ascertaining and establishing Uniformity of Weights and Measures and to amend the said Act. Short Title: Weights and Measures Act 1834 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of the United Kingdom Long Title: An Act to amend and render more effectual Two Acts of the Fifth and Sixth Years of the Reign of His late Majesty King George the Fourth, relating to Weights and Measures. Year: 1834 Citation: 4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 49 Collapsed: yes Weights and Measures Act 1834 (4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 49) An Act to amend and render more effectual Two Acts of the Fifth and Sixth Years of the Reign of His late Majesty King George the Fourth, relating to Weights and Measures. Short Title: Weights and Measures Act 1835 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of the United Kingdom Long Title: An Act to repeal an Act of the Fourth and Fifth Year of His present Majesty relating to Weights and Measures, and to make other Provisions instead thereof. Year: 1835 Citation: 5 & 6 Will. 4. c. 63 Royal Assent: 9 September 1835 Collapsed: yes 5 & 6 Will. 4. c. 63 (1835) Also known as the Weights and Measures Act 1835; originally entitled "An Act to repeal an Act of the Fourth and Fifth Year of His present Majesty relating to Weights and Measures, and to make other Provisions instead thereof". Established the imperial stone and hundredweight of 14 and 112 lbs. respectively, based on the wool stone of Edward III Short Title: Weights and Measures Act 1855 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of the United Kingdom Long Title: An Act for legalising and preserving the restored Standards of Weights and Measures. Year: 1855 Citation: 18 & 19 Vict. c. 72 Royal Assent: 30 July 1855 Collapsed: yes Weights and Measures Act 1855 (18 & 19 Vict. c. 72)^[43] An Act for legalising and preserving the restored Standards of Weights and Measures. The 1834 burning of Parliament had destroyed the physical standards referred to in earlier statues; the 1835 act ignored this fact. New copies were created in accordance with the advice of a scientific commission, and the 1855 act made them the "restored Standards". Short Title: Weights and Measures Act 1859 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of the United Kingdom Long Title: An Act to amend the Act of the fifth and sixth years of King William the Fourth, chapter sixty-three, relating to weights and measures. Year: 1859 Citation: 22 & 23 Vict. c. 56 Royal Assent: 13 August 1859 Collapsed: yes Weights and Measures Act 1859 (22 & 23 Vict. c. 56)^[44] An Act to amend the Act of the fifth and sixth years of King William the Fourth, chapter sixty-three, relating to weights and measures. Short Title: Metric Weights and Measures Act 1864 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of the United Kingdom Long Title: An Act to render permissive the Use of the Metric System of Weights and Measures. Year: 1864 Citation: 27 & 28 Vict. c. 117 Royal Assent: 29 July 1864 Collapsed: yes Metric Weights and Measures Act 1864 (27 & 28 Vict. c. 117)^[45] An Act to render permissive the Use of the Metric System of Weights and Measures. Short Title: Weights and Measures Act 1878 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of the United Kingdom Long Title: An Act to consolidate the Law relating to Weights and Measures. Year: 1878 Citation: 41 & 42 Vict. c. 49 Royal Assent: 8 August 1878 Original Text: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CDr8v-v6QewC&pg=RA15-PA1 Collapsed: yes Weights and Measures Act 1878 (41 & 42 Vict. c. 49)^[46] An Act to consolidate the Law relating to Weights and Measures. This statute abolished the troy pound, effective January 1879.^[47] Short Title: Weights and Measures Act 1889 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of the United Kingdom Long Title: An Act for amending the Law relating to Weights and Measures and for other purposes connected therewith. Year: 1889 Citation: 52 & 53 Vict. c. 21 Repealing Legislation: Weights and Measures Act 1963 Status: repealed Collapsed: yes Weights and Measures Act 1889 (52 & 53 Vict. c. 21)^[48] An Act for amending the Law relating to Weights and Measures and for other purposes connected therewith. Short Title: Weights and Measures (Purchase) Act 1892 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of the United Kingdom Year: 1892 Citation: 55 & 56 Vict. c. 18 Repealing Legislation: Weights and Measures Act 1963 Status: repealed Collapsed: yes Weights and Measures (Purchase) Act 1892 (55 & 56 Vict. c. 18) Short Title: Weights and Measures Act 1893 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of the United Kingdom Long Title: An Act to amend the Law relating to Weights and Measures. Year: 1893 Citation: 56 & 57 Vict. c. 19 Royal Assent: 29 June 1893 Commencement: 1 April 1894 Repealing Legislation: Weights and Measures Act 1963 Status: repealed Original Text: https://archive.org/details/lrpgsv3018934/page/n141/mode/1up Collapsed: yes Weights and Measures Act 1893 (56 & 57 Vict. c. 19) Short Title: Weights and Measures (Metric System) Act 1897 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of the United Kingdom Long Title: An Act to legalise the Use of Weights and Measures of the Metric System. Year: 1897 Citation: 60 & 61 Vict. c. 46 Royal Assent: 6 August 1897 Repealing Legislation: Weights and Measures Act 1963 Status: repealed Collapsed: yes Weights and Measures (Metric System) Act 1897 (60 & 61 Vict. c. 46)^[49] An Act to legalise the Use of Weights and Measures of the Metric System. Weights and Measures Acts of 1878 to 1893 was the collective title of the following Acts:^[50] Weights and Measures Act 1878 (41 & 42 Vict. c 49) Weights and Measures Act 1889 (52 & 53 Vict. c 21) Weights and Measures (Purchase) Act 1892 (55 & 56 Vict. c. 18) Weights and Measures Act 1893 (56 & 57 Vict. c. 19) 20th century Short Title: Weights and Measures Act 1904 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of the United Kingdom Long Title: An Act to amend the Law relating to Weights and Measures. Year: 1904 Citation: 4 Edw. 7. c. 28 Royal Assent: 15 August 1904 Collapsed: yes Weights and Measures Act 1904 (4 Edw. 7. c. 28)^[51] Short Title: Weights and Measures (Amendment) Act 1926 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of the United Kingdom Long Title: An Act to amend the law with respect to measuring instruments, and with respect to the power to charge fees in connection with the testing of weighing and measuring apparatus. Year: 1926 Citation: 16 & 17 Geo. 5. c. 8 Repealing Legislation: Weights and Measures Act 1963 Status: repealed Collapsed: yes Weights and Measures (Amendment) Act 1926 (16 & 17 Geo. 5. c. 8) Short Title: Sale of Food (Weights and Measures) Act 1926 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of the United Kingdom Year: 1926 Citation: 16 & 17 Geo. 5. c. 63 Royal Assent: 15 December 1926 Repealing Legislation: Weights and Measures Act 1963 Status: repealed Collapsed: yes Sale of Food (Weights and Measures) Act 1926 (16 & 17 Geo. 5. c. 63) Weights and Measures Act 1963^[52] ^[53] ^[54] (c. 31) Short Title: Weights and Measures Act 1963 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of the United Kingdom Long Title: An Act to make amended provision with respect to weights and measures, and for connected purposes. Year: 1963 Citation: 1963 c. 31 Royal Assent: 31 July 1963 Repealing Legislation: Weights and Measures Act 1985 Status: repealed Original Text: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1963/31/enacted Use New Uk-Leg: no Collapsed: yes Short Title: Weights and Measures &c. Act 1976 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of the United Kingdom Long Title: An Act to amend certain enactments relating to weights and measures; and to make provision for the alleviation of shortages of food and other goods. Year: 1976 Citation: 1976 c. 77 Royal Assent: 22 November 1976 Status: amended Original Text: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1976/77/enacted Use New Uk-Leg: yes Uk-Leg Title: Weights and Measures &c. Act 1976 Collapsed: yes Weights and Measures etc. Act 1976^[55] (c. 77) Short Title: Weights and Measures Act 1979 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of the United Kingdom Long Title: An Act to make further provision with respect to weights and measures. Year: 1979 Citation: 1979 c. 45 Royal Assent: 4 April 1979 Replaces: Cran Measures Act 1908 Repealing Legislation: Weights and Measures Act 1985 Status: repealed Original Text: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1979/45/enacted Use New Uk-Leg: no Collapsed: yes Weights and Measures Act 1979^[56] (c. 45) This Act introduces the Average Quantity principle for packaged goods into UK law for the first time. The 1979 Act was replaced by Part V of the 1985 Act Short Title: Weights and Measures Act 1985 Type: Act Parliament: Parliament of the United Kingdom Long Title: An Act to consolidate certain enactments relating to weights and measures. Year: 1985 Citation: 1985 c. 72 Royal Assent: 30 October 1985 Commencement: 30 January 1986 Status: amended Original Text: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1985/72/enacted Use New Uk-Leg: yes Uk-Leg Title: Weights and Measures Act 1985 Collapsed: yes Weights and Measures Act 1985^[57] (c. 72) The Act defines the four primary units of measurement as the metre or the yard (defined in terms of the metre) for length, and the kilogram or pound (defined in terms of the kilogram) for mass. The Act also requires standard physical examples to be maintained (known as "United Kingdom primary standards") for each of the four primary units. In addition, the definitions of units which are multiples or sub-multiples of the primary units are defined, in terms of the primary units, and given as: mile, foot, inch, kilometre, decimetre, centimetre, millimetre, acre, square yard, square foot, hectare, decare, are, square metre, square decimetre, square centimetre, square millimetre, cubic metre, cubic decimetre, cubic centimetre, hectolitre, litre, decilitre, centilitre, millilitre, gallon, quart, pint, gill, fluid ounce, pound, ounce, ounce troy, tonne, kilogram, hectogram, gram, carat (metric) and milligram. As originally enacted, the act also defined, in the same way, units which could not be used for trade as: furlong, chain, square mile, rood, square inch, cubic yard, cubic foot, cubic inch, bushel, peck, fluid drachm, minim, ton, hundredweight, cental, quarter, stone, dram, grain, pennyweight, ounce apothecaries, drachm, scruple, metric ton and quintal. , following multiple amendments over the years since enactment, the metre, yard, kilogram and pound remain as the primary defined units and with the requirement to maintain the "United Kingdom primary standards" for them. At the same time, all the imperial units, except pint and ounce troy (but including all of those which were originally defined as not to be used for trade) were reclassified as being available for use for trade as supplementary indications, namely: mile, furlong, chain, yard, foot, inch, square mile, acre, rood, square yard, square foot, square inch, cubic yard, cubic foot, cubic inch, bushel, peck, gallon, quart, gill, fluid ounce, fluid drachm, minim, ton, hundredweight, cental, quarter, stone, pound, ounce, dram, grain, pennyweight, ounce apothecaries, drachm, scruple and quintal. The tonne was also reclassified as being available for use for trade as a supplementary unit of measure,^[58] See also Other weights and measures acts External links Confident Consumers – Buying and Selling – Weights and Measures from the Department of Trade and Industry A Dictionary of Units Originally from Exeter University Thoburn v Sunderland City Council (2002) List of English / British monarchs in whose name weights and measures legislation was enacted

Notes and References

1. Dilley . Robert . The Customery Acre: An Indeterminate Measure . The Agricultural History Review . 23 . 2 . 1975 . 173–176.
2. Web site: Statute . OED . 9 November 2019.
3. Web site: Weights and Measures Act 1985 (c. 72), section 8(2)(d) . Statutelaw.gov.uk . 2 August 2011.
4. Web site: The Measuring Instruments (Capacity Serving Measures) Regulations 2006 (No. 1264) . Statutelaw.gov.uk . 4 July 2011 . 2 August 2011.
5. si . 2006 . 659 . The Weights and Measures (Packaged Goods) Regulations (2006) .
6. .  &  &
7. Book: Felix Liebermann. Felix Liebermann. Die gesetze der Angelsachsen: Text und übersetzung. 29 January 2012. 1903. Max Niemeyer. 204–6.
8. Thorpe (1840), p. 525.
9. Book: Alfred Edward Bland. Richard Henry Tawney. R. H. Tawney. English economic history: select documents. 9 January 2012. 1919. Macmillan Co.. 154–5.
10. Book: The public general acts . 8 February 2012. 1863. Proprietors of the Law Journal Reports. 270.
11. .  &  &
12. Ruffhead (1763a), p. 152.
13. Fowler (1884), p. 277.
14. Ruffhead (1763a), p. 227.
15. Ruffhead (1763a), p. 241.
16. Ruffhead (1763a), p. 264.
17. Ruffhead (1763a), p. 279.
18. .  &  &
19. Ruffhead (1763a), pp. 290–291.
20. Ruffhead (1763a), p. 348.
21. Ruffhead (1763a), p. 387.
22. Ruffhead (1763a), p. 401.
23. Ruffhead (1763a), p. 405.
24. Ruffhead (1763a), p. 485.
25. Ruffhead (1763a), p. 499.
26. Ruffhead (1763a), pp. 542–544.
27. Ruffhead (1763a), p. 594.
28. .
29. Evans (1836), pp. 312–313.
30. .  &
31. Pickering (1763d), p. 252.
32. Pickering (1763f), p. 342.
33. Pickering (1763f), p. 433.
34. Pickering (1763f), p. 444.
35. Pickering (1763h), pp. 353–355.
36. .
37. Raithby (1811), p. 349.
38. Raithby (1811), p. 607.
39. .
40. Evans (1836), pp. 325–327.
41. Web site: An Act for ascertaining and establishing Uniformity of Weights and Measures (17 June 1824) . legislation.gov.uk . 17 June 1824 . 19 January 2020 . . (The date of coming into effect was 1 May 1825).
42. Evans (1836), pp. 306–327.
43. Book: Great Britain. A collection of public general statutes passed in the 18th and 19th years of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria. 5 January 2012. 1855. 273–75.
44. Book: Great Britain. The statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1807–1865). 6 January 2012. 1859. His Majesty's statute and law printers. 164–8.
45. Book: Great Britain. A collection of the public general statutes passed in the ... year of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria .... 14 January 2012. 1864. 575–7.
46. Book: Great Britain. Statutes at large. 31 December 2011. 1878. 308–341.
47. Weights and Measures . 28 . Chaney . Henry James . 477 - 494; see page 480.
48. Book: Sir Christopher Rawlinson. The municipal corporations acts and other enactments: relating to the powers and duties of municipal corporations thereon. 14 January 2012. 1903. Sweet & Maxwell, 1903.. 445–52.
49. Book: The Law journal reports. 14 January 2012. 66. 1897. E.B. Ince. 109.
50. The Short Titles Act 1896, s. 2(1) & Schedule 2.
51. Book: Great Britain. Board of Trade. Weights and measures acts, 1878–1904. 14 January 2012. 1907. HMSO . 3.
52. Web site: UK Public General Act 1963 c. 31. legislation.gov.uk. 25 September 2014.
53. Web site: The Weights and Measures Regulations 1963. legislation.gov.uk. 25 September 2014.
54. Book: Ronald Edward Zupko. Ronald Edward Zupko. Revolution in measurement: Western European weights and measures since the age of science. 22 January 2012. 1990. American Philosophical Society. 978-0-87169-186-6. 261.
55. Web site: Weights and Measures &c. Act 1976 . legislation.gov.uk . 25 September 2014.
56. Web site: Weights and Measures Act 1979. legislation.gov.uk. 31 May 2022.
57. Book: A Dictionary of Weights, Measures, and Units, 2002 . registration . Donald Fenna . Oxford University Press . 0-19-860522-6 . 2002 .
58. Web site: Weights and Measures Act 1985, Schedule 1 (13 June 2020) . legislation.gov.uk . The National Archives . 24 December 2021.